Isisekelo SobuFederal AseMelika

Umthetho-sisekelo . kanye nomthetho-sisekelo kazwelonke ongu-50 wakha isisekelo esibili sokubusa kwaseMelika. Nakuba ibhukwana likahulumeni livame ukuchazwa ngokuthi “umthetho wezwe owenziwe ngenkani,” umbuso ngamunye usebenza ngaphansi komthetho wawo obhaliwe ochaza isakhiwo, amandla, nemikhawulo kahulumeni wawo. Lolu hlelo lwenza isimiso lapho igunya lihlukaniswa phakathi kukahulumeni wesizwe nemibuso. Ukuqonda ukuhlukana phakathi kwalezi zinhlobo ezimbili zemithetho-mthetho-mthetho kudingekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda ukuthi amalungelo enziwe kanjani, indlela avikelwe ngayo, nendlela amandla ahamba ngayo eUnited States. Ukuhlukanisa okuhlukanisa kudala ubude, ngaphezu kokuthintana konke, ukuhlanganisa inqubo yezimiso zesizwe nezimiso zombuso ngamunye.

UMthetho - sisekelo Wase - United States: Ukwakheka, Injongo, Nokukhuthazela

U.S.S. umthetho-sisekelo wesizwe omdala kakhulu obhaliwe osasetshenziswa. Washintshwa ngo1787 phakathi noMhlangano wePhiladelphia futhi wagunyazwa ngo-1788, wathatha indawo yeZihlokwana zoMhlangano kahulumeni onamandla kakhulu kuyilapho ulondoloza ubukhosi bukahulumeni ezindaweni eziyinhloko. Ibhukwana lifingqwe ngokuphawulekayo, liqukethe amagama angaba ngu-4 500 embhalweni walo wokuqala, namanye amagama angu-3000 awenezelwe ku-ancindimende. Ubufushane balo buyikhombanga: amaFramers aklanywe njengesakhiwo esisebenza ekushintsheni izimo esikhathini esidlule.

Isakhiwo Esinemisebe Emithathu

ISiphakamiso I sakha igatsha lomthetho (Coreff), iSiphakamiso II simisa igatsha eliphethe (uMongameli), neSiphakamiso III sakha igatsha lokwahlulela (iNkantolo Ephakeme nezinkantolo eziphansi). Igatsha ngalinye linemibuso ehlukene, futhi isimiso sesheke nezilinganiso ziqinisekisa ukuthi alikho igatsha elilodwa elingabusa. Lokhu kwahlukana kwemibuso kwakuyisethulo eliqonde ngqo egunyeni eliphethe ngaphansi kweBrithane.

Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Neziphendulo Ezilandelayo

Iziphetho zokuqala eziyishumi, ezaziwa njenge- Bhill of Rights , zagunyazwa ngo-1791 futhi zaqinisekisa isivikelo esiyisisekelo njengenkululeko yokukhuluma, ukucindezela, inkolo, ingqungquthela, kanye nelungelo lokuthwala izikhali. Kamuva ukunqanda ubugqila [i-13], kuqinisekiswe isivikelo esilinganayo ngaphansi komthetho (14), ukuvota amalungelo amadoda aseAfrika (15th), ukwenyuselwa kwabesifazane (195), ukwehlisa iminyaka yokuvota kuya ku 18 (26), futhi kukhulume nezinye inqubo eziningi. Ukuqeda inqubo ngokwayo kunzima ngamabomu. Ukuhloba okuhlongoza kumelwe kudlule kokubili izakhiwo zombili ngonyaka ka-35) futhi kuhlanganelwe ngesithathu. Lendawo yokuvota kuchaza ukuthi kungani kunezinye iminyaka engu-222 kuphela.

UClaus Onedumela Elibi

ISiphakamiso VI, uClaus 2 uqukethe u-Claus , okuqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho-mthetho-sisekelo we-U.S., imithetho kahulumeni idluliselwe kuyo, futhi izivumelwano ezenziwe ngaphansi kwegunya layo zibumba umthetho ophakeme wezwe. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uma umthetho kahulumeni uphikisana nomthetho kahulumeni kahulumeni, umthetho kazwe ukhona uyaphuma. Nokho, umthetho usebenza phakathi kwemingcele yombuso: uhulumeni wesizwe ungasusa umthetho wezwe kuphela uma usebenza phakathi kwemibuso yawo ehlukene.

Imithetho - sisekelo YoMbuso: Ukuhlukahluka, Ukulandisa, Nokuvumelana Nemithetho

Umbuso ngamunye unomthetho-mthetho wawo, futhi lamaphepha ahlukene ngokuphawulekayo. Akha isimo sikahulumeni, achaze amagunya ababusi nezishaya - mthetho, amise izimiso zenkantolo, futhi ngokuvamile ahlanganise amalungiselelo ngezihloko ezinjengentela yempahla, ukuxhasa imfundo, ukuphatha okungokwemvelo kwemicebo, nenhlangano kahulumeni wendawo. Ngokungafani nomthetho-sisekelo we-U.S., imithetho-mthetho-sisekelo yombuso ivamile , ngokuningi ngokwengeziwe, futhi kaningi kakhulu ikhona.

Ukuziphendukela Komthetho Womthetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni

Imithetho-mthetho yokuqala kahulumeni yabhalwa ngo-1776, njengoba amakoloni ayezibiza ngokuthi azimele futhi aziguqula abe yimibuso ebusayo. La maphepha okuqala ayemafushane kakhulu futhi agxile ngokuyinhloko ekumiseni izakhiwo zikahulumeni eziyisisekelo nasekuvikeleni amalungelo ayisisekelo. Nokho, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, imithetho-mthetho yanda futhi yacaca kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, uMthetho-sisekelo weLouisiana, uthathelwe indawo izikhathi eziningi (kusukela ku-Oyile nase-intshi) futhi uqukethe izinhlelo eziningi zentela ezisuka ku-oyile kanye negesi ezikwehlela ekwakheni izibhedlela zomphakathi. Umthetho-Constitution uhlanganisa izivumelwano ezinkulu zentela yempahla (iprocracture 13), inguquko yomthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho, kanye nezindlela zokulawula idemocralizimu njengenqubo yokuthatha isinyathelo kanye nenqubo.

Inqubo Elungisayo: Ijubane Nokufinyelela

Umehluko omkhulu kakhulu phakathi koMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. nomthetho-sisekelo kazwelonke ukushelela kokulungisa. Ezizweni eziningi, inqubo yokulungisa ifinyeleleka kakhulu. Izigwebo zingahlongozwa isishaya-mthetho sikahulumeni (ngokuvamile ngevoti elula noma enkulu) noma ngezindlela zokuthatha imvume yezakhamuzi cishe cishe ingxenye yezifundazwe. Ngemva kwalokho, zivunyelwe kakhulu yiningi labavoti abavamile okhethweni. Lokhu kusho ukuthi imithetho kahulumeni ishintsha ngokushesha ukuze ishintshe izimo zezombangazwe nombono womphakathi.

Ngokwesibonelo, emjikelezweni wokhetho wama-2024 kuphela, abavoti emazweni amaningana babheka ukulungisa komthetho-mthetho ezindabeni ezinjengokukhishwa kwezisu, ukufakwa kwensangu ngokomthetho, ukuvota, nokwanda kweholo eliphansi. Lezinguquko eziqondile zomthetho-sisekelo azinakwenzeka ezingeni likahulumeni, lapho i-mendending idinga izimo ezinkulu kakhulu eCongress nase-ratification ngezihloko ezintathu zamazwe.

Ukwakheka Nokungafani Okungokoqobo

Ubude Nokucaciswa

Umehluko phakathi komthetho-sisekelo we-U.S. nomthetho-sisekelo kazwelonke ubalulekile. Umthetho-sisekelo we-Alabama, owagunyazwa ngo-1901, ungowomde kunawo wonke esizweni ngamagama angaphezu kuka-400 000. Uye walungiswa izikhathi ezingaphezu kuka-1000 futhi uqukethe amalungiselelo ezihloko eziqondeneyo njengemithetho yemidlalo yebingo kanye nokulawulwa kwemikhakha ethile. Ngokungafani, i-Vermont Constitution iphakathi kwe-mash ebhalwe amagama angu-8 000. U.S. UMthetho-Constitution, cishe ebhalwe amagamani angu-7 500 anezinsoze, iseduze nobubanzi be-Vermont.

Kungani kuyimithetho-mthetho kahulumeni emide kangaka? Ngoba ngokuvamile bakhuluma ngezindaba ezithile ezicatshangelwe umthetho ezisingathwayo ezingeni likahulumeni. Umthetho - sisekelo woMbuso uvame ukuqukethe izimiso zentela eziningiliziwe, izindlela zokuxhasa imfundo, imithetho kahulumeni yendawo, futhi ngisho nemithetho emayelana nezinhlangano ezithile zikahulumeni. Lokhu kubonisa izinkathazo ezisebenzayo zokubusa: uma izakhamuzi zifuna ukuvala inkambiso ethile endaweni engaphezu kokushintsha kwemithetho, ziphendukela kumthetho-mthetho-mthetho wezwe.

Isivikelo Samalungelo: Indiza Nemali

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. umisa i-floor yamalungelo abantu ngabanye. I-Bill of Rights iqinisekisa isivikelo esithile esincane esisebenza kubo bonke abantu baseMelika, futhi ngokulandelana inguquko enjengesi-14 seSichibiyelo sidlulisela lezisivikelo kumthetho ngemfundiso yokufakwa kwenkolo. Nokho, umthetho-mthetho wezwe ungasungula ukuvikela [ okuphakeme kunesiteshisi sikahulumeni. Imithetho yemithetho ye-sigqebhene iqukethe amalungelo amaningi atholakalayo encwadini kahulumeni.

Ngokwesibonelo, imithetho-mithetho eminingana kahulumeni iqinisekisa ngokuqondile ilungelo lemfundo, okuthile uMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. ongakusho. Eminye imithetho-sisekelo yombuso ihlanganisa ilungelo lokuzifihla elibanzi kunesivikelo esiqashelwa iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U. Umthetho - sisekelo woMbuso eCalifornia, eMinnesota, naseTexas uye wachazwa ngokuqondiswe izinkantolo zawo eziphakeme zezwe ukuba kufuneke amazinga aphakeme kakhulu okuxhasa izikole zomphakathi kunokufuna umthetho kahulumeni. Isivikelo semithetho yemithetho yezomthetho kahulumeni wezisebenzi, abathengi, futhi indawo ezungezile ngokuvamile idlule kakhulu kulokho okuye kwamiswa yiSishaya - sisekelo.

Lokhu kungafani kungaba nemiphumela emikhulu. Ilungiselelo lomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo wezwe eliqinisekisa ilungelo endaweni ezungezile enempilo -- njengakuMthetho-sisekelo weMontana -- lingasebenza njengesisekelo sokubekwa kwemithetho engeke itholakale ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni. Ngokufanayo, isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo salokho okuhlangeneyo sokuncintisana kwamalungelo noma imigaqo yokulwa nomthetho womthetho wezwe ingaqina kakhulu kune-odminst.

Ukuphindaphinda Kokubuyisela

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. ubulokhu usebenza kusukela ngo-1789, futhi kukho zonke izinguquko ezenziwe ngenqubo yokulungisa esikhundleni sokubuyisela ingqikithi. Umthetho-mthetho kahulumeni uvame ukuthathelwa indawo ngokuphelele. iLouisiana ibinemithetho-mthetho engu 11 kusukela ekuvulweni kwayo e-Union, eyamukelwayo muva nje ngo-19709. Izwe lase Georgia liye lathatha indawo yemithetho-mthetho engokomthetho eyisisekelo yezombangazwe, yezomnotho, noma yezenhlalo lapho ifuna uhlelo olusha. Imithetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho ye-sizwe eNingizimu yathathelwa indawo njengoba inguquko yesifunda yaqala isuka. Izwekaziwakhiqiniswa phakathi nokwanda kwentshona ngokuvamile i-mthetho yalokuqala yezwe ngemva kokufinyelela ububusi bezwe.

Ubuninzi bokubuyiselwa bubonisa isimo esihluke kakhulu ngokulawula umthetho-sisekelo ezingeni lombuso. Imithetho-sisekelo yoMbuso ibhekwa njengezinto eziwusizo, izincwadi eziphilayo okufanele ziphendukele ngezidingo zabantu, kunokuba zishintshelwe ekuhlanganiseni okungcwele, okungamelwe kushintshwe ngokuthukela futhi kube nobunzima obukhulu.

Intando Yeningi Nezenzo Zokuhlasela Ngentando Yeningi

Esinye sezici ezihluke kakhulu zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo wezwe ukusebenzisa izimiso zentando yeningi eziqondile. Cishe ezizweni, izakhamuzi zingasikisela izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo ngenqubo yokuqala, zidlulise isishaya-mthetho ngokuphelele. Lamandla awakho ezingeni likahulumeni, lapho zonke izinguquko kumelwe zivele eSixhunyeni. Izinyathelo zikahulumeni zokuthatha izikhawu zisetshenziselwa ukumisa imikhawulo yezimo zezikhulu zikahulumeni, ukugunyaza insangu, ukumisa intela yempahla, ukwandisa uMdidiid, nokuvikela amalungelo okuzala.

Le ngxenye yedemokrasi eqondile yenza umthetho-mthetho wezwe usabelele kakhulu embonweni womphakathi kodwa futhi ubekwe ezingozini zamaqembu enzalo agcwele kahle, ulimi oludukisayo, nokukhathala kwamavoti. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi imithetho-sisekelo yombuso iye yaba lula kakhulu ukuqeda, iphumela ezincwadini ezinabantu abakhetha imithetho ehlelekile kunokuba zifake izisekelo ezihlangene zokubusa.

Ukungenela Kwesimiso Sokusebenzelana: Indlela Izimiso Ezimbili Ezingenela Ngayo

Ubuhlobo phakathi koMthetho-sisekelo we-U.S. nomthetho-sisekelo wezwe bubuswa yisimiso se- federalism. Ngaphansi kwalesi simiso, uhulumeni wezwe kuphela unalawomandla agunyawe nguMthetho-sisekelo, kuyilapho imibuso igcina wonke amandla angagunyazwanga ngokuqondile kuhulumeni ophethe noma enqatshelwe kuwo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi imithetho-mthetho-sisekelo isebenza esifundeni esibanzi segunya, imboza yonke into engokomthetho wobugebengu namalungelo empahla ukuze ifundiswe, umthetho womkhaya, kanye nokubusa kwendawo.

Nokho, i-Supremacy Claus iqinisekisa ukuthi uma umthetho kahulumeni nombuso uphikisana ngobuqotho, umthetho kahulumeni ukhona. Lemfundiso yokuhlenga isebenza hhayi nje kuphela ezimisweni zikahulumeni kodwa naseMthethweni-sisekelo wase-U.S. nakuwo ngokwawo. Akukho lungiselelo lomthetho-sisekelo wezwe elingaphula umthetho-mthetho-sisekelo we-U.S. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho-sisekelo wezwe awunakumisa inkolo kazwe, uphikelele inqubo efanelekile yomthetho, noma uphoqelele ukuba isigaba sohlanga, ngisho noma abavoti bombuso begunyaza ilungiselelo elinjalo.

Izinkantolo eziphakeme zikahulumeni zisho okokugcina ngencazelo yomthetho-mthetho wazo siqu wezwe, uma zinikeza izincazelo zazo zingangqubuzani nezindinganiso zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi inkantolo ephakeme yezwe ingachaza isiqinisekiso somthetho-sisekelo wakhona wenkululeko yokukhuluma ngokubanzi kuneNkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. ichaza iSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Isinqumo senkantolo siphetha kuleyondaba, uma nje ingaweli phansi kwesitezi sikahulumeni.

Izicelo Eziwusizo Zezakhamuzi Nabenzi Bomthetho

Ukuqonda umehluko phakathi komthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni nombuso kunemiphumela yangempela yezakhamuzi ezivamile. Uma ucabangela impikiswano engokomthetho--- ukuthi ihilela ukuphikisana ngentela, umbuzo wamalungelo empahla, inqubo yobugebengu, noma ukusekela imfundo-- umbuzo wokuqala kufanele ube: [ yimuphi umthetho-mthethweni osebenzayo?

Kubenzi bemithetho, imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni iveza kokubili amathuba nemingcele. Imithetho-mthetho yoMbuso ivame ukuqukethe imithetho yemali enemininingwane, njengezimfuneko ezilinganiselwe zemali, imingcele yentela, nemingcele yezindleko. Lemithetho ingenza kube nzima ngohulumeni bamazwe ukuba baphendule ngokushesha ekuntengantengeni kwezomnotho noma bafake izimali eziza kuqala esikhathini eside. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, imithetho-sisekelo inikeza imoto yezakhamuzi ukuba zimise izinguquko zenqubo ngokuqondile, inqanyuselwe ukunqanda ukuhlelwa kwemithetho.

Ngokwesibonelo, i- National Conference of State Legistratures ihlela ukulungiswa komthetho-mthetho-siseko okuhlobene nohlelo lwemali nezimali, okungaba ngu-300 emashumini eminyaka amuva. Amaqembu anjenge- Brenan Center for Justice [[[FLT:]3] ikhiqize ukucwaninga okukhulu ngemiphumela yemithetho-mthetho-mthetho-mfastry ehlangeneyo elungelweni nokuguqulwa kwemali. Imithombo ye-Academic evela ezinhlanganweni ezifana ne-[FLT] [FLT]] kanye ne-[FLT] eMphakathiningomthetho-mthetho-mthetho-zwe [FLT] [FLT]] inikeza ukunyukela okujula kwemide kakhulu kanye nomthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-siseko.

Okwenza Imithetho - sisekelo Kahulumeni Ifaneleke Kakhulu Ukunakwa

Umthetho-mthetho kahulumeni awukho nje ukulingisa okungaqondakali kwencwadi kahulumeni. Ahlukile, anamandla, futhi ashoshone kakhulu. Abumba ukuphila kwansuku zonke kwamaMelika ngezindlela ezingalawulwa uMthetho-sisekelo wezwe. Lapho ukhokha izintela zempahla, uthumela abantwana bakho esikoleni somphakathi, ushayela emigwaqweni emikhulu, noma uvela enkantolo yombuso, usebenza phakathi kwemfundo yezwe lakho. Ilungelo lokufundiswa okuhle, umthetho wezwe, isimiso somsebenzi, isakhiwo sohulumeni wezemisebenzi, ukuxhasa kwezinkonzo zomphakathi -- bonke balawulwa ngokuyinhloko umthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho.

Nokho, imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni ayinakwa kakhulu enkulumweni yeningi kunemfundo yoMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. ithambekele ekugxileni encwadini kahulumeni, ishiya amaMelika amaningi engaqapheli ukuthi umthetho - sisekelo wombuso wawo siqu uqukethe amalungelo namalungiselelo abalulekile. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izakhamuzi zingase zingawaqondi ngokugcwele amathuluzi eziwatholayo okulungisa izimiso ezithinta ukuphila kwazo kwansuku zonke.

Indima Yezinkantolo ZoMbuso

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zinendima ebalulekile ekuchazeni imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni. Ezizweni eziningi, inkantolo ephakeme yezwe ikhiphe izinqumo ezinikeza amalungelo nezivikelo ezidlula lezo eziqashelwa iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S.. Le "i-constal systrul," eyavela ngawo-1970, iye yaholela ekuvikelweni okukhulu okusekelwe ezweni kwezindawo ezinjengokusekela imfundo, ukuzibopha, ukukhuluma ngokukhululekile, nenqubo yobugebengu. Ezinye izazi ziphikisa ngokuthi izinkantolo zezwe ziba izikhundla eziyinhloko zamalungelo abantu enkathini yomthetho womthetho.

Isiphetho: Isimiso Sobukhosi Obuyingxubevange

ukunciphisana phakathi komthetho-sisekelo wezwe nomthetho-sisekelo we-U.S. akuyona indaba engcono noma ebaluleke kakhulu. Ngamunye ufeza umsebenzi ohlukile phakathi kwesimiso sikahulumeni waseMelika. UMthetho-sisekelo we-U.S. umisa uhlelo lwesizwe, uqinisekisa amalungelo ayisisekelo, futhi ubeke umthetho ophakeme wezwe. Umthetho-mthetho-sisekelo uletha ukubusa eduze nabantu, unikeze imithetho eningiliziwe yezwe nezindaba zendawo, futhi unikeze isivikelo esengeziwe esibonisa izindinganiso nezidingo ezikhethekile nezidingo zezwe ngalinye.

Zizonke, zidala isimiso esilinganisela ubunye besizwe nezindawo ezihlukene, futhi zihleleke ngokuvumelana. Umthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. unikeza isakhiwo esihlala njalo, kuyilapho imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni isebenza njengendikimba ephilayo, esabelayo evumelana nezimo ezishintshayo. Izakhamuzi ezifuna ukuqonda indlela uhulumeni osebenza ngayo, noma ezifuna ukuba abameleli abaphumelelayo boshintsho, ulwazi lwazo zombili izincwadi lubalulekile. Ngokulandelayo uma uvota eqenjini wesizwe olungisa noma ufunda ngesinqumo esivela enkantolo yombuso ophakeme, uyoba uhlanganyela nesinye sezici ezinamandla kakhulu nezingaphansi kwentando yeningi yaseMelika.