Isisekelo Segunya Nethonya Elihlangene

Ekuhloleni ukuphila komphakathi nokubusa, imbalwa imifantu ehlukanisayo enengqondo ewusizo njengomehluko phakathi kwegunya negunya. Ngapha nangapha kwemfundo inikeza imfundo yezezombangazwe , isayensi yezenhlalo, ukuziphatha kwenhlangano, nemfundiso engokomthetho . Lamagama anezikhundla eziyinhloko, kodwa avame ukuthotshiswa enkulumweni yansuku zonke. Kubafundisi, abafundi, nezakhamuzi, ukuqonda lapho amandla eqala khona nokusebenzisa igunya akukona nje ukusebenzisa ingqondo; kuhlela indlela abantu abachaza ngayo izenzo zikahulumeni, ukubekela inselele, nokuhlanganyela ezinqubweni zentando yeningi. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlolisiswa okuphelele, imithombo yabo, imisuka yabo, imidanti yabo, kanye nezici zezwe labo eziphetheyo ezisemkhankalweni zomphakathi.

Ukuchaza Amandla Ezindima Ze - cobic

Amandla, ngokwezinga lawo eliyisisekelo kakhulu, amandla okuthonya noma ukulawula ukuziphatha kwabanye, ngisho nokuphikisana nentando yabo. Kuwuhlobo olungathathi hlangothi oluthi "izindawo" zamandla" olungelutho noma olubi ngokwemvelo, kodwa incazelo yendlela ehlangeneyo. Emphakathini womphakathi, amandla asebenza phakathi kwezilinganiso eziningi futhi abonakala ngezindlela ezibonakalayo nezifihliwe. Umholi wezombangazwe uSteven Lukas uchaza ngokudume kakhulu "imbonakalo" yamandla: ukwenza isinqumo (ikhono lokuklama izinhlelo), amandla okuhlela (ikhono lokunquma (ikhono lokunquma ukuthi yiziphi izimpikiswano ezikhona), namandla okunquma (ikhono lokuveza imibono yabantu nokukhetha ngokohlobo lokubonayo). Ukuqonda lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ekufuneni ithonya labo abawayo.

Imithombo Yamandla Emphakathini

Isimiso esisetshenziswa kabanzi, esisekelwe ezingqondweni zezenhlalo uJohn French noBertram Raven, siveza imithombo emihlanu eyinhloko:

  • [ Amandla ahlangeneyo asekelwe ekhonweni lokubeka izijeziso, izijeziso, noma amandla angokomzimba. Emphakathini, lokhu kubonakala kakhulu embusweni wombuso onegunya lobudlova obungokomthetho (igunya lezempi, nekhono lesimiso sokwahlulela lokujezisa.
  • Amandla avulekayo [ asuka ekwazini ukwandisa imithombo eyigugu njengemisebenzi, izivumelwano, izisusa zentela, noma ukuqashelwa komphakathi. Amaqembu anezithakazelo avame ukunikeza amandla okukhokhela ukuvikela imiphumela emihle.
  • Amandla asemthethweni[ asuka esikhundleni esiqashelwayo noma indima phakathi kwesigaba sobufundisi. Lomkhakha uhlangana ngokuphawulekayo negunya, njengoba sizohlola ngezansi, kodwa ohlelweni lwamandla ubhekisela emalungelweni angokomthetho ahambisana nehhovisi elithile.
  • Amandla obuchwepheshe asuka olwazini olukhethekile, ekhonweni, noma olwazini. Ososayensi, izazi zezomnotho, nabahlaziyi bezimiso basebenzisa amandla ochwepheshe lapho ubufakazi babo bulawula izinqumo zokushaya umthetho noma umbono womphakathi.
  • Amandla athathekayo avela kumandla omuntu siqu, ukwethemba, noma ukuchaza. Abahleli bomphakathi, abashisekeli, kanye nokusebenzisa izibalo zomphakathi okuhlonishwayo kunikeza amandla lapho ukusekela kwabo abalandeli bengagunyazi ngokomthetho.

Lezizigaba azifani. Ngokwesibonelo, imeya ibamba amandla angokomthetho ngesikhathi esisodwa ngenxa yesikhundla, imvuzo ngokulawula izivumelwano zikamasipala, kanye namandla angathiwa uma ethanda. Ukuqaphela ukudlala phakathi kwalemithombo kuyadingeka ekuhloleni ukuthi ithonya lisebenza kanjani ngempela emphakathini.

Ukuqonda Igunya Njengamandla Angokomthetho

Igunya liwuhlobo olukhethekile lwamandla oluhlukaniswa ngemfanelo eyodwa ebalulekile: ukwethembeka. Uma sithi othile "unegunya," asisho nje ukuthi angaphoqelela ukulalela kodwa ukuthi athathwa njengenelungelo lokwenza kanjalo. Lomqondo wokulunga uguqula amandla angenazici zethonya elamukelekayo emphakathini, futhi yilokho okuhlukanisa umbusi ne-agcomp, umahluleli kumphamba, isikhulu samaphoyisa esiphuma eqenjini eliphoqelelwe. Isazi sezenhlalo uMax Weber sanikeza i-techology edumile yegunya elihlala lisekelwe ekuhlaziyweni kwezombangazwe kwanamuhla.

Izinhlobo ezintathu zegunya lika-weber

  • Igunya lezenkolo lisekelwe enkolelweni emisiwe ebungcweleni bamasiko ayizinkumbulo kanye nobulunga balabo abazuza ifa lokubusa ngalamasiko. Amamonarchant, amankosi esizwe, kanye neminye imibutho yenkolo ithola igunya kumacala alandela izizukulwane ezidlulele. Ezweni, igunya elingokwesiko libonakala ezikhungweni ezinjengezindlu eziphezulu ezingokwefa (umz., iBritish House of Lords) noma izindima zemikhosi enjengezimo zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo.
  • Igunya lobuHarmatic lisuka ezimfanelweni zomuntu siqu ezingavamile, ubungcwele, amandla okuphendula, noma umbono wokuguqula. Ngokwezomlando, izinombolo ezinjengoMartin Luther King Jr., Mahtma Gandhi, noFranklin D. Roosevelt basebenzisa igunya elinamandla ashukumisayo eledlula amahhovisi abo angokomthetho. Nokho, Weber waphawula ukuthi igunya elinamandla angokwemvelo lincikekile ngokwemvelo ngoba lixhomeke ekuphumeleleni okuqhubekayo komholi nakulawulwa uzibuthe; uma umholi efa noma ehluleka, igunya kumelwe liphinde lithathwe eqenjini eliqinile.
  • Igunya lokwahlulela lomthetho lisekelwe esimisweni semithetho ehleliwe, izinqubo, nemithetho esebenza ngokufanayo kuwo wonke amalungu omphakathi. Lolu uhlobo oluyinhloko lwegunya kuhulumeni wentando yeningi nakuhulumeni wesigungu. Amandla asetshenziswa ngenxa yalowo ophethe ihhovisi ngokwalo kodwa ngenxa yesikhundla kanye nomthetho ochaza amandla alo. Izakhamuzi zilalela isikhulu sezimoto hhayi ngenxa yokwesaba noma ukuthembeka kodwa ngenxa yokuthi zamukela ukufaneleka kwesimiso somthetho esigunyaza isikhulu ukuba siqondise izimoto.

Umehluko Oyinhloko Phakathi Kwamandla Negunya

Ukuqonda lokhu kungafani kuhlomisa izakhamuzi ngamathuluzi okuhlaziya adingekayo ukuze zihlaziye lokho okushiwo ezombangazwe nezenzo ezingokomthetho.

Umthombo Womthetho

Umehluko oyisisekelo kakhulu uxhomeke ekugunyazweni. Igunya njalo lihambisana nokuthathwa kwamalungelo .Igunya eliye laqiniswa ngokwemithetho, amasiko, noma imvume ethandwayo. Amandla, ngokuphambene, angaba khona ngaphandle kwanoma yikuphi ukugunyaza. Umninindlu ocebile onikela ngezimali ngemikhankaso yezombangazwe angase abe nethonya elikhulu phezu komthetho, kodwa lelothonya alikho ukugunyazwa okungokomthetho kwevoti yomenzi womthetho. Lokhu akwenzeli ukuthi amandla onikelayo abekwe ngokwemithetho ngomqondo wokuziphatha, kodwa kusho ukuthi atholakala emithonjeni yezo esemthethweni kunokuba avume.

Ukuklanywa Nokuhlelwa Kwawo

Igunya lithambekele ekubekweni ngokomthetho phakathi kwezakhiwo ezicacile. Imithetho-sisekelo, imithetho, imithetho ehlelwayo, kanye nezincazelo zomsebenzi zidala imingcele ecacile kulowo onegunya phezu kwezinto nangaphansi kwezimo. Amandla angaphezulu kakhulu. Izimiso zesikhashana, ubuhlobo bomuntu siqu, ukucindezela kwezomnotho, nenhloko- dolobha yezenhlalo konke kuveza amandla asebenza ngaphandle kwezindlela ezingokomthetho. Ilungu elisemshaneni lingasebenzisa amandla aphawulekayo ngokufinyelela ukwaziswa noma ukuxhumana komuntu siqu, ngisho noma igunya lakhe elingokomthetho liphansi.

Ukuqina Nesikhathi Esimisiwe

Igunya lizinzile kakhulu kunamandla ngoba lifakwe ezikhungweni ezidlula abantu abaphethe abantu ngabanye. Umongameli wase-United States uye wahlala eyisikhundla esinamandla amakhulu amabili eminyaka, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ubani onaso. Igunya, ikakhulukazi uma lixhomeke ebuhlotsheni bomuntu siqu noma emikhiqizweni, lingashabalala ngokushesha. Umsekeli wenqaba ulahlekelwa amandla lapho ikhasimende lakhe lilahlekelwa imali; umzabalazo ulahlekelwa amandla uma ukunaka komphakathi kushintshana kwezinye izindawo.

Ukulandisa Nezinxushunxushu

Igunya linezimiso ezingokomthetho zokulandisa. Izikhulu eziqashelwe zibhekene nokhetho, abahluleli babhekene nokubukeza okungokomthetho, futhi abaqondisi basebenza phakathi kwamaketanga okugunyaza. Amandla, ikakhulukazi uma esetshenziswa ngokwethukela, ngokuvamile aphunyuka ekuvimbeleni okunjalo. Inhlangano yezindaba eguqula umbono womphakathi ngokuhlanganisa izindaba iveza amandla amakhulu angokomthetho okulandisa. Ukuqaphela legebe phakathi kwegunya elingokomthetho namandla angempela kubalulekile ekufundiseni abantu.

Ithonya Elinamandla Lamandla Negunya Ekubuseni Kwentando Yeningi

Izimiso zedemokrasi zakhiwe esimisweni sokuthi igunya kufanele linikezwe ngokhetho olukhululekile nolungakho, negunya elisakazwa ezinhlanganweni eziningi ukuvimbela noma imuphi umdlali oyedwa ukuba angabi yinkosi. Nokho ngisho nasebuthweni lentando yeningi elivuthiwe, ubuhlobo phakathi kwegunya bunzima futhi buncintiswane.

Ukungezwani Phakathi Kwegunya Negunya Elingagunyaziwe

Enye yezinselele eziyinhloko zokubusa kwanamuhla ukungezwani phakathi kwegunya elingokomthetho lezikhulu ezikhethiwe namandla angenawo abadlali. Abaphathi, abahluleli, abagcini bamabhange, kanye nezikhulu ezilawulayo ngokuvamile banegunya elikhulu lokwenza izinqumo, kodwa abanacala eliqondile kubavoti. Okwamanje, amaqembu ezentengiselwano aphambili, abasekeli bezinhlangano, nabacebi abacebile bangasebenzisa amandla aphikisana noma adlula lawo abameleli abakhethiwe. Lokhu kuhlukana phakathi kwegunya elingokomthetho nethonya langempela kwenza ukuba umphakathi ulwelo olungokomthetho lubangele inguquko yezentengo yomkhankaso, izinyathelo zobukhazikhazikhazi, ukubonakala, nokuqinisa imithetho yokuziphatha.

Lapho Igunya Liba Amandla: Ukusetshenziswa Kabi Kwehhovisi

Ngenxa yokuthi igunya linegunya, labo abaligcinayo babhekene nesilingo esiqhubekayo sokufinyelela ngaphezu kwemingcele yalo. Ukusetshenziswa kabi kwegunya kwenzeka lapho umphathi esebenzisa isikhundla sakhe esingokomthetho ukusebenzisa amandla ngezindlela ezingagunyaziwe umthetho noma izimiso zezenhlalo. Izibonelo zisukela ekuphathweni okuncane okuphanjwe ukonakala kwezimiso. Ngakho izakhamuzi kumelwe zihlale ziqaphile, ziqaphe ukuthi izikhulu zisebenza endaweni yazo engokomthetho noma zisebenzisa isikhundla sazo ukuze ziqoqe amandla angenakulinganiswa.

Amandla Negunya Ekuhlanganyeleni Nesivumelwano Sesigqi

Kubantu ngabanye nasemiphakathini efuna ukwenza umehluko ekuphileni komphakathi, ukuqonda umehluko phakathi kwegunya negunya akuyona into engokwemfundo ephambili, okuyinto edingekile. Ukubopha izakhamuzi ngempumelelo kudinga ukuba ziqaphele ukuthi ithonya leqiniso likuphi futhi zisebenzise kokubili izakhiwo ezingokomthetho namandla angahleliwe.

Ukwakha Amandla Okuhlanganisa Ngohlobo Oluyimisuka

Umlando ubonisa ukuthi izakhamuzi ezivamile zingabangela amandla anele ngokuhlela, ngisho nalapho zingenagunya elingokomthetho. Inhlangano yamalungelo abantu, inhlangano yezisebenzi, kanye nezenzo zesimo sezulu konke kubonisa indlela ukubambisana okungaguqula ngayo umbono womphakathi, ukucindezela okukhethiwe kwezikhulu, nokuphoqelela ushintsho ezimisweni.

  • Amandla angokwenani[
  • Amandla okwazi ukuzwana []]
  • Amandla acushiwe[]
  • Amandla okunqoba []

Ngokuvamile izinhlangano ezinomsuka ziqala ngegunya elincane kodwa zinqwabelane namandla njengoba zikhula, ekugcineni zihumushela lawomandla aqashelwayo egunyeni ngenkambiso, ngezinguquko ezingokweziqu, noma ngokunqoba kwezinhlelo.

Ukusebenzisa Igunya Ngobuwula

Labo abanezikhundla zegunya − abakhethwe yizikhulu, abahluleli, abaphathi, amalungu ebhodi yesikole, izinduna zamaphoyisa − babhekene nezibopho ezihlukile. Igunya elingenakho ukuhlakanipha noma elivinjelwayo lingena kalula ekubuseni ngempoqo. Igunya elinomthwalo wemfanelo lidinga:

  • Umehluko [ ngezinqubo zokwenza izinqumo nezizathu ezibangela ukukhetha
  • ukulandisa [ ngokubika njalo, ukuqondisa okuzimele, nokusabela kumalungu
  • Inzuzo [ mayelana nesilinganiso solwazi lomuntu kanye ngokomthetho wemibono ephikisayo
  • Ikhompathimethi yokuveza ukulunga komthetho, iqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho isetshenziswa njalo futhi ethintekayo inethuba lokuzwiwa

Izinhlelo zemfundo ze - Civic ezigcizelela lezi zimiso azisizi abafundi ukuba bafune amalungelo abo kuphela kodwa futhi basebenzise igunya uma kamuva befeza izindima zobuholi.

Izifundo zecala elingokoqobo lezwe

Izindaba ezilandelayo zibonisa indlela amandla negunya okusebenzelana ngayo ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zomphakathi.

Indaba 1: Isikole Esiyinhloko Nenhlangano Yothisha

Uthishanhloko wesikole esiphakeme unegunya elingokomthetho ezikoleni, kuhlanganise negunya lokumisa izimiso zesikole, ukwaba imithombo yezimali, nokuphoqelela izimiso zokuqondisa. Nokho, inyunyana yothisha inamandla amakhulu ngezivumelwano ezihlangeneyo, ikhono lokubhala izikhalo, kanye nobunye bamalungu ayo. Igunya likathishanhloko lilawulwa amandla enyunyana, futhi ukuhola okuphumelelayo kudinga ukuxoxisana, ukuhlehliswa, nenhlonipho ngendima engokomthetho yenyunyana. Uthisha omkhulu ophatha igunya labo njengelungu eliphelele uyothola ngokushesha ukuthi izinqumo zabo zincintiswa futhi ithonya labo lincintiswane.

Indaba 2: Uhulumeni Wendawo Nomphakathi Owawuhleliwe

Emadolobheni amaningi, izinhlanganisela zomphakathi nezinhlangano zomphakathi zinamandla adlula kakhulu igunya lazo elingokomthetho. Iqembu lezakhamuzi elihlela ngokuphumelelayo lingavimbela umsebenzi wokuthuthukisa umsebenzi, ukuxhasa ngokulondekile ipaki, noma licindezele umkhandlu wedolobha ukuba ushintshe imithetho. Amandla awo avela olwazini lwezindaba zendawo, ubuhlobo nezisebenzi zedolobha, ukunaka kwemithombo yezindaba, nekhono lokuhlohla abantu. Umkhandlu wedolobha unegunya elingokomthetho lokwenza izinqumo zokugcina, kodwa inhlangano yomphakathi we-avvy ingazilawula lezo zinqumo ngaphambi kokuba zifinyelele ukuvota.

Indaba 3: Ithonya Lezezimali Emalini Yomkhankaso

Ngemva kwesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. ICIZINGEN [i-FEC (2010), izinkampani kanye nabanikeli abacebile bazuza ikhono lokusebenzisa imali engenamkhawulo ekulawuleni kwezombangazwe nge-PURCs. Lesi sinqumo asibanikanga naliphi igunya elingokomthetho lokubusa; abakwazi ukuvota noma ukubamba ihhovisi. Nokho, amandla abawasebenzisa ngeminikelo esemthethweni, izindleko ezizimele, nemisebenzi yokukhuthaza izinhlangano ezinkulu. Lokhu kubonisa ngokucacile ukuthi igunya elingokomthetho namandla angempela anganyukela ngaphandle, ngokuphakamisa imibuzo eyisisekelo ngokuphathelene nokumelelwa kwentando yentando yeningi nokulingana.

Isiphetho: Isizathu Sokuba Lezindaba Zihluke

Umehluko phakathi kwamandla negunya akuyona iphuzu eliphansi. I-lens engaqonda ngayo ukuthi ubani ngempela obusayo, ukuthi izinqumo zenziwa kanjani, nokuthi ukulandisa kuyini. Eqenjini lentando yeningi elisebenzayo, igunya kulindeleke ukuba linikezwe abantu futhi liqiniswe umthetho, kuyilapho amandla kulindeleke ukuba asakazekele ezikhungweni eziningi ukuze avimbele ubushiqela. Nokho iqiniso liyincithano: amandla anqwabelane emagumbini angaqondakali, futhi igunya lingasetshenziswa ngokungenangqondo.

Kubafundisi, ukufundisa lomehluko kunika abafundi amandla okuba babe abathengi abagxekayo bezindaba zezombangazwe futhi bahlanganyele ngentshiseko ekuphileni komphakathi. Abafundi abangathola imithombo yamandla esekela isinqumo sesimiso, baqaphele umehluko phakathi kwegunya elingokomthetho namandla alwayo, futhi baqonde indlela izinhlangano zotshani ezakha ngayo amandla asuka emhlabathini zihlonyiselwe kangcono ukwenza umsebenzi wentando yeningi. Abakwazi kakhulu ukuphatha abaholi, futhi cishe bangenza umsebenzi onzima kodwa obalulekile womuntu ngamunye.

Ekugcineni, amandla negunya akulungile futhi akukubi. Zingamathuluzi, futhi njenganoma yiliphi ithuluzi, inani lazo lixhomeke kubani ozisebenzisayo, kuziphi izinjongo, nakuziphi izithiyo. Umphakathi oqonda lamathuluzi ungafuna ukuba igunya lisetshenziswe ngendlela efanelekile futhi lawo mandla anikezwe ngokulunga. Lokho ukuqonda kuyisisekelo sokuphila komphakathi ophilile, oqinile.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, hlola i-Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy's ukungena isibopho sezombangazwe, i-Oxford Handbook of Political Theory's ihlaziya amandla negunya [[, futhi umbhalo ovamile Silemoject: Imbono epheleleyo [[ kaS] nguSteven Luks. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inkundla yezemfundo yezemfundo inikeza umthetho osebenzayo njengomthombo wegunya [[FLT:]