I - calculus Yakuqala Eyiqhinga: I - Timor Yasekoloni NeMpi Yezwe II

Isisekelo sokuganana kwe-Australia ne-East Timor sabekwa ekuvuthweni kweMpi Yezwe II. Ngaphambi kokuba kuqale ukusungulwa ukuzibusa, isiqhingi saseTimor saba nencazelo efanelekile kuCanberra njengesikhawulo esiya enyakatho. Ekuqaleni kuka-1942, njengoba amabutho amaJapane ayehlasela eMpumalanga ntshonalanga ye-Asia, i-astranos isuka enkampanini ye-2/2 ye-Independent (ibutho le-Spont) eyathunyelwa ePortugal ukuba imelane nokuhlasela ezindaweni ezisedunjini yamaDashi.

Kwalandela iMpi ye-Timor edumile, umkhankaso wabashokobezi ononya owabopha izinkulungwane zamabutho amaJapane. I-astral, esekelwa abathwali nabaqondisi bendawo, yabulala abantu abaningi. Lokhu kwabangela inhlekelele kubantu baseMpumalanga Timorse. AmaJapane aphindisela ngokuphindisela okukhulu kubantu abangekho empini, abulala abantu abalinganiselwa ku-40 000 kuya ku-70 000 Timorese. Lokhu kwabangela ukuba kube neminikelo ejulile yomusa phakathi kwe-Australia ne-East Timorese, inkumbulo eyayizobangela ukuba inxushushuba inqubo yase-Australia ekuthatheni i-Indonesia.

Ngemva kwempi, iPortugal yaphinde yalawula ingxenye yesiqhingi sayo, kuyilapho ingxenye yasentshonalanga yaba yingxenye yeRepublic ye-Indonesia esanda kuzimela. Emashumini amathathu eminyaka alandela, umthetho we-Australia ngoPortuguese Timor wawuyidebeselelwa ngokungenangozi. Uhulumeni we-Menzies wabheka leli koloni njengelungelo lamaPutukezi futhi wahlela ubuhlobo balo neJakarta, ebona i-Indonesia eqinile, emelene ne-communin Indonesia njengebalulekile ekuvikeleni kwe-Australia yasenyakatho.

Iminyaka YaseWhitlam: Ukukhanya Okuluhlaza Okungabangela Ukusha

Ukuwa kombuso we-athority Estado Novo wePortugal ngo-April 1974 kwasiguqula kakhulu isimo. Uhulumeni omusha weLisbon wasuka ngokushesha wasusa isosha lezombangazwe eMpuma Timor. Kwavela amaqembu amathathu ayinhloko ezombangazwe: iUDT (Timore Democratic Union), esekela ukuncitshiswa kwePortugal; i-APODETI, ekhuthaza ukuhlangana ne-Indonesia; ne-FRETILIN (Inguquko ye-East Timor), okwazuza ngokushesha ukusekela kwayo okuthandwayo kwezenhlalakahle yenguquko yezenhlalo nenkululeko ephelele.

UNdunankulu wase-Australia uGough Whittam wabhekana nesinqumo esinzima sesimiso sangaphandle. Umbono kaWhitlam wawucacile. Wayekholelwa ukuthi i-East Timor ezimele yayiwumbuso "ongenakukwaziwa" owawungeke ube umthombo wokungahleleki kwesifunda noma isisulu sethonya lobukhomanisi. Kuchungechunge lwemihlangano noMongameli wase-Indonesia uSuharto ngo-1979 nango 1975, uWhittam waveza ukuthi i-Australia "angeke iphazanyiswe kakhulu" yi-ingiswa ukuhlangana kwe-East Timor e-Indonesia, uma nje kwakungenzeka ngokuthula nangemvume yabantu base-Timormorese. Lokhu kwachazwa iJakarbase njengokukhanya okuluhlaza kokuhlalisa i-lose.

Isikhundla sikaWhitlam siye sagxekwa kabanzi ngokuthi ukuhluleka komholi wase-Australia. Ngokumisa kuqala ubuhlobo obusemcimbini we-Indonesia, wasilahla ngokuphumelelayo isimiso sokuzinqumela abantu base-East Timor. Lokhu kuhlola kwangempela kobupolitik, okwahlanganyelwa umnyango wezindaba zamazwe angaphandle ngaleso sikhathi, walungisa indlela yokuhlasela okulandelayo.

I - balibo Emihlanu: Umvikeli Wobudlova

Ngo - October 1975, lapho amabutho akhethekile ase-Indonesia eqala ukuhlasela i-East Timor, izintatheli ezinhlanu zase-Australia ezazisedolobheni elisemngceleni weBalibo. UGreg Shackleton, uTony Stewart, uGary Cunningham, uBrian Peters, noMalcolm Rennie babebika ngempi eyayiqhubeka. Ngo-October 16, bathunjwa futhi babulawa amabutho ase-Indonesia ayezimisele ukubulala ofakazi bokuhlasela.

Uhulumeni wase-Australia, ngaphansi komphathi - mbuso uMalcolm Fraser ngemva kokuxoshwa kwempikiswano, wamukela indaba yesembozo yezempi sase-Indonesia yokuthi lamadoda ayebulawe ngomlilo. IBalibo 5 yaba uphawu olunamandla lokuhlanganyela kwe-Australia. Emashumini eminyaka, ohulumeni abalandelanayo benqaba ukucindezela i-Indonesia ngenxa yokubulawa kwabo ngokugcwele, benza izibopho zaba necala lobulungisa ngenxa yabacholishi. Icala lihlala liyisibazi esibuhlungu e-Australia-Inonesia ehlangene nenganekwane exwayisayo ngezindleko zemali ye-pillik.

Ukusebenzisa Imali Nokuzinzisa: Umthetho Wokuthula

Ngo-December 7, 1975, i-Indonesia yaqala ukuhlaselwa okugcwele kwe-Dili, i-coded Microalct Seroja. Izinkulungwane ze-East Timor zabulawa emasontweni okuqala okuhlasela. Impendulo ye-Australia yangasazwa. Ngo-1977, uhulumeni we Fraser wanikeza i-conodo [ ukuqaphela kobubusi base-Indonesia eMpuma Timor, okusho ukuthi i-Australia yayizophatha i-Indonesia njengegunya elibusayo ngisho nakuba ingalinikanga i-jampyure ukuqashelwa okungokomthetho. Lomdaniso we-Australia wavumela ukuba kugcinwe ubudlelwanophono obuphelele kanye nobudlelwane bezomnotho neJakarkarkarka kanti igwema ukubunga ngokuphelele ukubusekela kokulawulwa kwe-octive.

Lenkambiso yayinesici esichazayo: ukuphishekela iMemor Menote Treaty. Ulwandle lwa Timor lunemithombo kawoyela negesi. Ngaphansi komthetho wezwe lonke, uma i-East Timor iyikoloni yamaPutukezi, noma yimuphi umngcele wolwandle ubengaxoxiwa nePortugal. Ngokuqaphela ukulawulwa kwe-Indonesia, i-Australia yayingaxoxa ngokuqondile noJakarta. ISivumelwano se-Timormor, esasayinwa ngo-1989, saqopha i-oyile insalela ecebile, ingenisa inzuzo enkulu kakhulu yomphakathi we-Canberrah neJakartah kuyilapho isusa ngokuphelele abantu baseMpuma Timor.

Izinhlangano zobuhlakani zase-Australia, ikakhulukazi i-Australian Secret Intelligence Service (ASIS), zazihileleke kakhulu kulenkathi. Kulokho okwaba yihlazo elikhulu, kamuva kwembulwa ukuthi u-ASIS wayephange amahhovisi omnyango we-Attorney-General phakathi no-2004 wengxoxo yokuthola inzuzo eMpuma Timor ekuxabaneni ngenzuzo kawoyela negesi. Lokhu kwabonisa ngokucacile ukuthi i-Australia yayizimisele ukuyokuvikela inzuzo yayo engokwenzuzo yezomnotho esifundeni.

ISanta Cruz Massacre: Inkathi Yokushintsha Kombono Womphakathi

NgoNovember 12, 1991, amasosha ase-Indonesia avula umlilo odwendwe lomngcwabo olunokuthula eSanta Cruz emathuneni eDili. Ukubulala okuye kwathathwa ebhayisikobho yintatheli yaseBrithani uMax Stahl, kwabonisa izwe lonke unya olungenasici lokusebenza. Ibutho lamasosha elalidubula ngokuqondile emhlane wezakhamuzi ezazibaleka labangela intukuthelo yomhlaba wonke.

E-Australia, uhulumeni weHawke Labor wabhekana nokucindezela okukhulu. Ukusabela kokuqala kwakukuqaphile. UNdunankulu wezwe langaphandle u-Marcio Evans wayengumsekeli onamandla wenkambiso yokusondelana ne-Indonesia, ephikisa ngokuthi ukuzihlukanisa kungenza izinto zibe zimbi kakhulu. Uhulumeni wagxeka ubudlova kodwa wamelana nanoma yisiphi isiphi inguquko esincane enkambisweni. Nokho, ukubulawa kwabantu kwabangela i-East Timorese diaspora nezinhlangano zabashisekeli be-Australia, okwenza i-East Timor yaba impikiswano evelele yezombangazwe. Inganekwane yokuthi lo msebenzi wawuwu"ukuzingela i-"iphazazo" kwaphela.

Ukwanda Komthetho Wase - Australia

Kuwo wonke iminyaka yawo-1990, kwakhula umzabalazo onamandla wotshani e-Australia. Ama-Union, amasonto, namaqembu abafundi bakha i-East Timor Action Network (ETAN) nezinye izinhlangano. Zabhikisha, izazi zezombangazwe eziphangaleleyo, futhi zaphakamisa izimali zokumelana nalempi. Ukwenqaba kwenyunyana yasolwandle ukulayisha imikhumbi ehlelelwe i-Indonesia kwakuyindlela ephumelela kakhulu yobumbano.

Lokhu kulwa kwakubalulekile ekushintsheni isimo sezombangazwe. Abaholi be-East Timor balwa ne-Ammore, ikakhulukazi uJosé Ramos-Horta no-Xana Gusmão, bachitha iminyaka eminingi e-Australia besekela i-Australia. Banikeza izinkulumo emahholo edolobha nasezindlini zokufundisa zaseyunivesithi, belwela isizukulwane sase-Australia. Lenhlangano yaphoqelela amaqembu amakhulu ezombangazwe ukuba aphinde acabange ngenqubo yokusekela i-Indonesia ngokufaka ingubo.

Inkathi Yokushintsha: 1998-1999

I-Asian Financial Crisis ka-1997-98 yaphazamisa umbuso waseSuharto, yamphoqa ukuba aphume ngoMay 1998. Umlandeli wakhe, uMongameli uB.Habibie, wabonakala engumshisekeli wenguquko owayengalindelekile. uHabibie wakwazi ukuxoxa ngesimo se-East Timor, isihloko uSuharto ayesibheke njengesingavumelekile.

Ngo-December 1998, uNdunankulu uJohn Howard wabhala incwadi kuHabie ephongisa "inkathi yokushintsha ende" ekuzilawuleni. Lencwadi yayihloselwe ukuba ibe usizo, kodwa uHabibie wayichaza njengempicabadala yase-Australia. Wacasulwa yilokho kusikisela futhi waqiniswa imizwelo yakhe siqu yokufuna izinguquko, uHabibie wenza isinqumo esiphawulekayo: i-East Timor yayizonikezwa ukukhetha phakathi kwenkululeko ekhethekile nenkululeko ephelele, ngaphansi kwe-UN-authomperender expendium.

Lesi sinqumo sawujabulisa umhlaba. I-Australia yazama ukusekela le nqubo. I-UN Alters Mission e-East Timor (UMMET) yamiswa ngokusekela komthetho ovela e-Australia. Inkathi yomkhankaso yangcoliswa ukwesatshiswa nobudlova kwamabutho alwayo e-Pronesia, kodwa abantu base-East Timor babonisa isibindi esiphawulekayo.

IReferendem Nokubhujiswa

NgoAugust 30, 1999, abavoti abangu - 78,5% bakhetha ukuzimela. Umphumela wabangela imbubhiso. Amabutho ahlasela i-pro-Indonesia, asekelwa yizingxenye zempi yase-Indonesia, aqala umkhankaso womhlaba oshisiwe. Babhubhisa izakhiwo zezakhiwo, bashisa imizi, futhi babulala amakhulu ezakhamuzi. I-Dili yalahlwa. I-Dili yasuswa embusweni we-UN.

Izithombe zababaleki ezigeleza umngcele nentuthu ephakama ivela enhloko - dolobha zabangela inkinga enkulu emhlabeni wonke. i - Australia kwadingeka ikhethe ngendlela enzima: ukungenela ukuze kuqedwe ubudlova noma ukushiya iMpumalanga Timor kuze kube senkathini yokugcina yokuzibhubhisa.

INGXUBEVANGE: I - Australia Ihola Indlela

Ngaphansi kokucindezeleka okukhulu kweZizwe Ezihlangene neUnited States, uMongameli uHabibie wavuma ngokunqena ukwamukela ibutho lomhlaba wonke eligcina ukuthula. iAustralia yaqala ukulihola. I - International Force for East Timor (INTERFET) yayiwubumbano lwezizwe zonke, kodwa iAustralia yalungiselela inani elikhulu lamabutho kanye nomphathi - khulu, uJenene Peter Cosgrove.

Ngo - September 20, 1999, amabutho okuqala ase - Australia afika eDili. Lo msebenzi wawuwuphawu oluphambili lwezobusosha nezokuxhumana.amabutho ase - Australia abhekana nobunzima bokulwa namabutho ase - Indonesia, kodwa ukugunyazwa kwezizwe ngezizwe kwavimbela ukulwa okukhulu. Emasontweni ambalwa nje, i - INTERFET yabuyisela ukuhleleka futhi yavula indlela yokusiza abantu.

I-Interfet yamiswa yaba umsebenzi omkhulu kakhulu wempi yase-Australia kusukela eMpini yaseVietnam. Kwakuyisikhathi sokuziqhenya kwesizwe, ivumela i-Australia ukuba izibeke njengomgcini wokuthula wesifunda esiwujuqu. Kwaphawula futhi ukushintshwa okukhulu kwenqubo ye-Australia yakwamanye amazwe: kusukela ekuvumeni unya lwase-Indonesia kuya ekungeneleni okusebenzayo ukuze kusekelwe ekuzihleleni.

Ukudluliselwa Kwenkululeko

I-United Nations Transigation Administration e-East Timor (UNTAET) yathatha indawo ye-Interfet ngoFebruary 2000, yengamele ukwakhiwa kabusha kwezwe. i-Australia yahlala iyingxenye enkulu kakhulu yamabutho namaphoyisa. Ngo-May 20, 2002, i-East Timor yaba isizwe esizimele, i-Xana Gusmão ingumongameli wayo wokuqala. I-Australia yafeza indima ebalulekile kule mpumelelo engokomlando, kokubili njengombeleli ekuzalweni kwesizwe nanjengomphathi wesivikelo saso sokuqala.

Ubuhlobo bePost-Indeline: Ukuvuthwa Okukhulu Ekuxabaniseni

Ubuhlobo bebuyinkimbinkimbi kusukela ngo-2002. I-Australia iye yahlala ingumsizi omkhulu wokulondeka, ithumela abagcini-kuthula futhi phakathi nonyaka ka-2006 lapho ukuwohloka kwamaphoyisa nezempi kuholela ebudloveni. I-Australian-ex International Reconciliation Force (I-ISF) yasiza ekubuyiseleni ukuhleleka kanye nomkhankaso we-UN (UNMIT).

Ingxabano Yasolwandle LwaseTimor

Nokho, impikiswano yokukhiqizwa kukawoyela negesi yaqhubeka iwumthombo owenyukayo wempi. Isivumelwano solwandle lwaseTimor saqala ukuhlukanisa inzuzo engxenyeni ye-Joint Petroleum Development Area (JPDA) 90% kuya eMpumalanga Timor nase-10% e-Australia. Nokho, i-Sun Greater Sune pression yayingaphandle kwe-JPDA. I-Australia yalwela umngcele wezwekazi ozoyinikeza isabelo sebhubesi, kuyilapho i-East Timor yaqinisa i-partment emngceleni we-media.

Lempikiswano yaqala ukuphikisana kakhulu. Ngo-2013, amanxusa ahlakaniphile ase-Australia ahlasela amahhovisi eqembu lomthetho we-East Timor eCanberra, athatha amaphepha. Isenzo salahlwa iNkantolo yaMasipala yase-Arbitration. Impikiswano yaqhubeka iminyaka eminingi, iveza ubudlelwane. Kwabonakala sengathi kuqinisekisa ukuthi inzuzo yezomnotho ye-Australia yayiza kuqala futhi, ithatha indawo yokuqala phezu kwezidingo zomakhelwane wayo ompofu.

Isivumelwano Sama - Maritime Boundary Ka - 2018

Kusukela empucukweni engokomlando, lamazwe amabili asayina iMaritime Boundary Treaty ngo-March 2018. Isivumelwano samisa umngcele ohlala njalo phakathi kwalamazwe amabili phakathi nendawo, sivumelana ukuhlanganyela inzuzo ye-Sun Greater tsuns. Lokhu kwakuyimpumelelo ephawulekayo yezenhlalo, ukuxazulula ukusheshisa okubaluleke kakhulu. Yabonisa ukukhula kobuhlobo, yasusa ukulingana kwamandla esikhathini esidlule kuya ebudlelwaneni nabalinganayo.

Isiphetho

Umlando wokuthembisana kwe-Australia emzabalazweni we-East Timor wenkululeko uyinhlolo - vo enamandla ekuziphendukeleni kobudlelwane bomhlaba wonke. Ibonisa indlela i-pistolik esebenzayo ekwazi ngayo ukuqhubekisela phambili umthetho ekuqaleni, nendlela ukucindezela kokuziphatha komphakathi okungakha indlela ehlukile. Kusuka ehlazweni leBalibo Five Five nasekuhlanganyeleni komsebenzi iminyaka yesenzo esiwujuqu se-ITERFET, uhambo lwe-Australia neMpuma Timor luyindaba yesizwe esibhekene nomlando waso. Ubuhlobo, nakuba buhambisana nezingxabano ngemithombo nokubuyisana. Ihlala ingenye yezenzo eziphawulekayo nezichazayo ezisemthethweni zamazwe angaphandle e-Australia.