Isingeniso: IRaje Sabra njengeGuardian of Federal Ater Buvince

Inkinga yamanzi yaseNdiya iyindaba yokuntuleka, ukungalingani, nokuhlukaniswa. Izwe liphethe ikhulu le-16% labantu emhlabeni kodwa linengxenye engu-4% kuphela yemithombo yamanzi ahlanzekile, ukuhlukana okudinga ukungenela komthetho ngokucophelela. Kulomongo, iRajiya Sabha, indlu ephezulu yePhalamende laseNdiya, isebenza njengendlela ebucayi yokulungisa imithetho yesizwe elawula imithombo yamanzi. Ngokungafani neyohlobo lweLok Sabbaha, iRajiya Sabha, ifuna ukungenela kokulawula ngokucophelela, iqinisekisa ukuthi izinto ezikhona ngemvula ehlukahlukene zezwe laseNdiya lamashumi amabili namazwe angu-8 ziphonsi ziphonswe emfucumfucumfucu yenkambi yomthetho wesizwe. Lesi sihloko sihlola indlela i-Rajian Sabba evelele ngayo indima evelele yombuso wamanzi, ukusekela ukubambisana kwemithetho ephakathi, nokuhlangana kweminyango yendlu ephakeme kakhulu, ukuqinisekisa ukumiswa kwemithetho yamanzi.

Ukubukeka Kwamanzi ENdiya

Amalungiselelo Omthetho Nokwehlukana Kwezigaba

Amanzi eNdiya ayisihloko esihambisanayo ngaphansi kokungeniswa kwe 17 yoLuhlu III (Uluhlu Lwamakhonya) loMthetho-sisekelo, okusho kokubili i-Union ne-oceral component ingamisa imithetho. Nokho, umthetho wemifula nesigodi wamazwe aphakathi kwezwe ungena ngaphansi kuka 56 woluhlu lwe-Union, unika iPalamente igunya elikhethekile ezimpikiswaneni zamanzi eziphakathi kwesifunda. Loluhlelo oluhlangene ludala izingxabano eziyisisekelo: luqapha amalungelo awo ancishisiwe, kuyilapho i-Centreal kumele ukulinganisela izidingo zesizwe. I-Rajaya Sabba, eyakhiwa abamele izifunda zesifunda, iba yinhloko yezindawo lapho lokhu kuphikisana. Amalungu aletha ulwazi oluqondile lwendlala yamanzi, izikhukhula, kanye nokulima okuthiwaseLokhaha inte egcwele ukukhomba.

Izinselele ze-Federal: Ukuhlelwa kweBasin-Wide vs. State Autonomy

Imifula yaseNdiya igawulwe inqamula imingcele kahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, iGanga ihamba ka-9 ezindaweni, ngayinye ifuna ukuncintisana. Ukungabikho komthetho wamanzi ovumelanayo wesizwe ngokomlando kuye kwaholela ekuncipheni kwezimpikiswano ezisesifundazweni, njenge-Cauvery, Krishna, ne-Gonavari izingxabano. I-Rajiya Sabbaha isebenza ngokuphindaphindiwe njengendawo kahulumeni yokukhala izikhalaze futhi ixazulule. Isimiso sayo sekomiti siye savumela ukuhlola ngokujulile izici zobuchwepheshe nomthetho, sivimbela ukudluliswa kwezindleko ezishaya indiva amaqiniso aphansi. Ngokwesibonelo, ingxoxo ehambisana ne-Internetic-State Ravetapetes Reances Amest Bill wabona i-Reaptainformed Bill ehlela imibandela yesikhathi sokuxabana kwesinqumo sesinqumo se-ovel.

Indima Ye - Raje Sabra Ehlukile Ekubekeni Imithetho Yamanzi

Ukumelelwa Kwamazwe: Ikhambi Le - Federal

I-Raje Sabba yaklanywa njengegumbi lamanzi, isifundazwe ngasinye sithola ukumelelwa okulingana nenani labantu baso, kodwa ngokulinganiselwa okumisiwe. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi amazwe amancane anjengeSikkim noma iGoa anezwi elilingana nezwe elikhulu njengo-Uttar Pradesh ezindabeni zamanzi. Uma izindleko zamanzi zisungulwa, uRajaya Sabba uvame ukuthutha izinciphiso ezivikela izithakazelo zikahulumeni, njengokukhipha amalungelo angaphansi komhlaba noma ukukhulula kwemifula ethile ezindaweni eziphakathi zamanzi. Indlu ephezulu ikwazi ukubambezela izikweleze ezingezona izimali. Isibonelo, i-National Frameam yamanzi ka-2016 yayiphinde iqokomise i-Syayab eKomitini yamanzi ekhetha amanzi.

Inqubo Yokuhlola Nesichibiyelo

Imali ngayinye ehlobene namanzi esungulwe ePhalamende kumelwe idlule kuzo zombili izindlu ngaphandle kokuba iyimali engekho imithetho eminingi yamanzi. Ikomiti kaRajiya Sabba eqinile, njenge-Committee on Water Resources, iphethe ukuqulwa okuningi ngochwepheshe, izikhulu zikahulumeni, namaqembu omphakathi. Lamakomiti abika ukuthi ngokuvamile aphoqelela uhulumeni ukuba alungise amalungiselelo abalulekile. Ngo-2019, i-Rapya Sabha’s Sabha Stacy Sfaity Committery of Water Resources yatusa ukuba i- National River Conservation Advice Ad Advice yagunyaziswa amandla okulawula i-mthetho, ukusikisela kukahulumeni ekugcineni okugunyaza. Lokhu kuhlola kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukulondolozwa kwendawo ezungezile kanye nezenhlalo umphakathi akunikelwanganikelwa ngenxa yempumelelo emshadweni yezombangazwe.

Imithetho Yamanzi Emikhulu Elolongwe IRaje Sabha

I - Inter- Statever Diffates Act, 1956

Kuqanjwe amashumi eminyaka edlule, lo mthetho wamisa izinkantolo zokuphikisana phakathi kwezizwe. Eminyakeni edlule, i-Raje Sabhaha iye yaqhubezela ukuba kulungiswe ukulibaziseka ekuxazululeni izinqumo ezinqunyiweyo . Ngo-2002 nangu 2019, indlu ephezulu yaqalwayo ukuba iqale i-Inter-State River Rater Diffates Tripellan ukuze ithathe indawo yezinkantolo ze hoc. Isenzo sokulungisa, sadlula ngo-2019 ngemvume yeRajiya Sabha, sadinga inkantolo ukuba ikhiphe amagwebo phakathi neminyaka emihlanu. Ukuphikelela kwendlu ephezulu ngesikhathi esimisiwe kwakuyimpendulo ekwaKhishna neNjavah. Ngaphandle kwe-Syzabhabrajwah'irna, izimendolo eziqhubekayo zesikhathi esingapheli, njenge-Tamilna kusethiwe ukuvilk'irna. [Flstst][10]

Umthetho Wesizwe Wamanzi (202, 2012)

Nakuba iNational Water Policy ingeyona insimbi engokomthetho, imisa umthetho olandelayo. IRaje Sabha yafeza indima eyinhloko ekubukezeni ngo-2012, ibiza ukuba kufakwe izimiso ezinjengokuthi “amanzi njengenzuzo ngokwezimali” nesithi“ abaqondisi benkampane yenkasa”. Phakathi nempikiswano, amalungu asezifundazwe zesomiso zesomiso alwela ukunikwa amanzi ampompela, isimiso sokuphuza amanzi enkanyeziniswe ngenkasa, manje esifakwe ngokusemthethweni epulanini. Indlu ephezulu yatusa futhi ukuba lesimiso sivuselelwe njalo eminyakeni emihlanu ukuze kuhlanganiswe isayensi yezezulu ne-Promente, futhi kuthathwe enkambisweni yokwenza umviniswe ngama-2020. Ukungenela kwe-jajiya-Sabahadatay umthetho wokungatha, ukusekela ukulawulwa kwabalimi abancane basemaphandleni nabasebasemaphandleni [FT.][0][10]

UMthetho Wamanzi (Ukuqeda Nokulawula Ukungcola), ka - 1974

Omunye wemithetho yokuqala yezemvelo yaseNdiya, lesi senzo samiswa phakathi nendawo ephakathi nakuhulumeni olawula ukungcola. IRaje Sabha yalungisa isijeziso sokuqala esihlanganisa izijeziso eziqinile ezizohlanganisa iziphetho ezikhudlwana zabangcolisi bezimboni kanye nokunika amandla amabhodi ezindawo zokuvala iziteshi zezindawo. Ngo- 2000, indlu ephezulu yashukunyiselwa ukuncishiswa kwamanzi angaphansi kwamanzi angenazingeni eliphansi, ukuvuma ukuthi izinyongozelo nezibulala zinambuzane zazingena eziphehleni ze-aquifers. U-Raja Sabba waqinisekisa ukuthi lesi senzo asizange sibe yiphethi lephepha; izimfuneko zokulalela umphakathi ngaphambi kokuvumela ukukhishwa kwemvume yomphakathi ukuba kuvele emfuleni oyingozi. Namuhla, lokhu kuhlala kunesisekelo sesisekelo samanzi aseNdiya esibusayo, i-Syahabia eqhubeka ngokuhlola i-Facebooks [Flact:]

Imithetho Yamuva: Ibhuloho Lesizwe Le - National Water Workwork

Ukuphoqelelwa kwe-Rajiya Sabba Select Committee, ukunqanda umthetho wamanzi kwathola amandla ngemva kombiko ka-2018 Aayog ukuxwayisa ngokuntuleka kwamanzi okukhulu. I-Fod National Water Framework Bill, eyaqala ngo-2016, yabhekiselwa eRajiya Sabba Send Committee. Umbiko wekomiti watusa ushintsho olusobala: lwabiza ilungelo lokuthola amanzi njengelungelo eliyinhloko, icebo lokulawula umfula, kanye nendlela yokulawula engcono emfuleni ephethe ngombuso omkhulu. I-Rajiya Sabba yakha inci enciphisa amandla okulawula futhi yaqinisa indima yeziphathimandla zamanzi ezilawulayo, ibonisa izintambo zendlu. Ngo-2024, u-Ayayayayayaya ephethe i-patlensi ye-mea. [I-Shightian [1]]

Umphumela Wokwanda Kwamanzi Nezokulondolozwa Kwawo

Ukulinganisela Izidingo Zezolimo Nezezimboni

Ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi eNdiya kudlalwa ezolimo (cishe amaphesenti angu-80 okusetshenziswa kwamanzi ahlanzekile), kodwa imfuno yezezimboni iyanda. IRaje Sabha ibiyindawo lapho imfuno ephikisanayo ihlangene khona. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nezimpikiswano ezimayelana noMfula Basin Management Bill, amalungu asezindaweni zezolimo njenge Punjab ne-Haryana agcizelela ukuthi noma isiphi imvume yokukhipha amanzi amanzi embonini akumelwe inciphise isilinganiso semali ediliziwe. Lokhu kwaphumela ekuncipheni amanzi angcolile asemachibini asemachibini ngaphambi kokuba angene emithonjeni yamanzi. Ngokufanayo, indlu ephezulu yalungisa i-Punjab Actssting Act ukuze ikhiphe isilinganiso samanzi edolobhana, iqinisekisa ukuthi imiphakathi yendawo isho ukuthi ukuthengwa okuphambili. Ukungenela okunjalo kuveza ngokuqondile ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi enhlabathini.

Ukuthuthukisa Ukulondoloza Imvelo Nokuzinza Kwesimo Sezulu

Ikomiti kaRaje Sabra ephethe imithombo yamanzi iye yaqokomisa ngokuphindaphindiwe isidingo sokuhlanganisa isimo sezulu nemithetho yamanzi. Ngo-2022, ikomiti yatusa ukuba yonke imisebenzi emisha yokugcina ikwazi ukumelana nesimo sezulu. Lokhu kwaholela ekwandiseni iziqondiso zokugcinwa kwe-Central Ground Water Authority. Indlu ephezulu futhi yadlulisa isinqumo selungu elizimele ngo 2021 inxusa uhulumeni ukuba amemezele amanzi abalulekile ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso 21, ashukumisele iNkanto ephakeme ukuba kamuva yandise ilungelo lokuthola amanzi ejurisprance. Nakuba i-Rajiya Sabha ingenakusiqhubela ngokuqondile isinyathelo sokusebenza kwesimo sezulu, ukucindezela kwayo okulawulwayo kuqhube ukuthatha isikhulu ukuba sithathe izinyathelo zokuphepha, njengokuvuthwa kwamanzi amafutha ekwakhiweni kwezindawo ezintsha, njengokuvuthwa kwezindawo eziqinile eziqinile ezisezweni.

Izinselele Endimeni YamaRaje Sabha

Ukungavumelani Kwezombangazwe NePhalamende

I-Raje Sabra ayigonyiwe ekuhlaseleni kwezombangazwe. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ukuncishiswa njalo nokuphazanyiswa kwezindawo kuye kwanciphisa isikhathi esikhona ukuze kubekwe imithetho yamanzi eningi ngokuningiliziwe. Ukuntuleka kokubusa okuzinzileyo endlini ephezulu kuvame ukuphoqelela uhulumeni ukuba ahlehlise, okungabambezela izikweletu eziqhubekayo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Water Resources Bill, 2020, ibhekiswe ekomitini ekhethayo kodwa ingaphinde ibuyele phansi ngenxa yokuphikisa kwempikiswano ehlangene. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthambekela kwamalungu kokuhlela izimpikiswano zamanzi emigqenjini yeqembu lemigqa ephakathi kwezindawo ngezinye izikhathi kunokuqeda imingcele yezindawo ezingokomthetho. Ukushaya kwe-Rapyab kudinga ukuvumelana okugcwele.

Impikiswano Ngezehlakalo Ezingokwenani

Ukungezwani okuqhubekayo yisici seCentre ukuzama ukuhlanganisa amanzi alawulwa ngezincwadi ezifana neNational River Conservation Account Act. Ohulumeni boMbuso, besizwe yiRajiya Sabba amalungu, baye baphikisa ngokuthi izinyathelo ezinjalo ziphazamisa umoya weSibalo sohlelo. Indlu ephezulu ivame ukulungisa izikweleti eziyinhloko ukuze zihlanganise “ukungaphikisa” izigaba ezivela kuhulumeni phambi kwemisebenzi yomfula ivunyelwe. Nokho, abagxeki baphikisa ukuthi amandla ka-Rajiya Sabbaha angasetshenziswa futhi ekuvimbeleni inguquko edingekayo, njenge-grapt. Ukulinganisela okulungile phakathi kokuhlela kwesizwe namalungelo esizwe kuhlala kuyinselele eqhubekayo. Umbiko wekomiti yasepalamende uphawula ukuthi“ i-Rajiyayaha'aha'am'ase-mend'aasend'a, ngesikhathi esithile, ihlosekwehlela izivumelwano, inzuzo ezithile, njengoba kuveza inzuzo ye-Flia. [Flaymentation promistling promist)] nge-motion: "F]

Iziqondiso Zesikhathi Esizayo: Ukuqinisa Ukukhishwa Kwe - Raje Sabha

Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ithonya likaRajiya Sabba emithetho yamanzi, izinguquko eziningana zifanele ukucatshangelwa. Okokuqala, ukumiswa kwe-International Water Council enikezelwe ngaphakathi kwendlu ephezulu kungahlanganisa noma yimuphi umkhakha wamanzi ngaphambi kokuba kubekwe. Okwesibili, ikomiti kaRajiya Sabba Sabha kufanele inikezwe imibiko eqondene kakhulu ngemithetho yamanzi, mhlawumbe ngemfuneko yokuba uhulumeni aphendule icebo ngalinye elituswayo phakathi nezinyanga eziyisithupha. Okwesithathu, leligumbi lingafaka isayensi ngokulandelana ngokusungula iqembu elithile lososayensi ngokuqondisa i-hyrologics kanye nezazi ezingokomthetho ukuze lisekele ukucusumbula kwayo. Ekugcineni, ukukhula kwemibiko yemifelana ye-Lobha yemicimbiswa yamanzi ngokukhethekile ngenxa yokuxabana kwamanzi kungahambisana nezinkhwakhwama ezinsweni ezidisini ezihlukene. I-Rajabhabhaha i-abhabha i-m yakha i-m yemidensi yemindensi ye-yonsi ye-yonsiya i-yonsi ehlela i-yonsiyonsiyonsiya engokomthetho ehlela i-yo

Isiphetho

I-Raje Sabba ingaphezulu kakhulu kunegumbi lesibili; iwumthetho-sisekelo wemithetho yamanzi eNdiya. Kusukela ku-Inter- Stateen River Disputes Act kuya kumthetho we-National Water Framework Bill ovelayo, indlu ephezulu iqinisekisiwe njalo ukuthi izinto ezikhona nge-motensis-masting azibonakali nge-Centre-majajority. Isimiso sayo sekomiti, ukuhlelwa kwemithetho, ukuncitshiswa kwemibhoshongo, nokuncitshiswa kwemibhoshongo ye-iea esendaweni ezungezile kuye kwaveza imithetho ehleleke kakhulu nekwazi ukunakalela indawo ezungezile, ngisho noma izinselele zezombangazwe zihlala zikhona. Njengoba ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu esise-minyango esiphambili, i-Rajiyahaha ibaluleke ngisho nakakhulu. Ikusasa lamanzi abusa eNdiya ancindime noma amagebe, kodwa i-empempempempe eqinile, isho esazi se-Sey.