Isingeniso: Isisekelo Sokubusa Kwentando Yeningi

Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela sime njengetshe lesisekelo lokubusa kwentando yeningi, esiklanyelwe ukuvimbela ukufakwa kwamandla kunoma yiliphi igatsha likahulumeni. Sisuka ezimisweni ezakhiwa izazi zezombangazwe njengoMontesquieu futhi kamuva ezibekwe e- uMthetho-sisekelo we-United States , lesi sici siqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho wezomthetho, isikhulu, nezinhlangano zokwahlulela zisebenza ngokubambisana kuyilapho zilondoloza ukuqondisana. Endaweni yokwenza inqubo, imishini nezilinganiso zisebenza kokubili njengesivikelo sokulawula impoqo kanye nenqubo yezenkambiso, ngokuvamile enciphisa inqubo yokuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho ibonisa ukuvumelana okubanzi nokuthembeka. Lesi sihloko sihlola ithonya elihlukene lokuhlola nokulinganisela kwezimiso zobungako, ukuhlola izinhlelo zayo ezingokomlando, izinselele zezokusebenza kanye nezinhlelo zezombangazwe zezombangazwe, ukubhekana nezikhathi ezikhona phakathi kwenkathi yokuhlanganisa isigaba sezombangazwe.

Imvelaphi Engokomlando Nemisuka Ewubuhlanya

Umqondo wokuhlukanisa amagunya kahulumeni uqala ngaphambi kokumiswa kweMelika. Ukukhanyiselwa komcabango uBaron de Montesquieu, emsebenzini wakhe ka 1748 Umoya woMthetho [, kwaveza ukuthi inkululeko igcinwe kangcono uma umthetho, umphathi, nemisebenzi yokwahlulela ihlukile. Abahleli be-Umthetho-sisekelo we-U.S. badweba kakhulu kulemibono, ukwenza isimiso lapho igatsha ngalinye lingaba nezindlela zokumelana nokungenela kwezinye. Njengoba uJames Madipopule edumile ebhalwe ku- Fidrost. [1] u-Noc.[FLT] [FLT], u-Inquo; ukulawulwa kwe-omkm. profesterolse. provicer profywoose providecture, i-Prosolist, i-Promotive, ingaqinisekisa umthetho, futhi ingamisa umthetho owehluliwe.[5]

Emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka, idemokrasi eningi iye yathatha izindlela ezingafani zalesibonelo, kusukela ezimisweni zomongameli njenge-Brazil ne-Nigeria kuya ezimisweni zephalamende ezinezinkantolo zomthetho-sisekelo. Izinqubo ezithile ziyahluka, kodwa umgomo oyinhloko awuguquguquki: ukuvimbela noma imuphi umlingisi oyedwa emithethweni engaqondakali. Ukuqonda le mvelaphi kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuthi kungani ukuhlola nokulinganisela ngokuvamile kwenza isimiso sibe nzima kakhulu, futhi kungani leso nkinga singenza kube yinhloso.

Imishini Yokuhlola Nokulinganisela

Ukuze aqonde ithonya ekwenzeni kwenqubo, umuntu kumelwe aqale aqonde amathuluzi ayinhloko amagatsha ahlolana ngawo. Lamathuluzi asebenza kuzo zonke izinga lesimiso sokuziphilisa, kusukela ekuhlolweni kuya ekubukezweni kokwahlulela.

Umthetho Uhlola Isikhulu

UKhomishane uhlela amasu amaningi phezu kwegatsha eliphethe. Ilawula uhlelo lwemali kahulumeni, iqinisekisa ama-presidentia (kuhlanganise onomabhalane beKhabhinethi namajaji kahulumeni), futhi ingalawula umongameli nge-vetos ezinkulu ezimbili ezinhlanu emagumbini amabili. ISishaya-Sishaya-mthetho i-’ amandla elulekwayo, ikakhulukazi ezivumelweni nasemimiselweni yokwahlulela, isebenza njengesephu eligxekayo enqubeni yezikhulu zangaphandle nasemiseni yokwahlulela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iSishaya-Hulumeni singaqhuba ukuphenyanisa nokuphonsa ubufakazi, njengoba kuboniswa ngezenzo zegatsha elikhulu njenge-Iran-Contraetal noma i-gate. Lamandla aqinisekisa ukuthi umongameli akana ukusebenzisa isimiso ngaphandle kokusekela noma ukulandisa.

Isikhulu Esiphethe Sihlola Icala

UMongameli usebenzisa ithonya elikhulu nge-veto Congress ngamandla, elingamisa umthetho ezindleleni zakhe ngaphandle kokuba uMkhandlu uqoqe umthetho omkhulu. Ngaphandle kwe-vetos engokomthetho, uMongameli angasebenzisa usongo lwe-veto ukuze alungise izingxoxo, ngokuvamile ephoqelela ukuyekethisa. Iziqondiso eziphethe kanye nemetakranda zivumela uMongameli ukuba aqondise amanxusa kahulumeni ukuba athathe isinyathelo phakathi komthetho okhona, enze ngokuphumelelayo umthetho ngaphandle komthetho omusha. Ngokwesibonelo, inqubo yesikhulu sokufuduka (DACA) noma imithetho yendawo ezungezile iye yalungisa i-U.S. Nokho, iziyalezo ezinjalo ziwukubekela inseleleko engokomthetho futhi zingashintshwa abaholi, kuboniswe isimo sesikhashana sobuholi obuphethe.

Ukwahlulela Kuhlola Zombili Izigatsha

Ijaji, ikakhulukazi iNkantolo Ephakeme, isebenzisa amandla okuhlola kokwahlulela, .igunya lokumemezela imithetho nezenzo zokuphatha ngaphandle kwe-constitunial. Lamandla, asungulwe ku- Marbury v. Madison [1853] [183], ivumela izinkantolo ukuba ziqede izimiso eziphula imithetho esemthethweni. Izwe elilawula imithetho enjenge brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo yezemfundo[FLT] [1954]] [1954] [izenzo zomthetho] [[FLT:]] obergefell. [vlm]. [20] libonisa indlela yokuchaza isimiso sokwahlulela ezilungelweni lomphakathi nezenhlalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinkantolo zezehlulelo, futhi zivimbela ukugweba, noma ukuvimbela ukugweba okulawula komthetho.

Ithonya Enqubweni Yokwenza Inqubo

Lesimiso siphoqelela amaphuzu amaningi e - veto, okudinga ukuvumelana okubanzi noma ukusetshenziswa okuhleliwe ukuze kunqotshwe izithiyo.

Iqembu Eliqaphile Nokuhlehla

Ithonya elibonakalayo kakhulu lokuhlola nokulinganisela yi-group frock in Congress. Ngenxa yokuthi umthetho kumelwe udlulise izinguqulo ezifanayo eMzini naseSihlalweni (inye nemithetho yayo) bese usinda kumongameli ongase abe yi-veto, inqubo ithatha kancane ngokwemvelo. Uhulumeni ohlukene phakathi.(aphonsi) lapho i-profession ne-Congress kulawulwa izinhlangano ezihlukahlukene . Ngokusibonelo, kudluliswa ukulibala okufanayo eMzini nase-U. inkathi eyandayo kahulumeni ohlukene, eholela ekukhishweni okuncane kwemithetho ye-windilinga nemithetho emikhulu enjengezempilo. Nokho, i-griptionbock ingayekelela futhi. Isidingo sokuvikela amavoti angu-60 (ukunqoba i-painbuster) noma ukuqeda kwemigedeli eyamukelekayo kuwo womabili amabhukwini futhi i-ka kakhulu emiyamu emithetho enziwa kakhulu. I-Active Act ofsting ofsting Remosencensial Actrivements.

Isinyathelo Sokuqondisa Umsebenzi

Uma izintambo zemithetho zivala izinhloso zesimiso, abaphathi baphendukela kakhulu ekwenzeni imisebenzi yezikhulu. Lezi ziyalezo zidlulisa amaKhomishane, zivumela izinguquko ezisheshayo ezindabeni ezinjengokufuduka, imfundo, nomthetho wendawo ezungezile. Ngokwesibonelo, uMongameli u-Abama wasebenzisa isenzo sokuqondisa ukuze enze iDeferered Action for Childholth Applications (DACA) uhlelo ngemva kwemithetho yamaKhomishane yokuhluleka ukudlulisa izinguquko zokufuduka. Ngokufanayo, uMongameli uTrump wakhipha iziyalezo ezisemisweni ezisemngceleni zokuxhasa izimali nokulawula imingcele. Nakuba iziqondiso zezikhulu ziphumelela ngokwesikhathi esifushane, zingashintsha iziqondiso: zingashintshwa umlandeli (njengobangendlela uMongameli u-Trump-Era) noma zishaye izinkantolo eziningi. Ngokunjalo, ukuncikeka kwezenzo zobumongameli ezisebenza ngokushintshashintshashintsha kwemithetho phakathi kwesimiso nesilinganiso.

Ukuchazwa Kokwahlulela Nokumiswa Kwesimiso

Ukuhlolwa kwezomthetho kumisa ukuqina okude kwesikhashana (aC) ukuphazamiseka kwezimiso. Uma iNkantolo Ephakeme ishaya umthetho womthetho-mthetho, ichaza kuze kube yilapho iNkantolo ngokwayo iwuphendula noma kudluliswe ukulungiswa komthetho-mthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Affordcable Care Act Act Act Act (ACA) yasinda ezinkingeni ezimbili ezinkulu zeNkantolo, iqinisa indawo yayo njengomthetho naphezu kokuphikisa okuqhubekayo kwezombangazwe. Ngokuphikisana nesinqumo seNkakhulu i-’ izinqumo ku- Dobs v. Jackson Women &squarso; iNhlangano yezempilo ) ithatha isinyathelo sokulawula kuphela. I-Proe. Whede, ibuyisela isimiso sokukhishwa kwesisu semiqatha se-mthetho. I-jadeccudiary; indima ye-Aldiary; i-Aldtary; i-Aldiary, njengendlela yokuhlola okungamele ukumiswa kwezelelwa kwezenkambiso yezenkathi yezombangazwe

Indima Yombono Womphakathi Nobuzwe

Amasesha nama-schecks kanye nezilinganiso zidlulela ngalé kwamagatsha amathathu kahulumeni. Umthetho-sisekelo futhi uhlukanisa amandla phakathi kukahulumeni wesizwe nezwe (i-federalism), ukudala ezinye izingqimba zamasheke. Izwe lingazama izimiso − njengokugunyaza insangu noma ukunakekela impilo yendawo yonke − okungase kuhluke kumthetho kahulumeni. Uhulumeni kahulumeni ungalahla imithetho kahulumeni, kodwa uhulumeni ungabekela inselele ukukhohlakaza komphakathi enkantolo. Umbono womphakathi futhi usebenza njengenhlolo oluthunyiwe: izikhulu ezikhethiwe kumelwe ziphendule ngokhetho, futhi izimiso ezingathandeki. Lesimiso somhlaba esinezingahlukene siqinisekisa ukuthi inqubo yokwenza izivumelwano ezisabelayo ezithakazelweni ezihlukahlukene, nakuba ingaveza futhi umsebenzi owenziwayo enkantolo ephambene.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo Ezinxitshisweni Nokulinganisela

Ukuhlola izindawo ezithile eziqondile ezimisiwe kucacisa indlela izivivinyo nezilinganiso ezisebenza ngayo.Izibonelo ezintathu zibonisa amandla okulawula, ukuthatha isinyathelo sokuqondisa, nokungenela kokwahlulela.

Ukushintsha Kwempilo: Umthetho Wokunakekela Ongadunyiswa

Ukudlula nokusinda kwe-ACA (2010) kuveza ukuyinkimbinkimbi kokuhlola nokulinganisela. Ngemva komongameli Obama Actsquo; ukhetho, uDemocrates walawula womabili amakamu eSishaya-Mkhandlu nomphathi, nokho umthetho ocishe unqanyulwe ngenxa yezinqubo zeSigele sangaphakathi (i-Generalbuster) nesidingo sokuvikela i-okhwela engu-60 ye-vote ephezulu. Isinqumo sokugcina sadlula ngokuhlela uhlelo ukuze kugwenywe i-Moneybuster. NFFFF: [FFF] NFF] futhi [FLT] futhi [FFFFF].[3]

Umthetho Wokuthutha: IDACA Nokulondeka Komngcele

Uhlelo loku-opera i-DACA (202) luvikelwe abafuduki abangabhalwanga abalethwa njengabantwana; uMongameli Trump wazama ukuphinde avimbele ukunqanda ukunqatshelwa kwe-DACA kodwa wavinjelwa yiNkantolo Ephakeme [FLT: 0] ukuthatha isinyathelo ngaphandle kwesizathu. Uhlelo lwe-Daba Actives (202) oluvikelwa abafuduki abangalethwanga ngamagama abalethwa njengezingane; u-Trump Trump wazama ukuphinde wazama ukuvimbela ukuvinjelwa kwe-DCACA kodwa waviswa yi-parst Courtumment e-'injini ye-yokungalela ukuvinjelwa kwezelelwa kwe-mali. Impi ibonisa indlela i-Mozallandland Securevers-se-sty v.[FLTruct:20] Ngalesosikhathi, u-Crimp wasebenzisa iziyalezo zezikhulu ukuze asebenze futhi andise udongame, ukuhlasela, ukuhlasela nokuhlela ukulwa kwemithetho.

Ukubuyiselwa Kwendawo Ezungezile: Icebo Lokulawula Igesi Ne - WOTUS

Isimiso sendawo ezungezile sibonisa indlela ushintsho olulawulayo phakathi kwabaqondisi. I-Cec Power Plan (2015) ehloselwe ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni kodwa yagcinwa yiNkantolo Ephakeme futhi kamuva yathathelwa indawo umthetho omncane ngaphansi kokuqondisa kweTrump. Umthetho we-United States (Wotus) wabhekana ngayo nezimpikiswane eziningi. I-Congress ayiwunings'imthetho omusha wendawo ezungezile, ngakho umthetho washintshwa ngemithetho yezempatho nezimiso zokubusa. Lemiya mithetho iqokomisa ukudlula kwenqubo eyenziwa ngaphandle kokwenza izivumelwano zomthetho.

Izinselele Nokugxekwa Kwalesi Simo

Nakuba ukuhlola nokulinganisela kuvikela inkululeko, futhi babhekene nokugxekwa okukhulu enkathini yanamuhla. izinselele ezintathu eziyinhloko zisongela ukuphumelela kwabo: ukubusa ngokwezombangazwe, ukuvelela kwezikhulu, nokuphamba kokwahlulela.

Ukuthambisa Nokusebenza Kwezimo Ezihlangene

Ukuhlanganisa izifunda-zwe okukhulayo kuguqule ukuhlolwa kwezikhali. I-filbuster eSigeqeni, ekuqaleni, manje ivame ukusetshenziswa ukuvimbela umthetho, idinga amavoti angu-60 ezikweletini eziningi. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ekuthembeleni ekuxhumaneni kwemali kanye nemithetho ye-odar. I-partisan glash iye yanciphisa i-Congress ’ ikhiphela ukukhishwa kwemithetho engokomlando. Ngokwenhlolo ephansi [[FLT: 0] Isikhungo sokucwaninga , i-1773], i-Prongress Congresssion yamisa imithetho encincane kunanoma yiyiphi isiphi imashumi eminyaka. i-Gricklock ikhubaza i-scrosquast ne-’ ikhono lokukhuluma ngezindaba eziphuthumayo njengokushintsha isimo sezulu nekwelezwezwezwezwezwezwe lonke.

Ukufinyelela Isikhundla Esikhudlwana Nokungahambisani Nenkolo

Ukwanda kwamandla okuqondisa, ikakhulukazi ngeziqondiso zezikhulu nezimemezelo eziphuthumayo, kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokuncishiswa kwegunya lemithetho. Abameli babo bobabili baye basebenzisa lamathuluzi ukudlulisa iziKhomishane, bashukumisela abagxeki njenge Brennan Center ye- Justice ukuba baxwayise nge- “risk yesikhulu esiphethe ngokuphaphazanyiswa. i-” kuyilapho ngezinye izikhathi izinkantolo ziye zahlola ukucunulwa kwalenqubo (umzz., zivimbela uTrumprs &quo; ukuvinjelwa kokuhamba), ijubane le-liganigate livumela ukuba inqubo eyandayo yokusebenzisa i-mpatho yempathi yezeluleko ukuba isebenze okwesikhashana. Ukusetshenziswa kwekhono lokulawula inselo yenqubo ewu.

Ukuthatha Icala Ngokwahlulela Kumelene Nemingcele

Ijaji ngokwalo libhekene nokugxekwa ngenxa yokuqamba icala. Uma izinkantolo zishaya imithetho ethandwayo noma zikhipha izinqumo ezinkulu ezindabeni zezenhlalo, zimangalelwa ngezenzo zokwahlulela. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lapho zilalela iSishaya - mthetho noma umphathi, zibhekene nezikhulu zomthetho ezithiya ukuthi zingakwazi ukumiswa. Ukubekwa kwenkantolo ngokomthetho okuyandayo. Ngokungaphezulu ngemva kokubekwa kweqophelo eliphezulu lokuqinisekisa. /Izimpi eziphambili" zifinyeza umugqa phakathi kwencazelo engokomthetho nenqubo yomthetho. INkantolo Ephakeme i’ iningi elithambekele ekwamukeleni izinkolelo lithathe izigwebo ezindabeni ezinjengokukhipha isisu namalungelo okungamalungelo ezikhali, kuholela abanye ekuphikiseni ukuthi iNkathi manje inkantolo iyinqubo yendikimba yemithetho. Lokhu kugcizelela ubunzima bokuzimela ngokuhlola ngokungakhethi lapho ishekesha i-cheke i - insho ngokwayo ingu proser.

Ukuzivumelanisa Nezinto Nezinga Lekhulu Lama - 21

Ukuze kugcinwe ukuphumelela kwazo, ukuhlola nokulinganisela kungadinga izinguquko. Izilinganiso zihlanganisa ukususa noma ukulungisa i-monicbuster ukunciphisa i-gridlock, ukubeka imingcele kumajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme ukuze kuncishiswe ukumiswa, futhi kumiswe izinguquko zempi ukuze kubuyiselwe igunya lempi emsebenzini wezempi. U.S. Constitution iguqulwe izikhathi ezingu 27, ibonisa ukuthi isimiso singaguqula.

Isiphetho

Ithonya lezokuhlola nokulinganisela ekuhlelweni kwenqubo likhulu futhi liyindida. Kwesinye isandla, bavimbela umthetho ophoqeleleyo noma ononya, bavikela amalungelo amancane, futhi baqinisekise ukuthi isimiso sibonisa ukuvumelana okukhulu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, bangabangela ukusheshisa okungalawuleki, futhi babangele ukumelana okungalawuleki. Isimiso i-’ amandla asesimweni saso sokuzimela, kodwa sincike emishinini yezombangazwe ngokuphathelene nezimiso zezimiso zenhlangano. Njengoba izwe libhekene nezinselele eziyinkimbinkimbi, lilondoloza ukulinganisela okunempilo phakathi kokulawula nokuzilawula okuphumelelayo nomthetho omthetho omthetho wesibekezenzisa phambili. Abakhi bomthetho, nabahluleli ngokufanayo kumelwe baqhubeke besekela abaqali be-’ kuyilapho bevumelanisa izinto ezikhona. [FFFoctive Constitution], i-Foctive Centerernernern, inikeza inqubo engokomlando ebumbene yemithetho.[3][Foctalgconst]