I-Australian Capital Territory (ACT) inesikhundla esihlukile phakathi kwe-Australian receteration. Njengoba isihlalo sikahulumeni wesizwe, ukukhula, ukubusa, nokuphila kwansuku zonke kuhlangene ngokuyingqayizivele nezimiso zikahulumeni. Nakuba abaphathi bezwe belawula izindaba zabo ngokuzimela okulinganiselwe, i-Act isebenza ngaphansi kwesimiso somthetho lapho iPhalamende lemithetho ye-Commonealvial enegunya lokulawula indawo. Lokhu kudala isimiso esinamandla samathuba nesithiya esima kakhulu esisekela kakhulu imfuno yezomnotho, imfucucucu, nesazi sezombangazwe. Ukuqonda indlela imithetho kahulumeni ethinta ngayo inqubo ayibalulekile kuzakhamuzi kuphela nabenzi bemithetho kodwa nakunoma ubani ofuna umfanekiso ophelele wesimiso se-Australia sokusebenza.

Umlando Wethonya LikaFederal

Ukwakhiwa kwe-ACT ngokwako kwakuyisinqumo sikahulumeni. Ingxenye 125 yoMthetho-sisekelo wase-Australia yayala ukuba isihlalo sikahulumeni sibe phakathi kwendawo enikelwe yi-New South Wales, cishe amakhilomitha ayikhulu ukusuka eSydney. Ngo-1911, iCommonwealth yalawula ngokomthetho indawo eyayizoba yi-Australian Capital Territory. Emashumini eminyaka, insimu yayilawulwa ngokuqondile nguhulumeni wezwe ngo-(*) ngoMnyango Wezindaba Zekhaya, khona-ke ngochungechunge lwemiyalo emisiwe. Izakhamuzi zazingenakho ukuvota indikimba yezomthetho ekhethekile ye-Australianstruction deleastry Territory (Atlantium-Goverment) Act 1988.

Lowo mthetho wanikeza i-Actislative Assembly neNkomfasi Omkhulu, kodwa wachaza ngokucophelela ukuthi leyo mithetho inesihloko esiguquguqukayo. Ingxenye 28 ye-ActUne Self-Government Act ilondoloza ngokucacile amandla e-Commonwealth ukuze yenze imithetho yendawo, futhi noma imuphi umthetho we-Actal ungangavinjelwa yiPhalamente likahulumeni. Lomthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mgaqo-siseko ubeyisihloko esiphindaphindayo emlandweni wezwe. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-2006, uhulumeni wasebenzisa amandla awo aphezulu ukuvala umthetho we-Actalbaccom, ebonisa indlela lapho izintambo zezombangazwe zezwe zingazilahla khona ngokuqondile izinqumo zentando yentando yeningi.

Izenzakalo ezinkulu ebuhlotsheni be-Act ne-act zihlanganisa ukususwa kwephalamende lika-1952 ukusuka eMelbourne kuya eCanberra, u- 1974 ukunikeza izimpawu eNdlu yabameleli, nokufezwa ekugcineni kwabaphathi abathathu bakahulumeni. Isinyathelo ngasinye sasimele ukushintshwa kwesimiso sikahulumeni okwandisa izwi lensimu, kodwa futhi ngasinye safika nezintambo ezixhunyiwe. Umlando ucacisa ukuthi umthetho kahulumeni awumane nje uthonyele i-Act·it yaba umklami oyinhloko wezwe lokukhona kwezombangazwe.

Ithonya Elingokomnotho Lemithetho Kahulumeni

Ihlelo Lomphakathi Njengenjini Yezomnotho

Ithonya eliqondile elingokomnotho likahulumeni eMnyangweni we-AC liyimpumelelo yenjongo yokusungula umsebenzi weCommonwealth nokuthola imali. Kusukela ngo-2024, cishe amaphesenti angu-40 ezisebenzi zemisebenzi asetshenziswa ngokuqondile yi-Australian Public Service (APS) noma izinhlangano zikahulumeni ezihlobene nayo. Lokhu kugxilisa ingqondo akuzenzakaleli ngengozi; kuwumphumela owenhloso wokusungulwa kwezwe. Uma uhulumeni ukwandisa inkonzo yomphakathi, i-Actal ezomnotho ithola inzuzo efanayo. Ngokuphambene, izimiso zokuphumelela, inzuzo, noma ukukhuphunyuswa kwezindawo ngokwezinga elifanele njengendlela yokuthunyelwa kwezinhlangano ezikhungweni zezifunda.

Ukusetshenziswa kwemali egciniwe kubuye kuqhube ibhizinisi lendawo. Izivumelwano ezinkulu ze-IT Countries, ukubhucungwa kochwepheshe, imishini, kanye nokuphathwa kwezakhiwo ngokuvamile zihamba ngamafemu asekelwe eCanberra. Imali kahulumeni engu 2022-23 esetshenziselwa izakhiwo ezintsha zezemisebenzi yezemisebenzi yezemisebenzi, kuhlanganise nokunyuselwa eSikhungweni se-Cherberbarport, ukwanda kwe-Australia yeMpi yeSikhumbuzo, nokwakhiwa kwemibhoshongo emisha yamahhovisi. Imisebenzi ngayinye iyimiphumela eqondile yezinqumo zikahulumeni, hhayi ukuhlelwa kwezimiso zikahulumeni. Uhulumeni we-ACYSCY ulinganiselwe ikhono lokuvuselela intengo yomnotho yawo; ukunyuka nokuhlelwa kwemali ye-ondrogentiveywo yomthetho.

Izakhiwo Nezokuhamba

Isimiso somphakathi sihlela ngokuqondile isisekelo esingokoqobo se-ACT'. I-National Capital Authority (NCA), inhlangano ehlangeneyo, iyaqhubeka ihlela ukulawulwa konxantathu wephalamende nezinhlangano eziyinhloko zesizwe. Lokhu kusho ukuthi intuthuko enkulu enkabeni yeCanberra idinga izimpawu zikahulumeni, futhi umbono ohloniphekayo nosebenzayo wedolobha uthonywe kakhulu yizwe kunokuba uthonywe yizinto eziza kuqala zendawo. Ngokwesibonelo, iprojekthi ende ebekelwe ukukhanya eGungahlin ukuya esikhungweni sedolobha idinga izibalo ze-Commonety ekholoty nezingxoxo zemali ngaphambi kokuba kuqhubekeke.

Imali exhaswayo ingenye indawo ebucayi. I-Act ithola izakhiwo zikahulumeni zesisekelo ngezinhlelo ezinjenge-Graads to Recovery ne Urban Congestion Fund. Eminyakeni yamuva, umthetho kahulumeni uye wafaka inqubo enkulu ngaphambili ehlela umgwaqo omkhulu njengokuphindaphindwa kwe-Barton Highway nokwakhiwa kweMajura Parkway. Kodwa ngenxa yokuthi i-Active iboshwe ngokuphelele phakathi kwe-New South Wales, isimiso sokuhamba esinqamule i-o-'isikhala sixhomeke ekuxhumaneni nomthetho ukuze kuhlangane nezifunda ezimbili. I-Canberra Communmentation, i-interlinecreantry, i-asemyond , isekela kahulumeni kaningi yezimali zokuxazulula ibhodlela yomphakathi we-Majura Parkeney ethinta kokubili i-NSW.

Ukuvakasha Nezomnotho Zezivakashi

Imboni yezentengiselwano zezokuvakasha ihlobene ngokuyisisekelo nezinqumo zikahulumeni. Ukukhanga kwesizwe njengePhalamende, i-Australian War Memorial, i-National Gearlery, i-National Museum, ne-Australian Institute of Minicovery kuyaxhaswe futhi kulawulwa yizinhlangano ze-Commonealth. Uma umthetho kahulumeni utshala izimali kulezinhlangano zezentengiselwano, ukusekela imali, ukuxhasa izimali, noma imikhankankani yokuthengisa. Imali yezivakashi zezentengiselwano iyanda. Imali kazwelonke engu-20222-23 elinganiswe izigidi ezine zezigidi ezine ze-R3, i-Australia ye-Opera yeSikhumbuzo se-Australia, umsebenzi olindeleke ukuba ukhange izivakashi abe ngu-200 000 ngonyaka. Ngokuphikisana-kancane, izikhathi zemali kazweyokunye ukusekela kwezentengo yezentengo yezohwebo yezo zezwe ezindaweni zendawo zendawo, ezokuvakasha, izindawo zokuvakasha nezokuvakasha.

Imfundo Nokucwaninga

Imfundo Ephakeme Nemali Egciniwe

I-Australian National University (ANU) iyisikhungo semfundo ephakeme ye-Actal ephambili futhi ingenye yamayunivesithi aphambili okucwaninga ezweni. I-ANU yamiswa nguhulumeni kahulumeni ngo- 1946 negunya eliqondile lokuqhubekisela phambili ukucwaninga kwesizwe. Kuze kube namuhla, ithola ingxenye enkulu yezimali zayo ezisekelwe ngokuqondile kumaCommonwealth, ehlukanisiwe nemfundo evamile yaseyunivesithi exhasa izimali. Lelilungiselelo linikeza umthetho kahulumeni isimiso esiqondile esingaphezu kwezinhlelo zokucwaninga ze-ANU, ukudla kwabafundi, impumelelo yezemfundo. Ngokwesibonelo, ushintsho ku-Commondrealtivery Grant Resource Creaucture noma i Program i-Special Program ithinta kakhulu isimo sezimali se-ANU ezindaweni ezisezingeni ezisezingeniswe kakhulu.

IYunivesithi yaseCanberra (UC), nakuba ixhumene ngokuqondile nemvelaphi kahulumeni, incike kakhulu ekuxhaseni izimali zikahulumeni. Izinqumo zezimiso ze-Federal mayelana nemali yabafundi, izikhwama zokuboleka abafundi, kanye nemibandela yemvume yamazwe ngamazwe zithonya ngokuqondile imifudlana yemali ekhokhelwayo ye-UC. Ukushintshela ekuxhaseni imali efunwayo edingwayo kanye nokusungulwa kweZimali Zomsebenzi eziphambili zezekwethulwa kweminikelo yezifundo futhi zibhalise izibalo kule ndawo. Ngenxa yokuthi i-Actal inenani labantu abafunde kakhulu [1] Isilinganiso esiphakeme kakhulu sabathweswe iziqu baseyunivesithi kunoma yisiphi isifunda sase-Australia noma isifundazwe.

Ukucwaninga Nokuvuselela

I-ACT iphethe iqoqo elikhulu lezinhlangano zokucwaninga zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise ne-CSIRO, i-Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANTO), i-Geocience Australia, ne-Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Lezi zinkampani zixhaswe ngemishini ye-outhoric Commoneal i-projectives, futhi izinto eziza kuqala ziveza iziqondiso zesizwe. Uma inqubo ye-Commonealism inquma ukutshala isayensi yokuvikela isayensi yezesayensi, ukuvumelana nesimo sezulu, noma impilo yezobuchwepheshe, izivumelwano nezinhlangano ze-cooperation Research Centeration CRCC, uhlelo olunamaphelienters ezinamayelane zezemboni, ezisekele imisebenzi eminingi yezezentengo.

Esinye isibonelo esiphawulekayo ukwanda kweCanberber Cynovation Hub, esekelwa yimali kahulumeni yokucwaninga ngezokuphepha nge-inthanethi. I-ACT manje ibhekwa njengesikhungo sesizwe sokuvikela i-intanethi, nohulumeni ophethe e-Australian Cyber Security Centre eCanberra. Lomphumela ohlanganisayo uwumphumela oqondile wezinqumo zikahulumeni zokuthola imisebenzi ebucayi yezokuphepha kwesizwe kule ndawo.

Imfundo Yasesikoleni

Nakuba uhulumeni wezentengiselwano usebenza isimiso sawo siqu sesikole somphakathi, isimiso sikahulumeni sifeza indima ebalulekile ekusekeleni imfundo. Umthetho we-Australian Education Act (2013) kanye nokulungisa izinhlelo zezimali ezilandelanayo zihlela iminikelo yezezimali ehlela iminikelo kahulumeni nohulumeni nezingeyohulumeni ezikoleni ze-ACT. Ingxenye yesikole esizimele, ehlanganisa izikhungo eziningana zokuqhuba imfundo ephezulu, zizuza esimisweni sikahulumeni esilawula ukukhuliswa kwezimali ezikoleni ezingezona ze-Riphabliki. Okwamanje, isimiso somphakathi sezentengiselwano sixhumana nge-mali yezwe nge-National School Reformation Reformation Revention Revolution Revolution. Ukushut okuphakathi kwemiciso yemithetho esemthethweni, okuhlanganisa ukuhlolwa kwezifundo (NLANKA) kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-Australia yemfundo yendawo yemfundo yemfundo.

Ithonya Lezombangazwe Nezenhlalo

Ukunakekelwa Kwempilo Nomthetho Ovamile

Isimiso sokunakekela impilo se-Actal sithonywe kakhulu yinqubo kahulumeni. Isibhedlela esikhulu somphakathi, iCanberra Hospital, sisebenza ngaphansi kwesivumelwano sezimali ne-Commonwealth nge-National Health Reformation Agreement Arevement. Isimiso somthetho simisa isisekelo sezimali zezinkonzo zesibhedlela zomphakathi, futhi ushintsho kuMedicare Relies Scheme noma i-Pinfacementatic Reasurective system ephethe i-Active metacial. Umbuso othatha inqubo yokunakekela abantu abadala ngenkampane eminyakeni yamuva nje uye walungisa izinkonzo ze-omfakela izimali ezisensimini, kanye nokuqondisa ngokuqondile izikhungo zokunakekela asebe abagugile. I-ACPT inekhono elilinganiselweyo lokulungisa isimiso sawodwa sokwelapha; ngokwesibonelo, imizamo yokuveza icebo lokunakekela abantu bendawo ezindaweni zomphakathi ezihlala abantu abahlala kuzo zonke.

Izinkonzo Zomphakathi Nenhlalakahle Yomphakathi

Isimiso somphakathi sinquma ukuxhaswa nokudluliselwa kwemali kwezinkonzo eziyinhloko zezenhlalo ze-AC. Ekukhokheni imali ekhokhelwayo enjenge-Job Reserser, i-Pension, ne-Disability Service Penion i-Commonealism imithwalo yemfanelo ethinta kakhulu inzuzo yasekhaya. I-National Disabilibility Insuration Schemector (NDIS) iyisimiso esimiswe umthetho esiye saguqula ukusekela kwabantu abakhubazekile e-ACT. Abaxhasi bendawo basebenza ngaphansi kwe-NDISPrictionaling nezindinganiso zemfanelo ezisezingeni eliphezulu ezibekwe yi-Commonety. Ngokufanayo, ekuqaleni kwemfundo yomkhaya, izinzuzo zentela yomkhaya, nokukhokhelwa kwentela, konke kuhlangene nezimiso zomthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho wokukhokha.

Izindaba zendabuko ze-AC zibunjwe ngokukhethekile yinqubo kahulumeni. Indawo iyikhaya labantu base-Gunnawal njengabagcini besizwe esivamile, kodwa futhi inenani elikhulu labantu base-Australia abavela kulo lonke izwe abathuthela eCanberra ukuze bathole umsebenzi noma imfundo. Izinhlelo ze-Federal njenge-Ivertical Experiment Strategy inikeza i-Iverginetic System ne-Ivertive Land ne-Sea Corporation ngokuqondile isekela izivumelwano zendawo. Ikhono likahulumeni we-Actal lokusingatha ukunqanda ukungalela ukulahlekelwa kwemali nemithetho yezezimali ziqiniswa nomthetho kahulumeni wezwe lonke isikhungo se-RGlobal.

Ukumelela Kwezombangazwe Namalungelo Esifunda

Izwi le-Act le-Act esimiso sombuso lilinganiselwe. Insimu ikhetha amalungu amathathu amele iNdlu yabameleli, kodwa amanxusa amabili kuphela − alinganiswe abayishumi nambili esifundazweni ngasinye. Lokhu kumelelwa okungafani kuwumphumela oqondile wesimo somthetho-mgaqo wezindawo, futhi uhulumeni ungawushintsha kuphela ngomthetho owe-parejimende noma umthetho owenyusa ukumelelwa kwensimu. I-Act iye yafaka umkhankaso isikhathi eside wokumelelwa kweSigelethi esiphelele noma we-somumu elinganayo. Ukusabela kwemithetho ye-Frevel kulokhu kuxube; ngokwesibonelo, uhulumeni ka-Maryonseyton umelene nomthetho owe-Alton owenganikeza amandla amakhulu asizayo ngokufa, kuyilapho uhulumeni we-Alban i-rected elungele ukuhlanganisa amalungelo ezindawo.

Izindawo lapho i-ACT iye yafuna khona ukuveza kabusha , njengokusiza ukufa ngokuzithandela, ukubulala ubugebengu, nokulingana komshado, kuye kwamiswa ngokomlando yimibuso elawulayo. Ukudlula kweRereting Territory Rights Act 2022, okususa ukuvinjelwa kwe-Act signact okugunyaziwe ngokuzithandela, kwamelela ukushintshwa okuphawulekayo. Nokho amandla angaphansi komthetho-mthetho; umthetho kahulumeni ungabuyisela imingcele ekhethekile yezombangazwe kunoma isiphi isikhathi. Lokhu kuhlola kwakha amandla ayingqayizivele ezombangazwe e-ACTC, lapho abaholi bemelwe baxoxe njalo nomthetho womthetho wokulondoloza ukulawulwa kwezindawo okulinganiselwe.

Ukugada Okuzihambelayo Nokunakekela Okuqhubekayo

Ukuzilawula Nokulinganiselwa Kwako

I-ACT Self-Governament Act 1988 isewumthetho oyisisekelo wokubusa kwezwe. Inikeza amandla e-Act Legislative Assembly ukuba enze imithetho ezindabeni eziningi zohlobo lwezwe, kodwa ngohlobo olubalulekile. Uhulumeni wezwe uyaqhubeka ulawula igunya lenhloko ndlu, ijudicary (INkantolo Ephakeme ye-Act iyinkantolo kazwelonke), futhi ikhono lokumisa imingcele yezwe. Umthetho udinga futhi ukuba i-Act ilinganisele imali yawo yokuhlela izimali kuhulumeni. Lomthetho we-fiscal ube umthombo wengxabano, njengoba i-Actal ingenakuyikhomba ngendlela ehlala ikhona, i-gosazelela ekuphenduleni kwesimiso sezomnotho.

Izimpikiswano zamuva nje ziye zagxila ekutheni i-ACT kufanele inikezwe inkululeko enkulu yini phezu kwesimiso sayo sokhetho, ubudlelwane bezezimboni, nomthetho wobugebengu. Ngokwesibonelo, i-ACT yazama ukumisa uhlelo lwemisebenzi elondekile olunezokuvikela zezentengiselwano ezidlula izindinganiso zikahulumeni, kodwa yabhekana nezinselele ezingokomthetho ngokuthi indawo inamandla yini okulawula kuleyondawo. INkantolo Ephakeme isekela ukuphakama kwezwe, igcizelela umqondo wokuthi i-Act'INC ixhomeke njalo.

Izimiso Zokuziphatha Nezokuhlela Indawo Ezungezile

Isimiso sendawo ezungezile sithinta ngokuqondile i-ACT. I-Monotic Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (I-EPBC Act) idinga ukuvunyelwa kukahulumeni kwezentuthuko ezithile ezithinta imibandela yendawo ezungezile. Ngenxa yokuthi i-Act iqukethe isayensi yezinto eziphilayo ezibucayi njengeNamadgi National Park nezindawo ezisengozini yokuhlala, izakhiwo eziningi zendawo zidinga ukuvunyelwa okuphindiwe kokubili kuhulumeni we-Act nohulumeni kazwelonke. I-Commonwealianty iye yangenela futhi ekuhleleni izindaba, njengokwanda kwezindlela zendiza ehamba eCanberravier ezindaweni zokuhlala, ezazinqunywe yigunya lezwe lombuso wokwakha i-Australia.

Isimiso sesimo sezulu sinye isici lapho izinqumo zikahulumeni ziye zaveza khona ithonya le-AC. Indawo iye yabeka izisulu zamandla ezifuna ukuvuselelwa futhi yasebenzisa uhlelo oluncishiswayo lokukhipha igesi. Kodwa uhulumeni we-carbon crimeting, iziqinisekiso ezivuselelwayo, nezisusa zikagesi zakha isimo esilawulayo esisekela noma esilulaza le mizamo yendawo. Ukwenqaba kukahulumeni ukwamukela amandla avuselelwe kusizwe kuma-2010, ngokwesibonelo, waphoqelela ukuba i-APP, ukuklama icebo lokuzilungisa i-octive transport, okwakha izinselele ezingokomthetho ezithinta imfucucucu ezindaweni ezisebenzela umthetho.

Ukuzijwayeza Okungahambisani Nemikhuba

Ukubonakaliswa kokugcina kokubusa kukahulumeni kunguMhlangano weSishaya-mthetho wokwahlukana nanoma yimuphi umthetho we-ACT. Lombuso uye wasetshenziswa kancane kodwa ngokunganqamuki. Ngo-2013, iPhalamende likahulumeni liwuchitha umthetho olinganayo womshado, owawudluliswe yiSishaya-mthetho wezwe. INkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ukuthi i-Communial Act imboze ngokusemthethweni, ivimbela ukungenela kokungahlangani umshado owe-ethena. Lesi senzakalo sibonakalisa ukuwohloka okungaqondakali kwamandla omthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho we-ACTY: ngisho nalapho insimu isebenza ngokusebenza nokulawula kwayo okusobala, umthetho kahulumeni ungayiqeda imiphumela.

Imisebenzi efanayo iye yadlala ngenqubo yezidakamizwa. I-ACT inciphe kakhulu futhi icabangela izinguquko ezinkulu, kodwa umthetho kahulumeni uyakwenqabela ukuba ne-cannabis nokusetshenziswa kwayo. Nakuba iCommonwealth ingayiphoqelelanga imithetho yayo yezidakamizwa ngendlela ephikisana nenqubo ye-Actal, usongo olungokomthetho lusasele. Lokhu kubangela indawo yokungaqiniseki lapho izakhamuzi namabhizinisi engenakuthembela ngokugcwele ekuzinzisweni kwemithetho yendawo.

Isiphetho

Izimiso ze-Federal azilona nje ithonya langaphandle e-Australian Capital Territory j=indawo eyakhiwa kuyo futhi iqhubeke isebenza. Kusukela engxenyeni yomphakathi yabusa umnotho kuya ezikhungweni zokucwaninga zezemfundo, kusukela ezibhedlela kuya ezakhiweni zefa, zonke izingxenye zokuphila zemisebenzi zithintwa yizinqumo ezenziwa ePhalamende lesizwe. Insimu ijabulela izinga lokuphila eliqhakazile nelezinga lokuphila eliphakathi kwe-Australia ephakeme kakhulu, kodwa lelo cebo lihlobene kakhulu nokuzimisela kukahulumeni wezwe lonke ukutshala i-Canberra njengenhloko - dolobha yezwe.

Ubuhlobo buyi-act digital ngokuklanywa. Nakuba i-Act isebenzisa izinga lokuzilawula, i-Commonwealth inegunya eliphelele lokudlula imithetho yendawo, ukuhlela, futhi ibeke imingcele ephezulu esebenzayo phakathi kwendawo. Imizamo yokwandisa ukuzibusa (ukumelela kwe-Scompal) ngombuso, ukumelelwa kweSigele, noma imingcele ecacile yemithetho eqinile. Kodwa isikhundla se-Commonwealth esiyingqayizivele sinikeza nezinzuzo: ukufinyelela ngokuqondile kubenzi besinqumo sesizwe, izisebenzi ezifundile kakhulu, kanye nokugcwala kwemithombo kahulumeni okungekho hulumeni ongavumelana nayo.

Njengoba i-Australia iqhubeka ibhekana nezinselele ezinjengokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, izindlela zomsebenzi ezishintshashintshayo, nokushintsha kwenani labantu, indima ye-ACT njengendawo yokuhlola ukusungulwa kwezimiso kanye ne-sethi ye-codes ye-operation yesizwe iyohlala ibalulekile. Ikusasa lensimu liyoxhomeka kakhulu ekutheni inqubo kahulumeni ishintsha kanjani ezindaweni ezinjengokuhlelwa ngokufanelekile, ukuguqulwa kwenkonzo yomphakathi, namalungelo esabelweni. Okwamanje, i-Act ihlala iwukuhlolwa kwamathuba nemingcele yokubusa kwezwe, lapho izifiso zendawo kumelwe ziqondwe khona njalo ngokumelene nesisekelo sezindawo eziyinhloko zezwe.