Ukuqonda Inqubo Yomthetho

Inqubo yomthetho iwumgogodla wokubusa kwentando yeningi. Iyindlela ehlelwe kahle lapho imiqondo yemithetho emisha ihlelwa khona ($noma ukubuyiselwa kweyemithetho ekhona"impoqo, impikiswano, ibukelwe, futhi ekugcineni ihlelwe. Nakuba lenqubo ingase ibonakale ingabonakali noma ikude, iveza ngokuqondile isimo sansuku zonke sesakhamuzi ngasinye. Kusukela ezindinganisweni zokuphepha zezimoto esiziyisa emazini asesiwaphuzayo, cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwanamuhla zithintwa umthetho. Ukuqonda indlela lenqubo esebenza ngayo akuyona nje inqubo yemfundo yemfundo; ihlobisa abantu ngabanye ngolwazi lwansuku zonke ukuze bahlangabe nohulumeni wabo futhi basekele izinguquko ezibangeni.

Isimiso esiyinhloko senqubo yomthetho siwukucabanga. Ngokungafani neziyalezo eziphethe ezingakhishwa kungakaze kuqalwe, umthetho udinga isivumelwano esihlangene sabameleli abakhethiwe. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi imibono eminingi icatshangelwa ngaphambi kokuba umthetho ube umthetho. Nakuba izinyathelo eziqondile zihlukahluka ngokwezwe (ngokwesibonelo, isimiso sephalamende njengesase-United Kingdom sihlukile kuleyo ye-udential system e-United States", ingqondo engaphansi kwayo ihlala iqinile: isibambiso okumelwe siqondiswe izihloko ezisekwenziwa kahle, sizwa kahle, sizwa kahle, futhi sisekelwa kakhulu.

Iziteshi Eziyinhloko Enqubweni Yomthetho

Nakuba imithetho eqondile nemithetho yemibukiso ihlukile phakathi kwezishaya - mthetho, eziningi zilandela indlela efanayo. Izigaba ezichazwe ngezansi zimelela uhambo oluvamile lwemali esimisweni se-bamaral njengaleso seSishaya-Mkhandlu sase-United States, kodwa izimiso zisebenza kabanzi.

Ukuphoqelela

Le nqubo iqala kudala ngaphambi kokuba kusungulwe isikweleti ngokomthetho. Ngokuvamile kwenziwa ochwepheshe bezomthetho ekuthintaneni nabamisi-mthetho, amaqembu enzalo, noma amanxusa aphethe. Imali kumelwe ibhalwe ngokucophelela ukuze kufezwe imiphumela yayo ehloselwe yona ngaphandle kwemiphumela engokomthetho ehleliwe. Ngokwesibonelo, Conreg.gov i-metarchy ibonisa ukuthi izikweleti eziningi ezisebenza amakhasi futhi zihlanganise nezincazelo eziqondile, izimiso zokuphoqelela, kanye namalungiselelo emali. Imizamo yezezenyuziyamu ngokuvamile idinga usizo kuchwepheshe bezokulungisa imishini ukuze kuqinisekiswe izindinganiso zomthetho.

Isingeniso Nokufunda Kokuqala

Lapho isibhaliwe, kufakwa isikweleti kunoma yiliphi igumbi lesishaya - mthetho (Indlu noma iSigele). KuyiSishaya-mthetho sase-U.S., ilungu kumelwe lixhase ngokusemthethweni lesi sivumelwano. Phakathi nokufundwa kokuqala, isihloko somthetho siyafundwa ngokuzwakalayo, futhi sabelwa inani (umz., H.R. 1 noma S. 1). Lesisigaba sisho inqubo kodwa siphawula ukuqala kwegunya lohambo lomthetho.

Ukubukeza KweKomiti

AmaKomiti akhona lapho umsebenzi wangempela wenqubo yokushaya umthetho wenzeka khona. Amakomiti akhona .Anjenge-Stemper Moneral Memoneal Committee okanye i-House Education and House Committee("iphethe i-'scheme'''') i-'pat'''' ilawula izindawo ezithile zenqubo. Lapha, isaziso sicushwa kakhulu: ukuzwa lapho ochwepheshe nabafaki beminyango kufakazelwa khona, futhi le komiti ingaphawula izikweletulo ngemikhakha. Ngokwe- GovTrack. [[FLT] ukuhlaziya okukhulu, izikwelengidi zemali (ngaphezu kuka-90%), ingafiki phansi. Le komiti ingafaka izicelo eziphambili, iqinisekisa ukuthi i-octive Diocrac Actment i-Actment is ezisekwethwa izinyanga ze-1990 ezisene.

4. Impikiswano Nokusakaza Kwamafinyila

Uma ikomiti ibika isikhwama semali esivumelekile, singena esikhungweni esiphelele sokuphikisana. Inkulumo - mpikiswano yemithetho ebusayo ingaba eqinile: eNdlu ye-U.S., iKomiti yeMithetho ivame ukumisa imingcele yesikhathi futhi ibeke imingcele, kanti iSigeqe sivumela impikiswano engenamkhawulo ngaphandle kokuba kusetshenziswe inqubo. Inkulumo-mpikiswano yaphansi ivumela abashaya umthetho ukuba baphikisane noma bamelane nemithetho, ngokuvamile iqokomisa ithonya layo elingase libe khona. Ivoti yokugcina iqoshwe, futhi uma iningi livuma, imvume yecala idlula kulelo gumbi.

Ukucabangela Kwesibili

Kuzo zonke izimiso ze-bidamaral, ikhabethe liya kwelinye igumbi, eliphinda inqubo yekomiti nesesitezi. Uma igumbi lesibili lidlula inguquko ehlukile, ikomiti yengqungquthela (i-acompose yamalungu asemagumbini womabili(ifuna ukubuyisana."i-afford Care Act, eyahamba phakathi kokubukeza okuningi, nenqubo yengqungquthela phambi kweminyango eyisihluthulelo ngo-2010. Isivumelwano esizokwephula umthetho kumelwe sivunyelwe yizo zombili izintambo ezisezingeni elifanayo. Isibonelo esaziwayo yi-A Nhlangano we-ACITC (ACA), eyahamba ngezindlela eziningi ezibukelwe futhi inqubo yengquthelana phambi kwesigaba sokugcina ngo-2010.

6. Ukugunyazwa Nokusetshenziswa Kwabantu

Ngemva kokuba womabili amagumbi evumile, izimali zithunyelwa kumphathi-kaputeni. Umqondisi angasayina isibalo emthetho, ewufaka, noma asivumele ukuba sibe umthetho ngaphandle kokusayinwa (ngemva kwenkathi emisiwe). I-veto ingaphathwa ngenani eliyisithathu sombili kuwo womabili amakamu, nakuba lokhu kuyivelakancane. Uma sekusayinwe, imvume ibekwa inombolo yomthetho futhi ihlanganiswe ezimisweni. Ukusetshenziswa kwangempela kuphathwa ngezinhlangano zikahulumeni ngokwenza i-Rod, njengoba kubonakala ngezincwadi [[FLT: 0] FED]

Umphumela Omangalisayo Ekuphileni Kwansuku Zonke

Ukushaya umthetho akuyona into engokoqobo; kuguqula izinto zibe ngokoqobo zansuku zonke. Ngezansi kuyizindawo ezinkulu lapho inqubo yokushaya umthetho ithinta khona ngokuqondile abantu nemiphakathi.

Ukunakekelwa kwempilo

Imithetho yokunakekela impilo inquma ukuthi ubani okwazi ukungena ezinkonzoni zezokwelapha, kumalini, nangaphansi kwaziphi izimo. I-ACA enwetshiwe, ukukhokhwa okungavunyelwe ngenxa yezimo zangaphambi kokuba kube khona, futhi ivumela intsha ukuba ihlale ihleli elungiselelweni labazali kuze kube neminyaka engu-26. Umthetho wezinga likahulumeni owengeziwe wokwanda kweMedicaid udala ukuhluka okubanzi. Ngaphandle komshuwalense, imithetho elawula ukugcinwa kwezidakamizwa, ukuphepha kwesibhedlela, nokucwaninga kwezokwelapha (njenge-Century Century Cureares Act Act) iveza izinga nemali nokunakekelwa. Ngaphandle kwenqubo yomthetho yokulawula i-Medicaid, lezi sivikelo nezindinganiso bezingeke zibe khona.

Imfundo

Imithetho kazwelonke neyombuso inquma izindlela zokuxhasa imali zezikole, izimfuneko zothisha, izimfuneko zemfundo (njenge-Fourse Scheeds Act), nezimiso zemfundo ephakeme. Inqubo yomthetho ikhiqize izinqubo ze-GI Bill ukuya ku-Pell Grants, eyenza izigidi ukuba zikwazi ukuya ekolishi. Ezingeni lendawo, izimiso zesikole zezemfundo ("eziwumthetho wendalo"""nescrect") zonke izincwadi ezikhethwayo zisuka ekuqaleni. Ukushintsha ezimiqathangokwano-mthetho kungasho umehluko phakathi kwesithili esinesimiso esiqinile se-STEM noma ukusika uhlelo lwezemisebenzi yezobuciko.

Ukuphepha Komphakathi Nobulungisa Besigebengu

Umthetho uhlela ukugcinwa komthetho, iziqondiso, nezimiso zokuqondisa. I-Delbil Crime Control and Law Entorcement Act ka-1994, ngokwesibonelo, yanikeza amaphoyisa namajele izimali kodwa futhi yafaka iqhaza ekuboshweni kwabantu abaningi. Imithetho yamuva kakhulu njenge-Fost Step Act (2088) iye yahlose ukuguqula ukugwetshwa nokunciphiswa kwemithetho. Ngezinga lendawo, imithetho elawula ukugcinwa kwezimoto, izikhalo zomsindo, nemithetho yokwakha ithinta ukuphepha komphakathi ngokuqondile. Inqubo yomthetho womthetho ivumela imiphakathi ukuba ilungise lemithetho njengemithetho ye-societalticism proficiations.

Isivikelo Sendawo Ezungezile

Umthetho wendawo ezungezile ubeka imingcele ekungcoliseni, ekuvikeleni izinhlobo ezisengozini, nasemizamweni yokulondolozweni kwezimali. I-Ceane Water Air Act, ne-National Policy Act iyizinsika zesimiso sendawo ezungezile yase-U.S. Lemithetho inemiphumela engenakudlula: njengoba i-Ceane Air Act edlulisiwe, izinto ezingcolisa umoya eziyinhloko ziye zancitshiswa yi-70% ngokwezinga [[FLT: 0] EPA. Izimpi zezezemvelo zezesimiso sezemvelo, njengamandla ahlanzekile e-Inflatiodiation Reduction Act, inquma izinga lokushintsha amandla okuvuselela. Izakhamuzi zibona imiphumela engcono, izindawo ezingokwemvelo, nezindawo zezimoto ezikhuselwe ugesi.

Umthetho Wezomnotho Nezimali Zomuntu Siqu

Imithetho yentela, imithetho yeholo elilinganiselwe, izivumelwano zezohwebo, kanye nezivikelo zabathengi yonke iyimikhiqizo yomthetho. I-Cuts ne-Jobs Act ka-2017 yaguqula izigebengu zentela nenani lezinhlangano ezikhokhelwayo, okuthinta ukukhokha intela yekhaya nokutshala izimali zebhizinisi. I-Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consurection Act (2010) yadala i-Consumer Finity Protection Bureaualment, eye yabuyisela izigidi zezigidi zabathengi ezilimaleni eziliselwe ukukhokha ngokukhokha ngokuxhaphaza. Isinqumo sezelelwa kwenzuzo yokungasebenzi umsebenzi, ukukhokhela inzuzo, nokusetshenziswa kwemali engokwenzuzo engokwezomnotho.

Amalungelo Omphakathi Nobulungisa Bezenhlalo

Umthetho we-Woundark amalungelo omphakathi (16) we-Povil Rights Act ka-1964, i-Voing Rights Act ka-1965, i-American ene-Clibration Act (ADA) ) yaqala ngokulwa okukhulu kwemithetho yokulawula. Lemithetho yenqabela ukucwaswa okusekelwe ngokohlanga, ubulili, ukukhubazeka, nezinye izici, ukubuyiselwa kwemisebenzi, izikole, nezindawo zokuhlala zomphakathi. Muva nje, umthetho wezinga eliphezulu wokuvota, LGBTQ+ amalungelo, kanye nokukhishwa kwesisu kuyaqhubeka nokuziveza, ngemiphumela eqondile yenkululeko nenkululeko yomuntu siqu. Inqubo yomthetho yemithetho yezomthetho inikeza izindlela zokuvikela imingcele nezinselele ezingokomthetho.

Ubuchwepheshe Nezinto Ezisetshenziswa Kuwo

Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buthuthuka, kuvela izinqubo ezintsha zomthetho zokulawula imininingwane eyimfihlo, i-inthanethi, kanye nempahla ehlakaniphile. I-General Data Protection Regation (GDPR) iyisibonelo esiyinhloko somthetho owezwe lonke onethonya elinamandla endleleni izinkampani ezisingatha ngayo imininingwane yomuntu siqu. E-U.S., imithetho enjenge-Anlyses Onlineal Protection Act (COPPA) kanye nezenzo zombuso zezemfihlo (umzz, i-CPA) ifaka izibopho ezinkampanini zezobuchwepheshe. Ukuvala izimpikiswano ngokuhlakanipha kokwenziwa, ukuvinjelwa kwezokuxhumana, ne-nethi le-nethi kuyolo kulolongeka ngenqubo yomthetho, ithonya yonke into esuka kwinkulumo kulayini yezindaba zethu ezingenisa izinhleloni.

Indlela Izakhamuzi Ezingahlanganyela Ngayo Nenqubo Yokushaya Indiva

Izakhamuzi zinamathuluzi ahlukahlukene okuthonya inqubo yezomthetho futhi zibonele abamisi - mthetho ukuthi bazolandisa.

Abameleli Abaqanjiwe

Izingcingo, ama-imeyili, nezinhlamvu kusesebenza kakhulu. Amalungu abashicileli alandela iposi ehlangani, futhi ukukhula kokuxhumana empikiswaneni ethile kungathonya ukuvota kwe-gean. Amathuluzi angaphakathi anjenge- USA.gov yenza kube lula ukuthola ukwaziswa kuhulumeni, umbuso, nabameleli bendawo. Izindaba zomuntu siqu ezibonisa ithonya lomthetho zithonya lomuntu ngokukhethekile.

Ukuhlanganyela Ezokuqulwa Kwezindaba Komphakathi NasemaHholo Edolobha

AmaKomiti avame ukuqulwa izikhululo zomphakathi lapho izakhamuzi zinganikeza khona ubufakazi obubhaliwe noma kwezinye izimo, uma kukhulunywa ngomlomo, imihlangano yasehholo lasedolobheni eqhutshwa abashaya umthetho inikeza imvume eqondile yokubuza imibuzo nezindaba ezikhathazayo. Ukulungiselela kuyisihluthulelo: ukufunda isifushaniso sesikhwama nokuqonda lokho esikushoyo kuvumela ingxoxo efuna ulwazi.

Ukuzihlanganisa Noma Ukwakha Amaqembu Abusayo

Amaqembu ahleliwe andisa amazwi ngamanye, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iyinhlangano yesizwe enjengeNhlangano yaMasipala noma i-ocerounts, amaqembu okuqasha acwaninga, aqoqa abasekeli, futhi ahlangane nabamisi-mthetho. futhi ahlola inqubo yemithetho yentuthuko ezicini eziyinhloko, aqaphelisa amalungu lapho kudingeka isinyathelo.

Imithetho Eqondile Yokuhlanganyela Ngokuthatha Isinyathelo Nangezintambo

Ezizweni eziningi, izakhamuzi zingawudluli ngokuphelele umthetho-mthetho ngokuthatha izinyathelo zokuvota nokuthatha ama-asendem. Le nqubo ivumela ukuba kubekwe iziphakamiso ku-collat ngokuqoqa inani elanele lezincwadi. Izibonelo zihlanganisa ukubhaliswa ngokomthetho, ukwanda kweholo elilinganiselwe, nezinguquko eziqinile. Nakuba inamandla, idinga ukuhlelwa okukhulu nemithombo.

Ukumemezela Izinkulumo Eziyinhloko Nezivamile

Izinhlelo zinquma ukuthi ubani obhala imithetho. Ukhetho oluyinhloko lubaluleke kakhulu ngoba bakhetha abameleli abanezikhundla ezihlukene kakhulu kunokuba ukhetho oluvamile lungase lusikisele. Ukhetho oluphansi lusho inani elincane lezakhamuzi ezizimisele ukuba nethonya elingalingani. Ukucwaninga kubonisa ukuthi abakhi bomthetho basabela kakhulu kubantu abavota njalo.

Imiphumela Ebucayi Yomthetho

Inqubo yomthetho ayiyona indlela eyodwa ehambayo eqondene nomthetho. Uma imiswe, umthetho uvame ukwenza izigigaba: inkantolo ibekela inselele ukubekwa kwayo ngokomthetho-sisekelo, izinhlangano zimisa imithetho engase iphume ezinhlosoni zomthetho, futhi ukusabela komphakathi kuholela ekubizeni ukubuyiselwa noma ukubuyiselwa. Ngokwesibonelo, i-TeMEntact Act ka-1996 ehloselwe ukukhuthaza ukuncintisana kodwa yenza ukuba abacusumbuli baphikisane nokulimaza amaphephandaphili. I-aunice project yakhiwe futhi yabaphathi bezindlebe ukuze iphendule kahle kule nqubo engalindelekile.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, umthetho ungaba nemiphumela engenakuguqulwa. Izivumelwano zezohwebo, izivumelwano zendawo ezungezile, nezindinganiso zobuchwepheshe ezibekwe yizwe elilodwa ngokuvamile ziba yimithetho engekho ekhondweni lomhlaba wonke. I-GDPR iyisibonelo esiwubukhazikhazi: izinkampani emhlabeni wonke ziye zathatha izindinganiso zazo zokuvikela ukwaziswa ukuze ziqhubeke zisebenza emakethe yaseYurophu. Ngokufanayo, umthetho wase-U.S. wokugunyaza ukugunyazwa kwemithi emisha emisha emazweni asathuthuka. Ukuqonda inqubo yomthetho wemithetho kunikeza izakhamuzi ukuqonda ukuthi izwe lazo alizilawuli kanjani kuphela kodwa futhi lihlela nezimiso zezizwe ngezizwe.

Isiphetho

Inqubo yomthetho womthetho ingaphezu kakhulu kokuba umcimbi wesiko wezezombangazwe. Yinjini eguqula izidingo zomphakathi zifakelwe izivikelo ezigunyaziwe, izinkonzo, namalungelo. Wonke umthetho olandela inqubo yemvume, uvikela umntwana kuyi-intanethi, noma izimali zomphakathi ngenxa yezinyathelo zezempilo zamabomu, ukuhlola, nokuvumela. Nakuba le nqubo ingathatha kancane, ingcolise, futhi ibekwe emfundweni ye-politiki, ihlala iyindlela esemthethweni yokudala imithetho ebophekayo emphakathini wentando yentando yeningi. Ngokufunda indlela esebenza ngayo futhi ihlanganyele nayo, izakhamuzi zingaqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho idlulisa izindinganiso zabo futhi ixazulule izinselele zokuphila kwazo. Umphumela wansuku zonke awukude, futhi uyinto engenziwangayo inqubo yomthetho yentando yentando yeningi.

Ukuze ufunde ngokuqhubekayo ngendlela yokulandela izikweleti, vakashela .gov. Kulwazi lwezinga lombuso lomthetho, i- Conferenceal of State Legistratures[ inikeza imithombo ebanzi. Ukuqonda lenqubo kuyisinyathelo sokuqala ekwenzeni izwi lakho lizwe.