Ukuqonda Indima Yentela Yendawo Ezinqumweni Zebhizinisi

Intela yendawo iphakathi kwamathuluzi asetshenziswa kakhulu embonini yezentengiselwano. Idolobha nohulumeni besifunda eUnited States nasemhlabeni wonke bathumela intela yempahla, ukuntengantengiswa kwentela yempahla, ukukhokhwa kwentela yeholo, nezinye izisusa zokukhanga amabhizinisi amasha noma ukukhuthaza akhona ukuba anwetshwe. Ikhono eliphansi lokuqonda liyagunyaza: ngokunciphisa umthwalo wentela wenkampani, i-athonsi inganciphisa izindleko eziphakeme zemisebenzi, izwe, noma intela, intela yokukhokha intela yeholo, iyenze ibe indawo ekhanga kakhulu yokutshala imali. Kodwa lezi zimba ezikhona ukuba ziphumelele kangakanani ekuthuthukiseni? Futhi yini intengo ekhona manje engcono kakhulu ngenxa yezokuhweba ngenxa yemiphakathi ezinikeza yona?

Ukuze siphendule leyomibuzo, kudingeka sihlole ubufakazi obuphathelene nokuthutha kabusha kwezebhizinisi nezinqumo zokwandisa, umklamo wezinhlelo ezishukumisayo, nethonya elikhulu kwezomnotho. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukubukezwa okubanzi kwendlela izisusa zentela zendawo ezisebenza ngayo, imiphumela yazo egciniwe ekuziphatheni kwezebhizinisi, nokucabangela okungokwesimiso okungandisa izinzuzo kuyilapho kunciphisa izingozi.

Ukuchaza Intela Yasendaweni: Izinhlobo Nemishini

Ukuqonda izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zentela akulona ithuluzi elilodwa elifanayo.

Ukukhokhiswa Kwentela Yempahla

Enye yezisusa ezivame kakhulu, ukukhokha intela yempahla kunciphisa noma kususe intela yempahla ibhizinisi lingayikhokha ngenye indlela ekuthengeni kwempahla entsha, ezindaweni, imishini, noma imishini. Lezizikhungo ngokuvamile zisetshenziselwa ukukhanga izakhiwo ezinkulu zokukhiqiza noma izikhungo zokusakaza ezidinga ukutshala izimali ezinkulu. Ngokwesibonelo, idolobha lingase linikeze inzuzo yeminyaka eyishumi, lapho ukwehla kwentela kuncipha unyaka ngamunye, linikeza ibhizinisi isikhathi sokuba libe nenzuzo ngaphambi kokukhokha izimali ezigcwele.

Ukuthengisa Intela

Izindawo eziningi zikhulula amabhizinisi ekukhokheni intela yokuthengiselwa kwemishini, izinto zokwakha, noma ezinye izinto ezisetshenziswa ekuthuthukiseni noma ekuthutheni izakhiwo. Lokhu kunciphisa izindleko eziphambili zokutshala izimali futhi kungenza indawo incintisane kakhulu ezimbonini zenhloko mlilo njengendawo yokuhamba, izimoto, noma ukusungula amandla okuvuselela.

Izikweletu Zentela

Uhulumeni nendawo bavame ukukhokha intela yeholo ehlobene nokusungulwa kwemisebenzi, ukukhokha izimali ezibhaliwe, noma ukucwaninga nezindleko zokuthuthukisa. Lokhu kukwehlisa ngokuqondile icala lentela lebhizinisi, ngokuvamile ngendlela yokukhokha intela percentat noma nge-diolar-eyedwa. Ezinye izikweleti ziyabuyiselwa, okusho ukuthi uhulumeni uthumela ibhizinisi isheke uma ikweleta kudlula icala lako lentela.

Ukukhokha Intela (I - TIF)

Nakuba ubuchwepheshe buyinqubo yokuxhasa imali kunokuncishisela intela ngokuqondile, i-TIFF isetshenziswa kabanzi ukusekela ukunwetshwa kwezentengiselwano ezifundeni ezimisiwe. Ngaphansi kwe-TIFF, ukwanda kwenzuzo yempahla ebangelwa ukuthuthuka okusha kusetshenziselwa ukukhokhela intuthuko yezemisebenzi yomphakathi, njengemigwaqo, izinto ezisebenza ngemishini, noma amagalaji okupaka imoto, okuzuzisa ibhizinisi ngokuqondile. Ibhizinisi alitholi intengo yentela ngokwe-se, kodwa ukuthengwa komphakathi kwehlisa izindleko zalo zonke.

Ezinye Izakhiwo Eziyinhloko

Ezinye izindawo zikhokhela intela (isinye isibh., intela yemvume yokwakha), intela ebhaliwe noma impahla yomuntu siqu, noma intengo eqinisekisiwe isikhathi esimisiwe. Izifunda eziphakathi kwezwe, izifunda ezinamathuba, kanye nezindawo ezithengiselwa kwamanye amazwe zinikeza futhi izinzuzo zentela emabhizinisini asezindaweni ezimisiwe.

Indlela Izinqumo Zokuthutha Amabhizinisi Ezithonya Ngayo Intela

Uma inkampani inquma ukuthatha indawo yayo yenye indawo ($naba isusa indlunkulu yayo, imboni yokukhiqiza, noma isikhungo sokusakaza) kunesisindo esiyinkimbinkimbi sezici. Ukucabangela intela kubalulekile, kodwa akuvamile ukuba kube yiyo kuphela noma ngisho nayiyo ephambili. Ngokokuhlolwa kwabaphathi abakhetha izikhungo zenkampani, izici eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • Ukukwazi ukufinyelela izisebenzi ezinekhono
  • Ukuzimisela kwamakhasimende nabathengi
  • Izakhiwo zokuthutha (imigwaqo, izikhumulo zemikhumbi, izikhumulo zezindiza, ujantshi)
  • Indawo elawulayo nokuvumela izintambo zesikhathi
  • Izindleko zezindawo nokwakha
  • Izinga lokuphila lezisebenzi (isikole, indawo yokuhlala, ukuzijabulisa)
  • Isimo sezulu sentela nesikhuthazo esitholakalayo

Intela ingayisusa i-calculus uma izindawo ezimbili noma ngaphezulu zicishe zilingane. Ngokwesibonelo, inkampani ecabangela imboni entsha yokwenza imikhiqizo eNingizimu-ntshonalanga ye-United States ingathola ukuthi iTennessee ne-South Carolina kunikeza izindleko ezifanayo zemisebenzi eziphansi, intela engcono, nemithetho efanele yokusebenza. Kulesosimo, ukukhokha imali eningi yempahla noma ukukhokhwa kwentela yezemisebenzi esizwe esithile kungaba isici esinqumayo.

Ukucwaninga kubonisa ngokungaguquki ukuthi izisusa zibaluleke kakhulu emisebenzini ehambayo ephambili, enezikhiphi eziphezulu kakhulu, okusho ukuthi inkampani inesisindo sangempela samazwe amaningi. Emabhizinisini amancane, agxile emphakathini kakade, izisusa zingaba nethonya elincane ekuthutheleni kwenye indawo kodwa zingaba nendaba yezinqumo ezandisiwe.

Ukuhlolwa Kwendaba: Ukufuna Kwase - Amazon

Umncintiswano ophezulu wendlunkulu yesibili ye-Amazon (HQ2) ngo-2017-2018 wayibonisa ngokuphawulekayo indima yezisusa zentela zendawo ekuthuthweni kwenye indawo. I-Amazon yacela ukucela emadolobheni aphesheya kweNyakatho Melika futhi yathola iziphakamiso ezingu-238, eziningi zinikela ngezigidi zezigidi zamaRandi ezifaka izisusa. Ekugcineni, i-Amazon yakhetha ukuhlukana phakathi kwe-Arlington, iVirginia, neLong Island City, iNew York, kanye nomnikelo wamuva olinganiselwa ku-amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-3 emadolobheni ezwe nasezindaweni zendawo. Nokho, ngemva kokubuya komphakathi, iAmazon ehle, yasuka eNew York, yaveza ukuphikisa komphakathi. Isenzakalo sabonisa kokubili izingozi zezombangazwe ngokusebenzisa izisusa ezinkulu zenkampani.

Indlela Abagqugquzeli Bentela Abasekela Ngayo Ukwanda Kwebhizinisi

Ngaphandle kokubuyiselwa kwenye indawo, izisusa zentela zingakhuthaza amabhizinisi akhona ukuba andise imisebenzi ekhona phakathi kwe-athority yawo yamanje. Lokhu ngokuvamile kuwukusetshenziswa kwezisusa okungaphikiswani ngoba ibhizinisi kakade linomlando womphakathi, futhi ukugcinwa kwemisebenzi nokutshala imali kubhekwa njengenzuzo eqondile. Izenzakalo ezivamile ezihlanganisa:

  • Ukwakha umzila omusha wokukhiqiza noma ukwenezela indawo yokugcina impahla
  • I - R&D iklama izakhiwo eziholela ezindaweni ezintsha zokuzenzela nemikhiqizo
  • Isikhungo sokwandisa inkampani enezela imisebenzi ekhuphukayo
  • Ukuhlela kabusha izakhiwo ezikhona ukuze kwenziwe ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe bokwakha

Izinhlelo eziphambili eziklanyelwe ukunwetshwa zihlobanisa inzuzo yemiphumela eqondile, eqinisekisiwe − njengokukha inani eliyingcosana lemisebenzi noma ukwenza izimali ezishibhile ezisekela inhloko. Izisusa ezisekelwe ekusebenzeni, ezidinga ibhizinisi ukuba lihlangabezane nezenzakalo ezithatha ingqophamlando ngaphambi kokuba lithole inzuzo egcwele, zinciphisa ingozi yokukhipha intela ngaphandle kokukhokha.

Isibonelo: I - “Tesla’s Gigafactory ” eNevada

Lapho iTesla inquma ukwakha iGigafactory yokuqala ukuze ikhiqizwe ibhetri, yakhetha indawo ngaphandle kweReno, iNevada, ngemva kokwamukela isisusa esibiza imali engaba ngu-R2,3 000 000 000 000, kuhlanganise nekhulu lamabhayisekili ekuthengisweni futhi isebenzise intela yempahla yeminyaka eyishumi. Lokhu kubonisa indlela i-Tesla ezimisele ngayo ukwenza imisebenzi eyizigidi ezingu-6,5,5. Ngo-2023, ifektri yayisiye yadlula lezozisulu, yasebenzisa abantu abangaphezu kuka-11 000 futhi yathuthukisa ukuguqulwa kwezomnotho enyakatho ye-Nevada. Lokhu kubonisa indlela iphakethe yesisusa esingcono kakhulu esingaholela ngayo ekukhuleni okukhulu nasekuthuthukeni.

Izinzuzo Ezingase Zizuze Emphakathini

Lapho izisusa zentela zendawo zisetshenziswa ngendlela ehlelekile futhi zihlanganiswe nezinyathelo eziqinile zokulandisa, zingaveza imiphumela emihle emiphakathini ehlala abantu. Izinzuzo ezivame ukucashunwa zihlanganisa:

Indalo Nentuthuko Yezisebenzi

Amabhizinisi amasha noma anwebekile aqasha izisebenzi zendawo, ukunciphisa ukuswelakala kwemisebenzi nokukhuphula iholo lemikhaya. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lokhu kungandisa intela yendawo ngeholo nangentela yokuthengisa, ukunqanda izindleko zesisusa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izivumelwano eziningi ezikhuthazayo zihlanganisa izimfuneko zokuqeqesha izisebenzi, zisiza izakhamuzi ukuba zithuthukise amakhono athuthukisa ukuqashwa isikhathi eside.

Ukwehlukana Kwezomnotho

Imiphakathi ethembele kakhulu embonini eyodwa (isibonelo, izimayini zamalahle, ezolimo, noma ezokuvakasha) ingasebenzisa izisusa ukuze ihehe amabhizinisi kwezinye izingxenye, inciphise ukungenwa kwemingcele ehlangene. Inkampani yobuchwepheshe ethuthela emaphandleni noma embonini yezindawo ezisedolobheni elidala ingasiza ekusimazeni umnotho wendawo.

Imiphumela Yokuzivumelanisa Nezimbobo

Ukutshala imali enkulu kuvame ukuthuthukisa izakhiwo zomphakathi ezithuthukisiwe , ukwanda kwezentengiselwano, intuthuko yezenzuzo, okuzuzisa wonke umphakathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukufika komqashi omkhulu kungakhanga abathengi, abanikazi benkonzo, namanye amabhizinisi, kubangele imiphumela eyandayo. I-Economic Development Administration ye-U.S. ibika ukuthi umsebenzi ngamunye owenziweyo ungasekela imisebenzi engokwezomnotho ephakathi kuka-1,5 no-3 ngokuthengwa kwemali.

Ukwanda Kwezindinganiso Zempahla Nesisekelo Sentela

Ngisho noma kuthengwa intela yempahla, inani lendawo nentuthuko eyenziwa yibhizinisi elisha kungaphakamisa izindinganiso ezihlolwayo esikhathini eside. Uma inkathi yokuthengwa kwempahla iphela, umphakathi ujabulela intela egcwele evela empahleni enenani eliphakeme. Okwamanje, ukufunwa okukhulu kwezindawo ezithengiselwayo nokuhlala kungaphakamisa izinga lempahla kuyo yonke indawo, kuveze intela eyengeziwe ezikoleni nasezinkonzweni zomphakathi.

Izinselele Nokugxeka Kwabantu Abakhuthaza Intela Endaweni

Naphezu kwalezi nzuzo ezingase zizuzise, ucwaningo olukhulayo nokuhlaziya isimiso kubangela ukukhathazeka okukhulu ngokuphumelela nokulingana kwezisusa zentela zendawo.

“ Ikhambi Eliya Phansi”

Lapho imibuso eminingi incintisana nomsebenzi ofanayo webhizinisi, ingase inyuse izinga lezisusa zokuwina. Lomncintiswano ungaqeda isikhungo sentela sonke, uphoqelele ohulumeni ukuba banqume izinkonzo noma baphakamise intela ezakhamuzini nasemabhizinisini amancane angakwazi ukuxoxa ngezimali ezifanayo. Ukuhlolwa kwengqophamlando kweUppey Institute kwathola ukuthi izisusa zezwe kanye nezebhizinisi zendawo zibiza i-U.S. imali elinganiselwa ku-50 kuya ku-R370 000 000 ngonyaka, ngaphandle kobufakazi obucacile bokuthi bandisa ukukhula kwezomnotho zomhlaba wonke.

Ukulahlekelwa Okungatshazwa

Izivumelwano eziningi ezikhuthazayo ziyehluleka ukuveza imisebenzi elindelekile noma ukutshala imali. Ezinye zaziyokwenzeka, noma kunjalo, kusho ukuthi uhulumeni wakhipha inzuzo ngaphandle kwenzuzo enenethi. Izazi zezomnotho zibiza lokhu “kulahlekelwa okufile.” Ukuhlaziywa kohlelo lwezisusa zentela ze-Washington State kubenzi be-echoolspace kwathola ukuthi eziningi zezicelo zendalo zazibhalwe ngokwedlulele noma zisekelwe emisebenzini eyayihleliwe kakade ngaphandle komdlandla. Ukuhlola okufanelekile kudinga “kokuhlola” futhi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi iprojekthi yayingeke yenzeke ngaphandle komdlandla.

Ukungalingani Kwemali

Izisusa ezinkulu ngokungenakulinganiswa zizuzisa izinhlangano ezicebile nabaxhasi bazo, kuyilapho izindleko zithwalwa abakhokhi bentela bendawo, kuhlanganise nezakhamuzi eziphansi neziphakathi. Uma isifunda sesikole silahlekelwa intela yempahla ngenxa yentengo yempango, kungase kube nzima ukuxhasa amakilasi. Ucwaningo lubonise ukuthi izisusa zithambekele ekuthandeni imisebenzi ezindaweni ezichumile kakade, ezandayo ubuphakathi bezifunda.

Ukuntuleka Kokubona Izindawo Nokulandisa

Izingxoxo eziphambili zivame ukuqhutshwa ngemva kweminyango evalekile, enikezwa umphakathi ngokulinganiselwe. Amagama aqondile afana namalungiselelo e-calack (adinga inkampani ukuba ikhokhe izisusa uma ihluleka ukuhlangabezana nezibopho).(--vrary) cishe kabanzi futhi ngezinye izikhathi abuthakathaka. Umbiko ka Good Jobs First wathola ukuthi cishe amaphesenti angu-40 ezwe kanye nezisusa zendawo zazingenayo imfuneko ezicacile zemisebenzi, futhi ngisho nalapho izimfuneko zikhona, ukuphoqesha kwakungqubuzana.

Imikhuba Emihle Kakhulu Yokuklama Izinhlelo Eziphumelelayo

Ukuze baqinise ithonya elihle lezisusa zentela zendawo kuyilapho benciphisa izingozi, abenzi bezimiso kufanele bathathe iqoqo lemikhuba esekelwe kubufakazi obungcono kakhulu. Lezi zihlanganisa:

I - calbacks Esekelwe Emsebenzini

Isivumelwano ngasinye esishukumisayo kufanele sihlanganise amalungiselelo aqinile adinga ibhizinisi ukuba libuyisele isisusa uma lihluleka ukuhlangabezana nemisebenzi evunyelwanayo, iholo, noma izenzakalo zokutshala imali. I-clack kufanele ihlanganise inani eligcwele lesisusa, kanye nenzalo kanye nesijeziso. Ukuhlola njalo nokubika obala ukwaziswa komsebenzi kubalulekile ukuba kulandiswe.

Ihloselwe Imisebenzi Yamakhono Ephakeme

Abaholi kufanele bagcinelwe imisebenzi engeke yenzeke ngempela ngaphandle kwayo futhi enikeza izinzuzo zomphakathi ezisobala − njengemisebenzi ephezulu enezinzuzo, ukutshala izimali ezinkulu, noma ukuthuthukisa izindawo ezicindezelekile ngokomnotho. Ukusebenzisa izindleko ezinkulu ngaphambi kokunikeza izisusa kungasiza ekugwemeni ukulahla okusaphazayo.

Ukulinganisela Umncintiswano

Ukubambisana kwezifunda phakathi kwemibuso engomakhelwane kunganciphisa umjaho ufinyelele phansi. Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zamisa iziqondiso ezifanayo zokukhuthaza noma zihlola iziphakamiso zezifunda eziningi ukuze zivimbele ukulawulwa kwezimpi. Izimiso zesizwe, njengokulinganisela ukuhluleka kwentela kahulumeni nezokukhokha zendawo ezinhlanganweni, zinganciphisa futhi isikhuthazo sokuba amazwe anciphise ukuncishiswa kwezimpi.

Ukubonisa Imbonakalo Nokuhlanganyela Komphakathi

Zonke izivumelwano ezikhuthazayo kufanele zivezwe obala kuyi-inthanethi, kuhlanganise nemiphumela elindelekile, inani nenani lemisebenzi, kanye nemithetho eguquguqukayo. Ukuzwa kwasobala namathuba okufakwa komphakathi kungathuthukisa ukufaneleka nemiphumelo. Izinhlangano ezinjenge Center for Public Peice Personal and Good Jobs Copt zinikeza izinkambiso zokubonisana.

Ukubukeza Nokushisa UClaus Ngezikhathi Ezithile

Izinhlelo zentela kufanele zihlolwe njalo ukuze kuhlolwe ukuthi ziyasebenza kanjani. Izinhlelo ezihlulekayo ukuveza inzuzo engcono kufanele zilungiswe noma zisuswe. Ukususwa kwezigaba zenzakalayo (ukuphela) ngemva kwesikhathi esimisiwe ) abenzi bemithetho yokuhlola inqubo futhi baqinisekise ukuthi iyasebenza.

Okuxhunyaniswa Nesimiso Sokucwaninga Nemininingwane

Isiphetho: Ukulinganisela Abahambisana Nemali

Izisusa zentela zendawo aziyona ikhambi noma intela ekhokhelwayo. Uma ziklanywe ngezindinganiso eziqinile zokusebenza, zihloselwe imisebenzi edinga ukusekelwa umphakathi ngempela, futhi ihambisana nokuqondisa okusobala, zingashukumisa ukusungulwa kwemisebenzi, zihlanganise izomnotho zendawo, futhi zibangele imivuzo emide. Nokho, uma zisetshenziswa ngokungakhethi noma ngaphandle kokulandisa, zifaka engozini ukuchezukisa imithombo yomphakathi emfundweni, emkhakheni wezakhiwo, nakweminye izimali esemthethweni yabashayeli beze bathuthukise izomnotho.

Kubenzi bezimiso, isihluthulelo siwukwamukela uhlelo oluqinile oluthwele ukucindezela okuncintisana okusheshayo ngokumelene nokulunga komphakathi wesikhathi eside. Emabhizinisini, ukuhlolwa ngokugcwele kwezisusa ezingapheli − kuhlanganise nezici ezingathathi intela njengokutholakala kwezisebenzi kanye nezinga lokusebenza okungcono kanye nezinqumo ezikhushulwayo. Ekugcineni, izinhlelo eziphumelela kakhulu yilezo ezihlela izithakazelo zebhizinisi, uhulumeni, nomphakathi, eziveza inani elingafinyelelwanga nakuwodwa ohlangothini olungafinyelela kulo.

Njengoba ukuncintisana kwezomnotho kukhula emakethe embulunga yonke, indima yezisusa zentela yendawo iyokhula. Kodwa ukuphumelela kwazo kuxhomeke ekushintsheni ekushintsheni ezimpini ezifuna ukufezeka kusuka ekuhleleni intuthuko yezomnotho esekelwe kubufakazi. Izinhlangano ezithatha lolu shintsho ziyokwazi ukukhanga futhi zigcine amabhizinisi abangela ukuchuma (___ngaphandle kokudela impilo yazo emisha.)