I-Good Fread Agreement, eyaziwa ngokusemthethweni njenge-Belfast Agreement, yaphetha ngo-10 April 1998 ngemva kweminyaka yezingxoxo. Injongo yayo eyinhloko kwakuwukuqeda impi enobudlova eyayaziwa ngokuthi iNhlupho, eyabulala abantu abangaphezu kuka-3 500 kusukela ekupheleni konyaka ka-1960. Nakuba iSivumelwano sigujwa kabanzi ngokumisa ukuthula nohulumeni onamandla, ithonya laso kwezombangazwe ezilawulayo ze-Nyakatho Ireland laba likhulu futhi lihlala isikhathi eside. Saguqula imingcele yeqembu, saguqula ukuziphatha kokuvota, sasungula izimiso ezintsha zokuvota, futhi sadala uhlelo lwezombangazwe olusalokhu kungumthombo wokuzinza nokuxabana. Ukuqonda lokhu kudinga ukubheka ngalé koshintsho oluyinhloko ekusingatheni kunokuthula kulungile, ezinhlanganweni, indlela amaqembu encintisana ngayo, nendlela izakhamuzi zezombangazwe ezihlangene nendlela ezizibandakanya ngayo nezokuziphilisana nezokuzombangazwe.

Isizinda Sesivumelwano Esihle SangoLwesihlanu

Indlela eya e-Good Wearth Retudent yayinde futhi iphikisana. Maphakathi nawonyaka ka-1990, ngemva kwamashumi eminyaka obudlova bamahlelo, kokubili amabutho esizwe namaRepublic Féin, avula ifasitela lengxoxo yezombangazwe. Isivumelwano saxoxwa phakathi kohulumeni baseBrithani nabase-Ireland, futhi isishiyagalombili kwabayishumi abalwayo kwezombangazwe eNyakatho Ireland, kuhlanganise ne-SDLP, UUP, iSin Féin, ne-Alliance Party. Isihluthulelo sahlanganisa ukumiswa kwe-Northern Ireland Assembly enegunya eligcwele le-Roundation, iKomiti yamandla alawulayo (ibhayisenethi) ehlonzele, nezinhlangano zezentengizimu nezindawo ezikhuphulwayo ze-Riphabliki yase-Ireland. I-Crucaly, yafaka futhi yakhuthaza ukuhleleka kwesimiso sokuzicima, i-Octiveraltic, isuka engxenyeni yokuqala yesimiso sokuqala se-Orlini e-Oult.

Izinguquko Kwezombangazwe Ezinamandla

Ngaphambi kuka-1998, ezombangazwe zase-Northern Ireland cishe zazichazwa ngokuphelele yizingxenye ezimbili ze-socialist. Isimiso sokhetho lwangaphambili-kuhlanganisa (FPTP) sasiveze izikhundla eziqinile zokuhlangana eWestminster, kuyilapho ukhetho lwasendaweni lwalusebenzisa uhlobo lwe-STV kodwa ezinezifunda ezincane ezazivame ukushiya amaqembu amancane ebekwe ngokwehlukana. I-Gooldverday Project ngokuyisisekelo yashintsha le nkinga ngamandla ngamandla ngesimiso esiyinhloko sokubusa. Ingqungqungquthela entsha, eyakhethwa yi-STV, yayingakha i-sikhuthazekela kuphela uma amalungu amakhulu esizwe nezokuthula amazwe amaningi evumelana. Le mfuneko yokwakha yagunyazazisa isibopho nesizwe iphoqeqele kakhulu ngokubambisana nangokubambisana nangokubambisana kwesimiso sawo sonyakathoba kanye nesimiso sawosuku, i-osekhomba ephethe incazelo ephethe i-kancane. Ingqungqungqungquthelana nje kuphela i-yo ezindaweni zokuhlela izinqubani, kodwa i-yo, ngaphandle nje, i-enqumo yenkaniso, kodwa i-yo, i-

Ukusungulwa kwe-STV kuzo zonke iziNgqungquthela nokhetho lwendawo (nobukhulu besifunda obuyisihlanu kuya kweziyisikhombisa) kwaba nemiphumela eminingana esheshayo. Kwakwenza kwaba lula ngamaqembu amancane nangabo abazimele ukuba bawine, njengoba abavoti babengahlela iziqu ezinqamlezi ezisemigqeni yeqembu. Kwakhuthaza futhi amaqembu ukuba aqhube izinombolo eziningi abacela ukubhapathizwa esifundeni ngasinye, akhuthaze ukuqhutshelwa kwemizabalazo kanye nokusungulwa kwemikhankanti. Isethi yokuvota ephakathini enqabela i-commonyism inqubo yokuvota ekhethekile. I-compactum - commony inqubo yokuvota ye-compation eyaziwa kakhulu, [1] lapho amavotimenti athile efuna khona inani elivelayo kuwo womabili amanxusa nesizwe esizwe esizwe esizwe (ifferthercentent incented incenter) esigaba sawodwa. Ngesikhathi esibili, lokhu kwaholela ekuphakame ekuphakameni kwemibande yezinhlangano ezazilahla amahlelo, njenge-Almo eqembu, njenge-Almont Party

Ukuvela Kwezidili Ezintsha Zezombangazwe

Isigaba esivelele sokushintsha kwe-Democratic Union (SDLP) sasiwukuthatha indawo yamaqembu alinganiselayo ayebuse inqubo yokuthula — i-Ulster Union (UP) ne-Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP). Ngonyaka ka-2003 i-stadentidentidentifist Union (Dupu) neSin Féin i-Féin. Kukhetho luka-1998 u-UP wawina izihlalo lwezihlalo ezingu 28 ne-SDLP 24, wazenza izifunda izifunda kakhulu engxenyeni ngayinye. Ngo-2003, i-Pup no-Stuaven, i-Dupan Fiin yaze yanqoba izimpi zazo eziphindiswayo, futhi yasekela i-Sin Spanish, futhi yasekela i-Stina, i-Erner, isekela i-Ermone, i-Esmond, isekela i-Esmond, isekela i-Esmond, i-Esvene, isekela i-E

Lokhu kuhlukana kwaqhubeka iminyaka engaphezu kweshumi. Ukuphakama kwalamaqembu amabili kwaba ngumphakathi omkhulu kunawo wonke futhi, ngemva kuka-2017, iqembu elikhulu kunawo wonke eMhlanganweni. ISinn Féin kancane kancane yandisa ukuvota kwayo, ikakhulukazi ngemva kokuqhunyiswa kwezikhali ngo-1998 nokwehliswa kwezikhali ze-IUP kwalandelana kancane kancane. Ukuphakama kwalamaqembu amabili kwasho ukuthi amandla-amandla aba isibopho phakathi kwaba izimpi ezazinemibono ehlukile ngokuyisisekelo e-Lekini ngokwayo. Nokho, ngokuphawulekayo, bakwazi ukubusa ndawonye kaningi kuleyo nkathi, ngomholi we-Dupus Paisley noSin Fuin’s Martin McGuin’s kwashova ngokuduka okudumileyokwakha “ukubambisana kwabazalwane abanciphisanayo kusukela ngo-20077 kuya ku-2007. Lokhu kuveza ukuthi isimiso sohulumeni esisebenza ngokuphawulekayo lapho ngisho nezinhlangano ezinkulu zeze.

Isimiso samandla kanye nokuhanjwa kwamandla

Isimiso sombutho owodwa odluliswayo, esigunyazwe yi-Aprgion, siwumgogodla wezombangazwe ezintsha ezikhethayo. Abavoli banezigaba ezilandelana ngokuthanda esifundeni esinezingxenye eziningi. Izindawo ezithatha inani elisekelwe engqikithini yamavoti asemthethweni ahlukaniswa ngenani lezihlalo kanye nesodwa. Amavoti abavoti abakhethiwe bashintshelwa kwehlela ezikhethelweni eziphansi, futhi abavoti bakhishwa ngokufanayo. Lesimiso sinemiphumela eminingana ebalulekile eNyakatho Ireland:

  • Ipropati: Iphesenti lezihlalo umncintiswano ozizuzayo lilingana kakhulu namaphesenti ayo amavoti okuqala athandwayo, okwenza umhlangano ube ummeleli obanzi wevoti. Imicimbi emincane njengeGreen Party, People Ngaphambi kwe-Intelligence, ne-Sraditional Unionist Lineversity zonke izihlalo zizuzile.
  • Isicelo se-commony: ngoba abavoti bangahlela abazothatha izigaba emaqenjini ahlukene, imiklomelo yesimiso engadonsa iziphakamiso ezithandwayo ezizombili nezesithathu kumavoti omphakathi ohlukile. I-Alliance Party, ikakhulukazi, izinzuzo zalokhu, ngokuvamile kuba yintando yesibili noma yesithathu kwabashisekeli bezinyunyana abaningi abalinganiselayo nabashisekeli besizwe.
  • Imikhankaso eqondiswe eCandida: Imikhosi ihamba izisulu eziningi empikiswaneni ngayinye, ibaphoqelela ukuba bahlukanise abazocatshangelwayo ngerekhodi labo siqu nangezindaba zendawo kunokuba baphawule nje kuphela izintambo zedili. Lokhu kukhuthaza ukuhlanganiswa kweminyombo yezombangazwe futhi kunciphisa ukubusa kwemishini yeqembu.
  • Ukusebenziseka ngokusebenzisa amandla: Isimiso sihambisana nendlela ye-d’Hondt yokuhlanganisa izigqebhezana zokukhonza. Iqembu elikhulu egabeni ngalinye lomphakathi (i-uncion, i-social, ne-“elinye”) liqala ngokukhetha, bese lithola elinye elikhulu kakhulu, njalonjalo. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi i-Professive iyinbondala yeqembu elikhulu, kodwa futhi kusho ukuthi iqembu elikhulu kakhulu engxenyeni ngayinye yeqembu ngalinye lingavimbela ngokuphumelelayo noma libambe izinqumo, kuholela ekusebenziseni izintambo zesikhashana.

Imboni yamandla alawulayo ayizange ibe nezinkinga. Izinhlangano ezidaliweyo ziye zawa kathathu: kusukela ngo-2002-2006 (okuthiwa umsebenzi we-IRA), kusukela ngo-1917 kuya ku-January 2020 (kusukela ehlazweni elivuselelwe lempoqo yokufudumeza nokungavumelani ngokomthetho wolimi lwase-Ireland), futhi kusanda kudlula ku-February 2022 kuya ku-2024 (ilungiselelo lokuhweba ngeposi le-Br export, i-Northern Ireland Protocol), i-. I-palectal ngayinye ibonisa ukuthi nakuba isimiso sokhetho singaveza uhulumeni ozinzileyo uma amaqembu ebambisana, ngeke axhakathise ukubambisana. Phakathi noNobhala wezwe lase-Northern Ireland wathatha umthetho oqondile kusukela eWestern, kodwa isimiso sokhetho nezakhiwo sahlala silungisiwe, sahlala silungiselwe ukuthembana kwezombangazwe.

Imiphumela Emide Ezombangazwe

I-Good Wearfrence i-Expict inemiphumela engapheli neyinkimbinkimbi eMhlabeni we-Ireland ekhethayo. Kwesinye isandla, iye yanikeza lokho ethembisile: ukwehla kobudlova bezombangazwe, ukuhlanganyela okukhulu ezinhlanganweni zentando yeningi, nesakhiwo esivumela yonke imiphakathi ukuba ibe nezwi. Izinhlangano manje seziyalwa ngesimiso futhi zibuse, hhayi nje ukuthi zikhona. Ukuzichaza okunjengokwezempilo, imfundo, indawo yokuhlala, kanye nezomnotho okuvelele eqenjinini elibonakala kakhulu, kanye nemibuzo ye-ogractial. ISin Féin, ngokwesibonelo, yabona iSin Féin iyiqembu elikhulu kakhulu ngesikhathi sokuqala, ukuwina izihlalo zezihlalo ezingu-25 kuphela. Lokhu kushintsha okungoko akubangelwa yinguquko ezweni lesizwe, kodwa izindleko zeSin-Fén encikelweni yezente, inzuzo yezenteko yezentengo yomphakathi, futhi iveza umkhankaso wezentengo yomthetho engcono kakhulu.

Nokho, ukuhlukana okukhulu kusekhona. Ukuqhubeka koMhlangano njengobunye obubodwa kusho ukuthi uhulumeni ngamunye uhlanganisa kokubili amalungu azinikele e-Union nasemihlanganweni ehlangene yase-Ireland. Lokhu kucindezeleka okungokwemvelo kwakhelwa esimisweni futhi ngezikhathi ezithile kuye kwavumela ukuba inqubo ye-odoli ye-Greek Languages, futhi u-202020 wawa ngo-2022-2022,20 wawela phezu kweSivumelwano somthetho, kwabonisa ukuthi lapho iqembu ngalinye lihlukana, lonke inhlangano livaleka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isimiso sokhetho sezimiso ezihlukene siye savumela amaphimboza anamandla okuthola ukumeleka okuthile. I-Sivumelwano sikhulu se-Sivumelwano (UV), esimelana ngokuphelele nesivumelwano, sazuza isihlalo esisodwa ngo-20222, kanye nezindawo ezilahla amandla asohlangothini lwaso. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inani elincane elizimele ukuzuza izihlalo zesizwe linqoba ngokungezwa yisivumelwano.

Ukuthembisana kuye kwehla futhi kwahamba. Okhethweni ngokuvamile bephansi eminyakeni elandelana ngemva kwesivumelwano, isilinganiso esicishe sibe ngu-556%, uma kuqhathaniswa no-70% ngo-1998. Abavoti abasha, abangenankumbulo yamaNkingo, ngokuvamile babheka ezombangazwe ngelens ye-pragmitic, kodwa futhi bathambekele kancane kancane emkhosini wesiko. Isilinganiso sabavoti esiphawula njengelungu noma i-sobuzwe” siye sakhula kancane kancane, esiboniswa yingxenye ekhuphulweni sokuvota i-Alliance Party, eyasuka ku 7% ngo-2016 kuya ku-2022. Lokhu kusikisela ukuba, uma kuhamba kancane, kusuka ekufuneni i-kuvota. Anast nokhetho basuse eqophelweni [FLD] [Flective]

Uhlelo lwezinqumo zesikhathi eside luxhomeke futhi ekushintsheni kwenani labantu. Ukubalwa kwabantu ngo-2021 kwabonisa ukuthi ngokokuqala ngqá, inani lamaKatolika (avame ukubizwa njengesizwe) aliwona amaprothestani (avame ukubiza njengenyunyana) eNyakatho Ireland. Lokhu kuye kwabangela ukuqagela ukuthi ukuhlolwa komngcele we-Ireland ngokuhlanganiswa kwezizwe kungenziwa phakathi neshumi leminyaka elizayo, njengoba kulungiselelwe yi-Goverday Regreement. Nokho, ulwazi olunikezwayo alusona isici esiphelele sokuziphatha kokuvota, futhi amaKatolika amaningi awavoti abendluli abezweli, kuyilapho amanye amaProtestani esekela i-Alliance Party. Imiphumela yalokhu kuguqulwa kwezombangazwe ehholo ezombangazwe ngokunokwenzeka ithatha ijubane futhi i-mthenwaba nezicio zezentengiselwano yezenhlalo. Nokho, izigaba kakade sezikhona izimo zeSin Fn, lapho i-DU ephikisa ngokuncintini ye-U, i-UUU. I-Unicence, i-evision, isekela yezententensi yomthetho,

Omunye umphumela obalulekile weSivumelwano kube ukusungulwa kwe-Electoral Commission. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-STV kuholele ezinqubweni eziqinile zokuvota nokuzihambela phakathi kwamaqembu ancishisiwe ngokwesiko. Izinyathelo zokubhalisa intsha kanye nalawo avela ezinhlangani ezimbalwa (kuhlanganise inani elikhulayo labantu abavela kwamanye amazwe abamhlophe) kuye kwasekelwa yi-Electoral Commission. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-STV nakho kuye kwaholela ezinqubweni ezinzima kakhulu zokukhetha, njengoba amaqembu azi ukuthi ukuphumelela kwabahloli abaneziqu bahlukene abaqinile esifundeni esithile kubaluleke kakhulu. Kukhetho lwamashumi amabini ama-202222, abamele ukuncintisana nezihlalo ezingu-90 ngaphesheya kwe-18, kunikeza u-votav.

Izingqapheli zangaphandle ziphawula ukuthi isimiso se-International Ireland siyisibonelo esiyivelakancane sokuphumelela kwenqubo yangemva kwe-impost concentat-irnest esebenzisa ukumelela okulinganayo. Amabhungane asemhlabeni wonke njenge- Internationalism Institute for Democracy and Electoral Consolation (IDEA) [iye] yahlola njengesibonelo esingenzeka kweminye imiphakathi ehlukene kakhulu. Nokho, abagxeki baphikisa ukuthi amabutho amaqembu ahlangene anemigomo ephikisanayo kuhulumeni, adala ukungantengi okungapheli. Ukuphulwa kwamandla-ahayishwa yi-Daloveltion (iantion) kuchazwa ngokuthi “enye futhi angena kahle phakathi kwenhlangano ehlangene nehlanga, njengoba ezinye isihluthulelo sokuvota okunye i-octal - com kudinga ukusekela“ ithonya eliqhubekayo.

Naphezu kwalezi zinselele, ukwakheka kwe-Active kwale-Communication kuye kwabonakala kuqinile. Ngemva kweminyaka emibili inqanyuliwe eyaphela ngo-February 2024, umhlangano waphinde wahlangana ne-Dup neSinn Fiéin futhi wahlanganyela izigqebhezana eziphezulu. Umholi omusha we-DuP, uGavin Robinson, uzimisele ukwenza amandla olawulayo, kuyilapho iSinn Féin’s Michelle O’Neill ihlala inguNdoday, isikhulu sokuqala sobuzwe ukuba sibambe lesi sigqephu. Lokhu kugcizelela ukuthi isimiso sokhetho, esizalwa ku-Goverday Reconvel Revel Revence, manje sifakwe kakhulu esingokwezombangazwe saseNyakatho, inikeza uhlelo lwentando yentando yezwe, ihlola ngobudlova ngokumelene nobudlova, futhi ngokuhlukanisa nokuhlukana okungaphelele.

Uma ubheka phambili, izombangazwe ze-DUP ziyoqhubeka ziguqula i-Brein, ukushintsha kwenani labantu, kanye nethuba lokuhlola umngcele. I-Protocol kanye ne-Frameom yamuva ibuye yalungisa umncintiswano weqembu, inikeza i-DUP indawo ecacile yokuphikisa ukuhwebelana kwemingcele nokufaka u-Sinn Féin ukulandisa okukhulayo kobunye. Imiphumela eqondile yokukhetha kwalezindaba i-Frames izakubonakala kukhetho olulandelayo lwe-Ossembly, ngenxa ka-2027, kodwa isakhiwo esingaphansi sibekwe endaweni ye-Goolden Freevent", i-dtart, dhont, dhonty-combuation, i-com - jov izakuhlala inkundla elwiwayo.

Ukuze uthole ukuqonda okwengeziwe ngefa le-Good Wear Agreement nethonya layo eliqhubekayo kwezombangazwe zase-Northern Ireland, hlola ukuhlaziywa kwe- BBC Nyakatho Ireland[ nokucwaninga okuningiliziwe okwakhishwa yi- i-International Borders Research[ eYunivesithi ye-Queenfast. Ukuqonda ithonya le-Active libalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda amandla amanje ezombangazwe alesi sifunda.