Izimiso zokhetho olukhulu, lapho umvoti noma iqembu elithola amavoti amaningi ezuza khona isihlalo noma ukulawula uhulumeni, zinomphumela ojulile nongathandeki kakhulu endleleni izakhamuzi ezifunda ngayo ngesimiso sazo sezombangazwe. Ngenxa yokuthi lezizimiso ziqondisa inkundla yokudlala ezinhlanganweni ezinkulu futhi zidala abanqobi abacacile, bahlela okuqukethwe, bagxilise, futhi baphumelele ekutholeni imfundo nasemikhankasweni yezemfundo yomphakathi. Ukuqonda lobubuhlobo kubalulekile kubaphathi bokhetho, izinhlangano zomphakathi, nabenzi bezimiso abazimisele ukuthuthukisa ukuzuza futhi bakhokhele abavoti.

Ziyini Izimiso Zokuthutha Izimpahla Ezinkulu?

Izimiso zamakhulu ziklanyelwe ukuveza ukunqoba okuwujuqu, ngokufuna ukuba umsekeli athole amavoti amaningi kunanoma imuphi umphikisi kunokuba athole ingxenye elinganiselwe yevoti. Inqubo evame kakhulu yiye- yokuqala-past-past (FPP), esetshenziswa emazweni anjenge United Kingdom, United States, Canada, naseNdiya. EFPTP, izwe lihlukaniswa ngokwezifunda ezizimele, futhi umlandeli onenani levoti eliphakeme kakhulu unqoba isihlalo, ngisho noma ehluleka ukufinyelela inani elikhulu kakhulu.

Ezinye izimiso ezinkulu zihlanganisa isimiso esizijikelezileyo [isetshenziswa kukhetho lomthetho nakumongameli waseFrance) kanye no-instant-munfoff coption[ (isetshenziswa kukhetho olungaphansi kwendlu). Esimweni ngasinye, umqondo oyinhloko uhlala ufana: umnqobi oqoqa amavoti amaningi, okwazi ukuqoqa imvume yokuqinisekisa ukusekela okukhulu. Lokhu kuphikisana ngezimiso zokumelelwa ngokwesilinganiso, lapho izihlalo zabelwa ngokwenani elivamile lengxenye yeqembu noma abafuni benkonzo.

Ukwenziwa lula kwezimiso zeziqu ezinkulu ngokuvamile kuvezwa njengenzuzo: abavoti badinga uphawu lwe-mntracter eyodwa kuphela, futhi umphumela ngokuvamile ucacile ngobusuku bokhetho. Nokho, lokhu okubonakala kulula kufihla indida enkulu endleleni amavoti ahumushela ngayo amandla, okuthi nakho kuthinte uhlobo lwemikhankaso yemfundo edingekile nephumelelayo.

Indlela Izimiso Ezinkulu Ezithonya Ngayo Ukuziphatha Kwezombangazwe

Ngaphambi kokuhlola imikhankaso yemfundo yamavoti ngokuqondile, kubalulekile ukuqonda izisusa zokuziphatha ezakhiwa yimithetho elawulayo. Ngoba umqeqeshi wokuqala kuphela ophethe indawo uwina isihlalo, izigaba ezincane nezizimele zisengozini ehlelekile. Abaxhasi beqembu elincane bangase babe nomuzwa wokuthi "wafakwa" uma lowomkhandlu engenalo ithuba elingokoqobo lokuwina. Lokhu kuholela ezenzakalweni ezimbili ezivelele: uthola uvotaji [ kanye nesimiso sokuvota okubili okunengxenye [[FLT:].

Kuyenzeka ukuvota okuqondile lapho isakhamuzi sifaka isikhwama sokuvota ukuze kuvinjelwe umphikisi ongathandwa kakhulu ukuba aphumelele. Esimisweni sezikhulu, ukuvota ngokuvamile kuyisinqumo esinengqondo, kodwa kudinga abavoti ukuba baqonde hhayi lokho abakuthandayo kuphela kodwa futhi futhi ngokunokwenzeka ukwenza komuntu ngamunye esifundeni sabo. Lokhu kufuna izinga eliphakeme lolwazi lwezombangazwe nokuqaphela kunemfuneko ehlelweni elivamile, lapho abavoti ngokuvamile bengaveza khona ukukhetha kwabo okuqotho ngaphandle kokwesaba "ukukhomba" ivoti yabo.

Ukuthambekela ekulawuleni izingxenye ezimbili nakho kuthonya izinkulumo zezombangazwe. Imikhankaso, ukusakaza imithombo yezindaba, namapulatifomu eqembu kuvame ukuhlangana ngeqoqo elincane lezindaba ezikhanga umvoti wezindaba. Amaqembu amancane amelela izithakazelo zezindawo noma imiphakathi ehluzekile alwa kanzima ukuze athole ukubonakala, futhi abavoti abavumelana nalawo maqembu bangase bangaqhubeki. Lokhu kubangela kokubili izinselele namathuba emikhankasweni yomphakathi yokufunda, okumelwe kunqume ukuthi bangalisingatha kanjani igebe phakathi kwemithetho ehleliwe nemisebenzi ehleliwe ehambisana nokuhlangenwe nakho kuka-votivti.

Imfundo Yezindwangu Ezimisweni Zama - majorticary: Amaqhinga Nezinselele

Imikhankaso yemfundo yevota ihlose ukwazisa izakhamuzi ukuthi zizakuvota nini futhi kanjani, izimfuneko zokubhalisa, kanye nabaqondisi bokufaka i-collet. Ezimisweni ezinkulu, okuqukethwe yilemikhankaso kuvame ukuqhubekela phambili ukuxoxa ngemisebenzi ehleliwe kanye nemiphumela yemisebenzi yesifunda.

Ukuchaza Inqubo Yokukhanyisa Ngokucacile

Ngoba izimiso zeziqu ezinkulu zingahlanganisa imiklamo eyinkimbinkimbi (umz., izinqubo ezimbili ezijikelezayo, izigaba zebhola levoti ezibalwayo kweminye izinhlanga yesifunda), ukugxila kakhulu kwemfundo yamavoti kuqinisekisa ukuthi abavoti bayazi kahle ukuthi bangawuphawula kanjani umkhondo wabo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukucacisa ukuthi bangavota umbhanqwazi oyedwa kuphela, ukuthi kumelwe yini banqume emzuzwini owodwa, nokuthi kwenzekani uma kungekho mvoti efinyelela inani elikhulu. Nokho, eFrance 'izimiso ezimbili ezijikelezayo, uvoti kumelwe afunde ngomnyango wokuqhubekela kowesibili kanye nemithetho yokuhoxa. ECanada' i-FTP, isimiso esikhulu silula yini: ukuvota, futhi ukuzuza okukhulu. Nokho, i-mqophelonye i-mfaniso engcono kakhulu, uma kungulowo kuhlolwa kakhulu, uma kunezimo ezifanayo, uma kunezinkombane.

Ukuqokomisa Ukukhishwa Kwezinsimbi Ezikhethekile

Esinye sezici ezihluke kakhulu zemfundo yabavoti ezindaweni eziphethe i-operation yisidingo sokulungisa ukuvota. Nakuba iziphathimandla ezingokomthetho zigwema ukukhuthaza ukuvota ngokusemthethweni ngaphandle kokungathathi hlangothi, izinhlangano zomphakathi nezindawo zokukhipha imithombo yezindaba ngokuvamile ziveza iziqondiso ezichaza indlela yokuchaza ngokusemthethweni" yokuvimbela umuntu ongazifaki kakhulu ekuwini. Lemikhankaso ingaphikisana ngoba zicela abavoti ukuba babeke eceleni izintando zabo zeqiniso futhi esikhundleni sokuvotela i-"ukukhetha okungalungile. Ingxoxo yokuvota okungokomthetho ngokwayo iba isihloko semfundo yomphakathi: izakhamuzi kumelwe ziqonde ukuhweba phakathi kokuvota nokuvota okuqotho, kanye nemiphumela emide yokuvota okusemthethweni eqenjini yokuncintisana.

Ukuhlanganyela Okukhuthazayo Kuzo Zonke Izindiza

Izimiso zemfundo zamajantshi zakha izihlalo eziningi "ezilondekile" lapho omunye ewina khona njalo ngebanga elikhulu. Kulezizifunda, abavoti bangase babe nomuzwa wokuthi ukuvota kwabo akunathonya elitheni emphumeleni wesizwe, kuholele ekuncipheni. Ngakho imikhankaso yemfundo igcizelela ukubaluleka kokuvota ngisho nasezihlalweni eziphephile. Iqokomisa ukuthi ukumelela kwendawo kusalokhu kusekhona, ukuthi ukuphakama komkhankaso kungathonya amasu emisebenzi yesikhathi esizayo, nokuthi izihlalo eziseceleni zingasuka. Imikhankampani futhi ikhumbuza abavoti ukuthi ngokuvamile bangayidlulisa imicimbi yendawo ezombangazwe, nokuthi umvoti onamandla noma umcimbiza ozimeleyo onyukayo ngezinye izikhathi ungaphula ukubusa kwemicimbi emikhulu emibili emikhulu.

Imizamo Yokubhala: Izinto Ezihlosiwe Nezinguquko

Imikhankaso yokufunda nokubhala idlulela ngalé kokhetho lokuvota ukufundisa izakhamuzi ngamalungelo azo, imithwalo yemfanelo, nokusebenza kwesimiso sezombangazwe esibanzi. Esimisweni sezikhulu zezombangazwe, lemikhankaso ibhekene nenselele yokuchaza ukuthi kungani "amavoti akho" esimisweni esivame ukuvuza labo abasezifundazweni ezincintisanayo noma ezifundazweni ezijikelayo.

Ukuqonda Imishini Nemifanekiso

Injongo eyinhloko yomphakathi yokufunda nokufunda ezimisweni eziyinhloko iwukusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde indlela amavota aguqukela ngayo ezihlalweni. Ngoba i-FPTP ingaveza "inani elikhulu" – lapho iqembu lithola khona izihlalo eziningi ngedlanzana levoti – izakhamuzi ezithandwayo kudingeka ukuba ziqonde igebe phakathi kwesabelo sovoti kanye nendawo yokuhlala. Imikhankaso ingasebenzisa imidwebo nezibonelo ukubonisa ukuthi iqembu eliwina ama - 40% evoti ezwe lonke lingayivikela kanjani 55% wezihlalo uma ukusekela kwalo kwabelwa kahle ezifundeni ezithile. Lokhu kuqondana kuyagxeka ngenxa yokuhlola imiphumela yokuvota nokuphatha izivumelwano. [[FLT:] izinhlangano ezingasehlela [FLD] [FLD] [FFLD] umlawuli wezokuguqula izinhlelo ezichaza lezi zimiso ezisekela ezinye izigaba.

Ukugcizelela Isinqumo Esisekelwe Ebuqothweni

Izimiso zezikhulu zikhuthaza ukuhlukanisa okuqinile kweqembu ngoba ukukhetha okubili phakathi kwamaqembu amabili ayinhloko kwenza kube lula ukuvota ngokusekelwe ekuthembekeni kweqembu kuphela. Imikhankaso yokufunda nokubhala efundekayo ibuye ibhebhethekiswe ngabavoti ukuba bacabangele izinqubo, izimfuneko, kanye nezindaba zendawo. Zinikeza amathuluzi anjengabavoti abaqhathanisi bezindawo zeqembu ezihlukene zezihloko, noma amawebhusayithi avumela abavoti ukuba bavumelane nemibono yabo nabavoti. EUnited States, [Vate411] (esebenzisa iNhlangano yabesifazane) inikeza ukwaziswa okungahlukanisiyo okusiza ukukhetha okungaqondisi okunga kahle ngaphandle kweqembu elivamile. Izinyathelo ezinjalo zokulwa kokufuna ukuvotela nokuthuthukisa i-octive.

Ukukhuluma Nokunganaki Nokungavumelani Nemishini

Umnqobi anganqanda ukuthatha sonke isimo sezimiso ezinkulu zokuvota abanomuzwa wokuthi abavoti abathandayo abanathuba elingokoqobo. Imikhankaso yokufunda nokubhala i-Civic kumelwe ibhekane ngokuqondile nalokhu kunganaki ngokuchaza ukubaluleka okukhulu kokuvota ngalé komphumela olandelayo. Baqokomisa ukuthi ukuvota okuphezulu kuqinisa ukufaneleka kwentando yeningi, ukuthi ukuvota kungathonya amapulatifomu ngisho nalapho umfundi wendawo elahlekelwa, futhi ukuthi ukuphambuka okuphansi kungaphazamisa isimo. Eminye imikhankanti isebenzisa "ivote ngisho noma uphumelele" iposi engaphumelelanga ukufinyelela kuvotesi edumayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bangafaka izifundo eziphathelene nenguquko yeqembu [[FLT] [[FLT:]] umqondisi wezenteger, njengoba kuchazwa indlela yokuguqula isimiso somphakathi, ukuguqula indlela yokuvota.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo: Izimiso Zokusebenza Kwamakhulu

Ukuhlola izibonelo zangempela zezwe kwembula indlela imfundo nemikhankaso yokufunda yangaphakathi ezimweni ezithile zesimiso sokhetho sezwe ngalinye.

I - United Kingdom

Isimiso se-FK's FPP seNdlu yeNdlu Yokusebenza siye sagxekwa isikhathi eside ngokwenza amavoti alahlwayo nezihlalo eziphephile. Imikhankaso yemfundo ye-Electoral Commission igxile ekubhaliseni, ekuhloleni izindawo zeziteshi, nasezindleleni zokuhlola. Okwamanje, izinhlangano ezifana [ ECaltal Reformation Society [ isebenzisa ingxenye enkulu yolwazi lwezemfundo, ifunda ukufunda nokubhala ngokusemthethweni okuchaza amaphutha eFTPP kanye nokuthuthukisa ukumelelwa kwendlela yokuhlelwa kwemithetho. Phakathi nokhetho, iziyalezo zokuvota ezikhishwa kwezemfundo engokomthetho eziphawulwe ngamaphephandaba [FLT] [FLT] [FFFOLT]] [3] ingungxenye enkulu yolwazi, efundisa ekuhleleni izihlalo ezihlalweni zezindawo zemvume yokuhlengwa yithuba lokunqoba.

E - United States

E-US, i-Electoral College nezifunda ezinezigaba zohlanga olulodwa zakha isimiso sobufundisi esiphambili esisezingeni likahulumeni. Imikhankasweni yemfundo yevoter akumelwe ichaze nje kuphela indlela yokuvota kodwa futhi nendima ye-prigatories, i-caucuuses, ne-Electoral College. Conference of State State Legislatures inikeza imithombo yomthetho wokhetho, kuyilapho amaqembu angewona ahlukene enjengeNhlangano yabesifazane iVoters neRock igxile ekubhaliseni nasekuvoleni. [[FUBLAY] futhi ihilela ukufundisa ngeGerryman – ukuhlulwa kwemingcele yesifunda ukuze kuzuze iqembu elilodwa eliphethe i-U provicercess achaza indlela echaza ngayo i-RGeneargergers provicesss (ignist) futhi i-empempemperationss. I-erverer provicer) elungisa i-up

Canada

Isimiso se-FPTP saseCanada ngokufanayo siveza umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwevoti ethandwayo nesihlalo. I-Ecostations Canada, i-projects ezimele yenhlangano yamavoti, iqhuba izinhlelo zemfundo ezibanzi ezihlanganisa amavoti okugcona, ukufica isikole, nemithombo yezizwe. Isici esiyingqayizivele sokufunda ukufunda izakhamuzi zaseCanada yinkulumo eqhubekayo ngenguquko yokhetho, eyabala kakhulu kukhetho lwango 2015 no-2019. Imikhankampani enjenge "Fair Vote Canada" yenhlangano efundisa izakhamuzi ngemifuziselo yezibalo nezinye izindlela. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi izimiso ezinkulu zingaba yindaba yemfundo yezezezezezezezemfundo yomphakathi, njengoba izakhamuzi zingafundi nje kuphela ukuthi isimiso sokhetho sisebenza kanjani kodwa ezinye ezinye izindlela ezikhona.

Umbono Oqhathaniswayo: Izimiso Zezokuxhumana

Ukuqhathanisa imfundo yamavoti ezimisweni eziyinhloko nokumelela ngokwesilinganiso (PR) kuqokomisa izinselele ezikhethekile zokuqala. Ezimisweni zePR, abavoti ngokuvamile banezinto eziningi abakhetha kuzo, futhi yonke ivoti inengxenye ngokuqondile ekubaleni kwesihlalo. Le mfundo ye-PR esendaweni ezungezile ithambekele ekugxileni ekuqondeni ukwakheka kwesivumelwano, ukuhlela, nokuvota. Ngokungafani, izimiso zobushiqela zidinga abavoti ukuba bancintisane nemiqondo efana ne "voti ephephile," nezihlalo ezilondekile, kanye nezingxenye ezimbili ezimbayo. Lo mthwalo we-PR ungashukumisa ukuhlangana okujulile phakathi kwezakhamuzi ezithakazelayo noma kuholele ekukhungatheni ukukhungatheka nokunga okuphambili phakathi kwabavoti abaholi abambalwa.

Ukucwaninga kwe [[FLT: 0] I-Electoral Knote ibonisa ukuthi imfundo yamavoti ezimisweni eziyinhloko ithambekele kakhulu ekugcizeleleni isimo sokuncintisana kwezinhlanga zendawo, ikhuthaza abavoti ukuba bahlole amathuba empumelelo yomfundi ngamunye. Ezimisweni zePR, imikhankaso yemfundo ivame ukugcizelela izinhlobonhlobo zezinqumo nokubaluleka kwevoti ekunqumeni isakhiwo sonke sendlu yomthetho. Zombili izindlela zinenzuzo, kodwa isimiso esikhulu sigcizelela "impumelelo" ingaholela ekubeni i-oceter, amaqhinga amaningi kunalowo olwazi olubanzi.

Amathuba Okushintsha Imfundo Yezimpahla

Naphezu kwezinselele, izimiso zabaphathi ziveza amathuba ayingqayizivele okuthuthukisa imfundo yabavoti nokufunda komphakathi. Ukulula kwe-collet kungasetshenziswa ukuze kwenziwe izinto ezicacile, ezifinyelelekayo ezigxile ekwazisweni okunzima kakhulu: ukuthi obani abazobhapathizwa nalokho abamele ukukumelela. Ngenxa yokuthi ngokuvamile kunabantu ababili noma abathathu abaphilayo esifundeni ngasinye, abavoti ababhekene nokukhetha okunamandla okuvamile ezimisweni zePR kanye nezinhlangothi eziningi. Ngakho imikhankani yemfundo ingadweba jula kakhulu emarekhodini nakusweni omphakathi ngamunye.

Elinye ithuba lisekusetshenzisweni kobuchwepheshe. Emazweni amakhulu anjenge-United States, amapulatifomu amaningi emfundo avumela abavoti ukuba bangene ekhelini labo futhi bathole ibhodi lombhali enokwaziswa okukhethekile, ukugunyazwa, nokuqhathaniswa kwezimiso. Lendlela "yokuhlelwa" ifaneleka ngokwemvelo ezifundeni ezizimele, lapho ukhetho ngalunye lomvoti luthinta ngokuqondile ummeleli othile. Imikhankaso yokufundela ukufunda nokubhala ingaqokomisa ukubaluleka kokhetho oluyinhloko, okuyisici esivelele sezimiso ezinkulu ezivame ukunquma ukuthi ukunqoba kwenkomkeli yokhetho oluphephile.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukunganeliseki ngesimiso sezemisebenzi kungabangela ukuthembisana komphakathi. Imikhankaso efundisa izakhamuzi ngenzuzo nezimo ezingezinhle zezimiso ezihlukene zokukhetha ayigcini nje ngokuthuthukisa ukuqonda kodwa futhi inika izakhamuzi amandla okusekela izinguquko ezifana nokuvota okulinganiselwe noma ukumelela isilinganiso. Loluhlobo lwemfundo "meta-cbic" luvame kakhulu eCanada naseUnited Kingdom, lapho izinhlangano zotshani ziye zakhulisa khona ukuqaphela okuphumelelayo ngomphakathi ngenguquko yezezekhethelo.

Isiphetho

Izimiso zokhetho ezinkulu zinethonya elinamandla emfundweni yabavoti nasemikhankasweni yokufunda yomphakathi. Zikwenza lula ukuvota kodwa zenza umsebenzi wovoti ube nzima, ikakhulukazi ezihlalweni eziphephile lapho iqembu libusa khona. Ukuze kube nokuphumelela, imikhankaso yemfundo kumelwe ibhekane nokuvota okusemthethweni, ukuvota okuchithwayo, negebe phakathi kokusekela okuthandwayo nokubekwa kwezindawo zomphakathi. Kumelwe futhi ibhekane nokunganaki kovoti ezifundeni ezingahambisani futhi ilungiselele amathuluzi okusekela ukuthembeka kweqembu elinolwazi.

Nakuba lezinselele zingokoqobo, azinakunqotshwa. Ngokuvumelanisa imiyalezo namaqiniso omncintiswano wobukhomashiqela, nokusekela ukwaziswa okusendaweni, nokukhuthaza izimpikiswano ezibanzi mayelana nenguquko yabavoti, othisha bomphakathi bangaguqula imingcele yesimiso sibe amathuba okubopha intando yeningi kakhulu. Ekugcineni, umshini oqonda kokubili abakhemisi nemiphumela yesimiso sokukhetha nokulawula kungcono ukuba abameleli bezwe futhi basunduze lapho kudingeka khona. Umgomo wemfundo yamavoti kunoma isiphi isimiso – umsizi omkhulu – isilinganiso – uhlala njalo: ukunikeza izakhamuzi zonke amandla okuhlanganyela ulwazi nokuqiniseka ngenqubo yentando yeningi.