Isingeniso

Izinguquko zesifunda se-Electoral zingamandla amakhulu ekulolongeni amasu amaqembu ezombangazwe eJapane. Kunokuthatha inqubo yokuqondisa elula, ukulungisa isimo sokuncintisana, ukuphoqelela amaqembu ukuba aphinde akhethe kabusha, asebenzise imishini, athumele inqubo. Ukuxubana okuyingqayizivele kwezifunda ezihlanganyelweyo kanye nokubekwa kwe-ocealal memome, kuhlangene nokushintsha kwenani eliqhubekayo, kwenza ithonya lezinguquko zomngcele zibe zinkulu kakhulu. Lesi sihloko sihlola indlela amathonya eqenjini, ukudweba ngezibonelo zamuva nomongo womlando ukuze kunikeze umbono ogcweleyo webalazwe elinombala obalulekile ebalazweni elikhethiwe eJapane.

Isizinda Sezinguquko Zesifunda SaseJapane

Isimiso sokhetho saseJapane siye sathola izinguquko ezinkulu phakathi namashumi amathathu eminyaka adlule. Inguquko yezombangazwe ka 1994 yasungula isimiso sesigaba esixubile se-antirianism: 295 (kamuva 289) izigodi ezizimele (SMDs) kanye ne-180 (kamuva engu-176) ukumelelwa okulinganayo (PR) ezihlalweni ezise House of Sreaders. Lokhu kusuka esimisweni sesifunda sakudala esinamalungu amaningi ngokuyisisekelo kwashintsha kakhulu ukuncintisana kweqembu, kanye nokuphisana okuphindwayo ukuba kube yithuluzi eliphindaphindwayo lokukhuluma nge-phindaphindelela i-phinda-phindekakhulu le-phindayo.

UMthetho-sisekelo waseJapane udinga ukulingana ngenani levoti ngalinye, kodwa ukuvuselelwa ngokushesha kwamadolobha kuye kwadala umehluko ngokuphindwe-kaningi lapho izigodi zasemaphandleni zinabavoti abambalwa kakhulu kunabameleli basemadolobheni. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yamemezela ukuthi okhetho oluningana lwesikhathi esidlule aluvumelani nemithetho engokomthetho ngenxa ye-malpatrotion, ishukumisela uDiet ukuba ibukeze imingcele yesifunda. I-Redigalition iyenzeka cishe njalo eminyakeni eyishumi, ngokuvamile ngemva kwemiphumela yokubalwa kwabantu. Izibukezo zamuva kakhulu eziphawulekayo zaqala ngo-201717, ukunciphisa izihlalo zezikhundla zasemaphandleni futhi zandisa ezinye izindawo zasedolobheni. Ngo-2022, ezinye izihlalo eziyenziwe eTokyo futhi zasuswa ezindaweni ezinabantu abambalwa kakhulu.

Lezinguquko azizona nje izimpawu ezingokoqobo, kodwa amaqembu ezombangazwe athonya inqubo yokuvuselela inqubo nge-Diet, futhi amabalazwe abangelwa yiyo angasiza abahlaseli noma abangele izivulo zababekela inselele. Ukuqonda lesi sizinda kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuthi izinguquko zesifunda zigeleza kanjani ngenqubo yeqembu.

Imiphumela Emasontweni Eqembu Lezombangazwe

Ukukhetha Nokubeka Indawo Efanele

Uma imingcele yesifunda ishintshwa, imibuthano kumelwe inqume ukuthi izokwenzelwaphi abazofundela ukuthatha isifunda. Izifunda ezinezigodi ezihlanganiswe noma ezidonswayo zingalahlekelwa indawo yazo, zibaphoqelele ukuba bancintisane endaweni entsha noma baphikise ilungu leqembu. Amadili anezinhlangano eziqinile zendawo, njenge Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), ngokuvamile avikela izikhungo ngokuzigcina ezifundeni ezivumayo, kuyilapho amaqembu aphikisayo engase abhekane nokukhetha okunzima phakathi kokuzifunela abangcono ezihlalweni zokuncintisana noma ukusakaza imithombo enciphile.

Ukulungisa futhi kuthinta indima ye-kōennai [1] Izimiso zokusekela eziyisisekelo semikhankaso eminingi yezombangazwe baseJapane. Lezi zimiso zakhiwa cishe emashumini eminyaka futhi zixhumene nezindawo ezithile. Uma imingcele yesifunda ishintsha, abezombangazwe kumelwe bakhe kabusha ukuxhumana nemiphakathi emisha, inqubo ebizayo nethatha isikhathi. Amaqembu amancane anemisuka ebuthaka kakhulu avame ukuyithola inzima, iwashiye engekho nokwenzeka ezindaweni ezihlukene.

Izindawo futhi zisebenzisa ama-redigation ukuze zingene emaqhingani okufaka . Ngokwesibonelo, umcimbi olindele ukulahlekelwa isifunda ngenxa yezinguquko zomngcele ungasebenzisa iminikelo lapho, ukhulule imithombo yezinhlanga ezingcono. Ngokuphambene, amalungu angase afune izigodi ezintsha ezingenamquba, azibheke njengezihlalo ezivulekile ezifanele ukuthathwa.

Ukuthunyelwa Kwemithombo

Imali yenkampano − imali, izisebenzi, isikhathi, imishini yokuzithandela , kanye nezindawo zokuzithandela − ilinganiselwe, futhi izigaba zihlela ngokuhleleka. Ukugodla kucindezela amaqembu ukuba aphinde ahlole ukuthi yiziphi izifunda ezidinga ukutshala okukhulu. Ngemva kokudotshwa kwemingcele emisha, indlunkulu yeqembu yenza izilinganiso eziphezulu, izigodi ngokuncintisana nangokukhokha.

Ku-LDP, ezuza ngokusekela kwezebhizinisi nezezentengiselwano okungaguquguquki, ukuguqula imithombo yemali kuvame ukubangela ukushintshela emadolobheni lapho ukwanda kwabantu kuye kwakha izihlalo ezintsha. Amaqembu okuphikisa anjenge-Constitutionalal Democratic Party of Japan (CDP) kumelwe abeke izigodi eziphambili lapho zikhona noma lapho izinguquko zenani labantu ziye zalimaza khona i-LDP. IQembu le-Inpinnovation (Nippon Isno no Kai) liye lagxila ezindaweni zasemadolobheni, ikakhulukazi e-Osaka nasezindaweni ezizungezile, ukusebenzisa i-redificificie ukuze landise inzuzo yayo.

Ukwabiwa kwemithombo akuveli kuphela ngemali. Isikhathi se-mediya namasu okugunyaza nakho kuyashintsha. Imikhosi ingandisa ukukhangisa kwe-TV ezifundeni ezinemingcele emisha ukuze kunyuswe ukuqashelwa phakathi kwabavoti abangajwayelene. Izivumelwano ezivela ezinyunyanani zezisebenzi, amaqembu enkolo, noma ama-social commetics ziba ezinzima kakhulu uma amagodi ehlangana, njengoba zinganikeza i-netnet yomvoti ezindaweni ezisanda kuthathwa.

Ukubeka Isimiso Semithetho Nomyalezo

Ngokwesibonelo, ukuqasha inani labantu kuyoba nethonya ekwakhekeni kwesifunda, amaqembu aphoqelelayo ukuba alungise izikhalo zawo. Isifunda esishintsha ukusuka emaphandleni kuya emaphethelweni, siyoba nezinto eziza kuqala ezihlukile − izimali zezolimo ezivela kubavoti basemaphandleni, kuyilapho abavoti basemadolobheni bakhathalela kakhulu ukunakekelwa kwezinsuku, izinkonzo zemisebenzi ehambayo, nentela yempahla.

Izindawo ezineziteshi ezinkulu zesizwe kumelwe zivumelanise isigijimi sazo nenhlanganisela entsha yabavoti ezifundeni ezisha. I-LDP, nesizinda sayo sasemaphandleni, kuye kwadingeka igcizelele izindaba zasemadolobheni ezinjengo ushintsho oluhlanganisayo kanye nokuhlanganyela kwabesifazane emsebenzini emsebenzini [ ezihlalweni ezintsha ezisemadolobheni. ICDP kanye nezinye izimpikiswano eziphikisayo ngokuvamile ziqokomisa inhlalakahle yezenhlalo, amalungelo ezisebenzi, nenguquko yomthetho-onkampane ezindaweni lapho imisha, ukuvolwa kokukhululeka kakhulu.

Uma iqembu lishintsha ngokuphawulekayo ukuba lifanelane nomvoti wesifunda omusha, kungase kususe abasekeli balo abasemqoka kwenye indawo. Ngakho ukulungisa kukhuthaza izenzo ezibucayi zokulinganisela, ikakhulukazi emaqenjini athembele ekuhlobiseni okungaguquguquki kwemibono.

Ukuhlanganisa Nobuhlobo

Izombangazwe zaseJapane ezihlangeneyo zinezela olunye ungqimba. Ukubambisana kwe-LDP noKomeito kuyisici eside esikhona; i-Komeito inikeza iqembu lokuvota eliqinile, ikakhulukazi emadolobheni anesisekelo esiqinile se-Soka Gakakai. Ukuncishiswa kwemithetho kungathinta izinga lalomfela. Uma imingcele emisha yakha izihlalo zokuncintisana lapho abasekeli bamaKomeito behlala khona, i-LDP ingakhetha ukungazisebenzisi eyayo, kunalokho isekela i-Komeito nominee ukuze ithole ukusekela kwenye indawo.

Ohlangothini lokuphikiswa, ukuqinisa ngokuvamile kuyasizana. I-CDP, iQembu lamaKhomanisi laseJapane, namanye amaqembu okuphikiswa ngezinye izikhathi baye bavuma ukuthatha umlandeli oyedwa kwezinye izifunda ukugwema ukuhlukanisa ivoti elwa ne-LDP. Amabalazwe okubuyisana angasiza noma avimbele ukuhlangana okunjalo (uma imingcele emisha ihlukanisa izindawo zokusebenza, ukubambisana kuba nzima kakhulu.

Amaqembu amancane anjenge-Reiwa Shinsengumi noma i-Social Democratic Party ibhekene nezinselele ezikhona. Izihlalo ezigobile zingawashiya ngaphandle kwesigodi esingalawuleki, ziwasunduze ukuba athembele ngokuphelele ezinhluni zePR. Ukusabela okuhlelekile kungahilela ukwakha izivumelwano zangaphambi kokuhlelwa kwe-social PR noma uhlu oluhlanganisayo ukuze kwandiswe izimpawu ezilinganayo.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo Zokuvuselelwa Kwamuva

Ukuhlelwa Kwezigaba Ngo - 2017 Nokusabela Kwe - LDP

Ukuhlelwa kwezindawo ngo-2017, okusekelwe ekubaleni abantu ngo-2015, kwaba yinguquko enkulu kakhulu emashumini eminyaka. Yanciphisa izihlalo eziyishumi eziphethe amadolobha futhi yanezela izihlalo eziyishumi ezikhulu zasemadolobheni ezinhlanu: iTokyo yathola iziKuba 2, Saitama 1, i-Kanagawa 1, ne-Aichi 1. Lokhu kwabonisa ukunyakaza kwabantu bebheke enhloko - dolobha nasezindaweni ezizungezile.

I-LDP yaphendula ngendlela ecushiwe. Ochwepheshe bezezenkolo bathola ukuthi yiziphi izingozi ezinkulu ezazikhona. Ezifundeni zasemaphandleni ezahlanganiswa, abanye abamisi-mthetho be-LDP bathatha umhlala-phantsi kunokuba baphikise ilungu leqembu elikanye nabo. Ezihlalweni zasemadolobheni ezisanda kudalwa, ama-LDP ayejoyina ababoshelwe ukuba ababophezeli abanezibopho zendawo eziqinile cishe ngokuvamile (owayengamabhulasi, amalungu emihlangano yendawo, noma amanani aziwayo kakhulu ebhizinisini noma emithonjeni. Iqembu futhi libuye liphise ukumelana kwalo neKomeito eTokyo, lapho i-Komeito’s mandla okuhlela izinto ayesiza khona ukunqoba okulondekile ezifundeni eziningana.

Naphezu kwalokhu kulungisa, ukhetho lwango - 2017 lwabona i - LDP ilahlekelwa izihlalo ezithile ezindaweni zasemadolobheni eCDP kanye namanye amaqembu aphikisayo, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokunganeliseki ngoNdunankulu Shinzo Abe. Ukuhola kwePriciation akuzange kubangele inzuzo ezenzekelayo; kunalokho, kwaphoqelela i - LDP ukuba isebenze kanzima endaweni entsha encintisanayo.

Ukushintsha Kokuphikiswa: I - CDP Ne - Ishin

I-Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan, eyakhiwa ngo-2017 kusukela endaweni eyayiyiDimocratic Party, yathola ithuba ezindaweni ezibhekene ne-rediformation. Izihlalo ezintsha zaseTokyo zazivame ukuba sezindaweni ezinezintsha, ezikhululekile. Abavoti abaqondisi be-CDP lapho, abaphethe amapulatifomu aqinile aphathelene nokulondeka komphakathi nokubukezwa komthetho-mthetho. EChiba naseSaitama, iqembu elalihlangene neQembu lamaKhomanisi laseJapan namanye amaqembu ukuze bagweme ukuhlukanisa ivoti enqandayo ye-LP, icebo elaphumelela kaningana.

Nipton Ishin no Kai, osokhundleni e-Osaka, washintsha futhi. Iqembu lakhula lisuka ezindaweni zalo liya kwezinye izindawo zasedolobheni, ikakhulukazi esifundeni saseKansai nasezingxenyeni zeTokyo. Ukuhlanganisa izihlalo ezengeziwe ezindaweni eziminyene zasemadolobheni agcwele abantu kwadlalelwa emadolobheni ase-Ishin: iqophelweni le-fiscal Conservatim, inguquko yokuqondisa, kanye nokuhlalisa i-crearation yendawo. Iqembu lasebenzisa izihlalo ezibomvu e-Osaka Prefecture ukuqondisa abantu ababesumele kakade okhetho lwemihlangano yendawo, lidala i-partum yezombangazwe ekhona.

Izizinda Ezihlukahlukene: EDorbans, emaphandleni

Akubona bonke abahlali abahlangene behlangana esifundeni esisodwa, okwaholela ekungeni kohlobo oluphakathi kweqembu. Kwezinye izimo, i-LDP yanciphisa izihlalo eziphoqelelwe amaqembu ukuba enze izinqumo ezinzima. I-LDP, elawula lezindawo, yayivame ukubona ama-ccumpbant ehlangana ezindaweni ezihlukene, okuholela ekuncipheni kwezindawo eziphakathi kweqembu.

Ngokuphambene, izindawo zasemadolobheni zabangela ukuncintisana okukhulu. Ezifundeni zaseTokyo ezazisanda kudalwa, i-LDP, CDP, i-Komeito, ne-Ishin zonke zazilwela ukuvota. Ukwanda kwezihlalo akuqinisekisanga ukuthi noma yikuphi ukubusa kweqembu; kunalokho, kwadala indawo ehlukene kakhulu, encintisanayo. Lemibango yaphoqelelwa ukuba iqongelele kakhulu ekuhleleni nasekutholeni imithombo yezindaba, kukhuphule izindleko zomkhankaso.

Isenzakalo esihlobene naso ukuphikelela [[FLT: 0] ukuphikelela . Naphezu kokuncitshiswa, ukuhlukaniswa okukhulu kokhetho oluvamile lwasala cishe ku 2.06 kuya ku-1 (kusuka edolobheni), iNkantolo Ephakeme esawuthola umthetho-sisekelo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izinzuzo zasemaphandleni zikhona, okuthinta ukuthi amaqembu ahlukanisa kanjani imithombo phakathi kwezifunda.

Izicelo Zokhetho Lwesikhathi Esizayo

Ukuthambekela Kwesikhathi Eside Kokwenza Izibalo

Inani labantu baseJapane liyaqhubeka lincipha futhi likhula, izindawo zasemadolobheni njengeTokyo, i-Osaka, neNagoya zikhula kancane kancane lapho izifunda ezisesifundeni se-liferal. Ukubalwa kwabantu ngo-202020 kwaholela kwenye inxanxathela yokuvuleka, okuphumelela ekukhetheni okuvamile kuka 2025. Lokhu kulungisa kwenezela izihlalo ezinhlanu eTokyo, enye kwenye eAichi, eKangawa, eSaitama, naseChiba, kuyilapho ukususwa kwezihlalo ezinhlanu ezihlalweni zasemaphandleni kanye nezinye ezinhlanu.

Kumaqembu ezombangazwe, lokhu kusho ukuthi amasu kumelwe abangele ngokuqhubekayo ukukhethwa kwamadolobha nasemaphethelweni edolobha((aller), ahlukene kakhulu, futhi akhathalela kakhulu izindlu, ukunakekelwa kwabantwana, nezimiso zamanani. Amaparishi ahlulekayo ukuvumelana nokuthumela imiyalezo yawo kulezindaba alahlekelwa indawo yezihlalo ezikhulayo.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izinqaba zasemaphandleni zisalokhu zinzima. Abakhi be-LDP abaningi bamelela izigodi ezinciphayo kodwa ezisephephile ngenxa yokwethembeka kweqembu nangenxa yokufuna abathengisi. Amaqembu okuphikiswa aye azama ukungena kulezindawo, futhi ukuvala imigodi akushiyi ukushintsha ukuthi cishe bamane balahlekelwa isihlalo esisodwa noma ezimbili, bagxilise amandla abo emadolobheni.

Okungase Kubangele Izinguquko Ezengeziwe

Kunempikiswano eqhubekayo mayelana nenguquko eyisisekelo kakhulu yezezinqumo. Ezinye izazi nezombangazwe ziye zahlongoza ukuthuthela esimisweni esiphelele, noma ukuhlanganisa amaSMD nezifunda ezinabantu abaningi. Abanye basekela ukunciphisa inani lezihlalo eziphansi ukuze banciphise izindleko futhi bathuthukise ukusebenza kahle. Ukudayisa kuphela akukwazi ukuxazulula izindaba ezifinyelelwe kakhulu.

Uma izinguquko ezinjalo zingenzeka, zingaphoqelela amaqembu ukuba asebenzise amasu awo ngokweqile. Ukufakwa kwekhonsathi kungaba yindawo ebaluleke kakhulu kunohlu lwezigaba. Ukuhlelwa kwemithombo kungasuka emkhankasweni wesifunda ngabunye kuya ekukhangiseni kwezwe nasekufakeni izinhlelo. I-LDP, eye yakwazi umdlalo we-SMD, ingalahlekelwa ezinye zezinzuzo zayo ezisemqoka.

Manje, ukuhlanganisa okuhlangeneyo kuyinto evamile. Ama-paries akumelwe abheke imingcele kuphela kodwa futhi nenani elisebenzayo lamadipati [ esifundeni ngasinye. Izinguquko ezihlelwayo esifundeni zingasusa umnyango wokuwina. Izigodi ezithile ziba “ezinezigaba ezimbili” zokuncintisana, kuyilapho ezinye zihlala ziyingxenye eyodwa. Ukuhlaziya okuhleliwe kwalezi zici kusemqoka ekuhleleni izigaba phakathi kokhetho.

Ithonya Esimisweni Seqembu

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukuvalela izindawo zasemaphandleni okuphikelelayo kungasheshisa ukwehla kwesizinda sasemaphandleni. Ukusekela kwasemaphandleni kuyaguga futhi kuncipha, futhi ngaphandle kwenzuzo efanayo ezihlalweni ezintsha zasedolobheni, ivoti ye-LDP iyonke ingancipha. I-CDP ne-Ishin zingama kahle kakhulu ukubamba abavoti basedolobheni, kuyilapho iKomeito ihlala ingumngane oyinhloko we-LDP emadolobheni lapho isosha lenkolo isafaka khona amavoti.

Amaqembu amancane anjengeReiwa Shinsengumi, awina izihlalo ezintathu ngo-2021 ngokukhanga abavoti abasebasha nabahlukumezi, angabona amathuba ezifunda ezintsha zasemadolobheni (* kodwa abhekene nemingcele ephakeme yokungena e-SMDs. Ukuvuleka kwezihlalo ezivulekile, ukuncintisana kungawasiza uma ekwazi ukugxilisa imithombo ngokuphumelelayo.

Okunye okusikiselayo ukukwazi ukunwetshwa komfelandawonye ukulinganisela [. Uma ukuncishiswa kwendlela kunciphisa noma yiliphi iqembu ikhono lokuwina iningi, izinkulumo ezihlanganyelweyo ziba yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Ubuhlobo be-LDP-Komeito bungahlala bukhona, kodwa ukuphikiswa kungadinga ukwakha izivumelwano ezibanzi ukuze kube yinselele. Ukuncintisana kungahlukanisa noma kuqinisekisa amavoti kuye ngokusakaza izwe labasekeli.

“ Ukuhlukanisa eJapane akuziyo izinombolo ebalazweni", ihespectry ye-injini yomdlali ngamunye esimisweni sezombangazwe, kusukela endlunkulu yesifunda sezwe kuya ku-ashishini. Amaqembu azivumelanisa kangcono nalezi zinguquko yilawo asindayo futhi achumayo.” — Kenji Okamoto, isazi sezezombangazwe eWasde University.

Isiphetho

Izinguquko zesifunda se-Electoral zingamandla ayinhloko kwezombangazwe zeqembu lamaJapane. Baphoqelela amaqembu ukuba aqhubeke ethatha imvume yokubhalisa idili, ukwabiwa kwempahla, izikhundla zezimiso, namasu ahlangene. Ukusuka emaphandleni ukuya emadolobheni eshumini elidlule kuye kwadala amathuba nezingozi emicimbi emisiwe njenge-LDP nenselele njenge-CDP ne-Ishin. Njengoba ukuthambekela kwenani labantu kuqhubeka futhi kulungisa, amaqembu kumelwe ahlale eshesha, esebenzisa ukuhlaziya ukwaziswa nokuzivumelanisa kwenhlangano ukuze ahambe ebalazweni elihlala njalo.

Ithonya lokufuna ukuthatha indawo yesifunda lidlulela ngalé kwalokho okuthola isihlalo esikhethekile − ithonya ukwakheka, izinhlobo zezimiso eziqhubekeka, nokuzinza kwesimiso somphakathi ngokwaso. Kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda ezombangazwe zamaJapane, ukunakisisa imingcele yesifunda akuyona into ezikhethelayo; kubalulekile. Okhetho lwesikhathi esizayo luzohlola ukuthi amaqembu afunda kangakanani ukuguqula indawo nokuba khona kwenani labantu abenze inzuzo ehleliwe.

]] [1] Isihloko esisekelwe ekuhlaziyweni kwezinguquko zesimiso sokhetho lwaseJapane kanye nezifundo zezezimali kusuka ku-2017 naku-2021 okhethweni oluvamile.

Izikhombo zangaphandle: [