Ukuhlola kokucindezela kumelela ithuluzi elikhohlisayo ngokungavamile ekubhikisheni kwezombangazwe. Ngokungafani nokuhlolwa okungokomthetho okuklanyelwe ukuqoqa umbono womphakathi ongacwasiwe, ukuphoqelela ukuhlolwa kuhlohlwa ukuze kuqondiswe imibono eqondiwe, kusakazwe ukwaziswa okunganembile, futhi kuvotelwe ngemibuzo egcwele ukukhohlisa. Ithonya lazo liwela ngokungenakuqhathaniswa emiphakathini emincane nengalinganiswanga, lapho zisebenzisa khona izikhundla ezikhona, ziqinisa ukuntengantenga, nokungathembana kwezakhamuzi. Lesi sihloko sihlola abaphoqeqeshiwe ukuhlola, ukusetshenziswa kwabo komlando nokwesikhathi esikhona ngokumelene nezokuthathela imingcele yentando yeningi, nemiphumela yokuthatha isinyathelo seze yeze yezentando nyaka nemfundo etholakalayo ukuze kumelane umonakalo wabo.

Ukuqonda Izinhlansi Zokusunduza: Incazelo Nokuhluka Kokungcoliswa Kwezinsalela Ezingokomthetho

Ekujuleni kwayo, ukuhlola okuphoqelelweyo kuwumkhankaso wokuthengisa ngocingo noma ngemishini ozishaya ukuhlolwa kokucwaninga. INhlangano yaseMelika ye-Public Opinion Research (APOR) ichaza ukuphoqelela ukuphenya njengesu lokuhlola kwezombangazwe elisebenzisa ukuphenya ukuze kusakaze ukwaziswa okubi noma okudukisayo ngombhacelelwa. Ngokungafani nophenyo olusemthethweni lwezesayensi, icindezela ukuphenya akuzami ukuqoqa ukwaziswa okunembile; kunalokho, ibuza imibuzo enobandlululo njengethi, “Kungenzeka ukuthi ungaba nokwenzeka kakhulu ukuba uvote u-X uma wazi ukuthi babebekwe icala lokuncintisana nombhiyo?” Ukusola okungokomthetho kungase kube amanga ngokuphelele, kodwa abavoti babangele ukungabaza engqondweni yamavoti.

Izinhlangano zokuhlola ezihlola umthetho zilandela izindinganiso eziqinile zezindlela zokuhlola, kuhlanganise nezibonelo ezingakhethiyo, ukubuza imibuzo ekha phezulu, kanye nokuveza umxhasi we-othotho, ngokuphambene, ukuvocavoca, kuxhaswe amakomiti ezenzo zezombangazwe noma amaqembu okucwaninga okuphikisayo angenasithakazelo ekulinganiseni okunembile. Zivame ukufinyelela izinombolo ezinkulu kakhulu zabavoti .Nkathina amakhulu ezinkulungwane zezinkulungwane phela kanye nokusebenzisa izingcingo ezizimenywayo noma ezihloselwe ukukhangisa komkhakhakha we-webhu, ngenxa nje yokuthi umgomo ugcwele, awulinganisi. Izimiso zokucwaninga zezimiso zezimiso zezimiso zezimiso zezimiso zezimiso [ zilahla inqubo, zisho ngokucacile ukuthi “ukuhlola kwezentengo yokucwaninga okuqotho".

Indlela Ukubhucunga Okusebenza Ngayo

Ukuhlola kokuphoqa kusebenza ngezinqubo eziningana ezifanayo:

  • Imibuzo eyindida: Imibuzo ekhangisiwe iqukethe izigodi ezithi azinakufezeka, njengesithi “Ingabe uyayisekela i-Candidate Smith, eye yahlotshaniswa nehlazo?” Ngisho noma kungekho hlazo elibi.
  • Ukulingana okungamanga: i Voter zicelwa ukuba ziqhathanise isikhundla sombhalisa nohlangothi olubi kakhulu noma oluyinkohliso oluvela kumphikisi.
  • Izikhalo ezithinta imizwa:[ Ulimi oluklanyelwe ukubangela ukwesaba, intukuthelo, noma ukusola lusetshenziswa, ngokuvamile luhlasela izinkathazo zobuhlanga noma zempucuko.
  • Ukuphindaphinda okungathandeki: Umyalezo ofanayo ophambene uphindaphindwa phakathi kwezingcingo eziningi noma izikhangiso, kuqinisekisa umbono oyiphutha wokuthi ihaba likholelwa noma libikwe kabanzi.

Ngoba ukuphenya okuphoqelelwayo akulawulwa njengezikhangiso zezombangazwe ezindaweni eziningi, zisebenza endaweni eqinile engokomthetho. Izingcingo ziqala ngomgqomo we-dislaimer ofana nothi “Lokhu ukuhlola kwezombangazwe,” kodwa bambalwa abavoti abaqaphela ukuxhashazwa. Ukuhlola kwa 2020 okwenziwa yiPew Research Center kwathola ukuthi cishe oyedwa kwabahlanu baseMelika wathola ukuthi wathola lokho abakukholelwayo ukuthi kwakuyinhlolo - kuhlolwa kwezombangazwe kamuva okwaphenduka kwaba yi-impoqo. Ukuhlola kwaphawula ukuthi amasu anjalo afinyelela ngokuphawulekayo ezindaweni ezinabantu abambalwa abahoxa. [[FLT:]] Prew] ukucwaninga kwezelelwe ukuthi cishe umuntu oyedwa kwabanhlanu kukholelwa ukuthi kwakuwucwaningo lwezingcingo zezimoto futhi ukukhangisa kwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuba abantu abahlala ezindaweni ezisemuva.

Ukuhlasela Kwemiphakathi Emincane Nengangemingcele

Ukuphenya ngempoqo akusetshenziswa ngokuzenzakalelayo [1] Kuhloselwe ngamabomu emiphakathi lapho ukwesaba, ukungathembani, noma izikhala zokwaziswa kwenza abavoti babe sesimweni esibucayi. Ukungangeni kanye nemiphakathi ephansi, kuhlanganise ne-Black, Latino, i-Asian, i-Infin, nezakhamuzi ezivela kwamanye amazwe, kubhekene nomlando omude wokuxhashazwa kwezombangazwe, kusukela ekucindezelweni kwevoti kuya ku-iposi elinobuhlanga. Ukuvotela okuphoqeshayo kusene naleyo miphakathi yalawo macebo.

Ochwepheshe bezombangazwe sekuyisikhathi eside beqonda ukuthi uhlanga nobuzwe kungaba yizimbangela ezinamandla. Phakathi nawo 1980 no-1990, “Isu lokuqamba” elidume kabi lasebenzisa ulimi olubhalwe ngemithetho ngokuphathelene nenhlalakahle, ubugebengu, kanye namalungelo ezwe ukuba adlulisele izinkathazo zezinhlanga zabamhlophe. Namuhla, ukugqugquzela ukupheka kwenja kusebenzisa amaphimbo afanayo acacile ngokwaneleyo ukuze avuselele ukucwasa kodwa angaphiki kahle. Ngokwesibonelo, umshadikazi angase abuze: “Uyazi yini ukuthi u-Candidate Jones usondelene nomphakathi we-Speniclence futhi ufuna ukunikeza bonke abafuduki abangabhali amafomu?” Ukusikisela kuwukuthi izibophono ezinjalo ziyingozi, ngisho noma isimo somgomo somdweli simane silula ukuguqula abantu abafuduki.

Izibonelo Ezingokomlando Namasu

Izenzakalo eziningana ezigciniwe zibonisa umonakalo oye wabangelwa ukuphenya okuphoqelelwe emiphakathini eyidlanzana:

  • u-2008 Umongameli wokhetho: Phakathi nomkhankaso kaBarack Obama, owenziwa ngemishini ecindezelayo e-Ohio nasePennsylvania wabuza ukuthi abavoti babengasekela yini “umbheki omnyama ongumSulumane” (ukuzisho okungamanga). Izingcingo zahlolwa eqenjini elalisekela uHillary Clinton, nakuba iqembu lalenqaba ngenhloso ukuba i-skip. Nokho, umphumela, wawungaqinisa imibono eyingozi phakathi komfakela omhlophe.
  • 12016 I-Evotion kunye nama-Muslim-American Voters: Emasontweni angaphambi kokhetho, kusunduza ukuphenya kwahlasela imiphakathi yama-Arabia namaMelika namaSulumane eMichigan, ibuza imibuzo egcwele mayelana “nemidalense” kanye nokubuza izibopho zabazohlolwa emathempelini. Amaqembu oMphakathi abika ukwenyuka kwamazwi amaSulumane abhalisela ama-Muslim.
  • 2020] Ukufinyelela kwe-Asian American Outpect: Ezizweni eziningi, abavoti base-Asia bahlasela abavoti baseMelika ngamanga bathi umfundi “wasekela ukuqothula ibhizinisi lomkhaya wakho” noma“imishini yokuqeda ukuvuma.” Izingcingo zasebenzisa izinhlobonhlobo zokuhlangenwe nakho kwe-Asian American ukuze zihlukanise umphakathi (bona i-American American Journal of Psychology ye-presections ezihlobene).

Imishini Engokwengqondo Nengokwenhlalo

Ukuhlola kokubhula kuphumelela emiphakathini encishiswe ngokweziphakamiso ngenxa yokuthi isebenzisa ubandlululo oluqinisekisayo kanye ne[FLT]in/iqembu/iqembu elingaphandle]. Uma umvoti esezizwa ekhutshazwe isimiso sezombangazwe, ukuhlola okucindezelayo okuqinisekisa ukusola kwabo − ukuthi umvoti noma iqembu limelene neqembu labo (*) lizizwa lithembeke kakhulu kunolwazi oluvela ezikhungweni ezivamile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imiphakathi eminingi iye yabhekana nobandlululo lwangempela ezikhungweni zikahulumeni, iyenza iqaphele kakhulu izinsongo. Ukuhlola kwezikhali kufaka idokoda lokuqapha.

Imithombo yezokuxhumana ifaka idolo ngocingo i-voters ezifaka ithonya elinamandla. Abaqondisi abathola ukuhlola okuphoqelelweyo bangase bahlanganyele “ulwazi” lwasemphakathini noma emaqenjini eFacebook, lapho lusakazeka khona ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa. Imithetho ehlela ukuthembisana ngokunemba ivame ukuthuthukisa lokho okuqukethwe, ikakhulukazi uma ihlanganisa ulimi olunemizwa ngokomzwelo mayelana nohlanga noma inkolo. Ucwaningo lwangu 2021 lwaseYunivesithi yaseCalifornia luthole ukuthi ukusunduza i-ply - mail lulunga ngokuphindwe kane ukuba kuhlanga oluqinile lwezizwe eziningi kunezizwe ezivamile, kudala [[FLT:]] imigede ethinta imizwelo ngokomzwelo enzima ukuyilungile.

Imiphumela Ebhalwe Ngombhalo

Ingozi ebangelwa ukuphoqelelwa kwezicelo idlulela ngalé komjikelezo wokhetho.

Ukuncipha Kokwethembana

Lapho umphakathi uthola ukuthi uye wahlaselwa ukuphenya okuphoqelelwe, − ikakhulukazi okulawula ukuma kwesizwe noma inkolo − umuzwa wokukhaphela ungajula. Abaholi bangase baphethe ngokuthi isimiso sezombangazwe sibekwe ngokwemvelo ngokumelene nabo. Ukuhlola okwenziwa iBrennan Center for Justice ngo-20222 kwathola ukuthi amavota amaBlack namaLatino ayethole ukuhlola okungase kuphoqelelwe ukukhokhwa okusehla kakhulu kokhetho futhi kuwo womabili amaqembu amakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nabangabangakho. Ukwethemba kungumthetho wentando yeningi , kodwa ukuphoqelela ukuvota okuthiwe ngezindlela ezivamile kululaza phakathi kwamaqembu adinga ukukhokhwanywa.

I - “voter Turnout ” encishisiwe

Enye yemiphumela elimaza kakhulu yilena ukucindezelwa kwevoti . Ukuhlola kokuxosha ngokuvamile kusakaza umyalezo othi “maceleni ayizici ezifanayo” noma ukuthi umuntu othile ozofundela ukulwa nomphakathi omncane. Abavele baphethe ukuthi lokhu kungaphetha ngokuthi ukuthatha isinyathelo akusizi. Okanye, ukucindezela kungadala ukwesaba ukuthatha izindawo zokuvota ngokuxhumanisa ingozi / ngokwesibonelo, ukubuza ukuthi “Uyazi ukuthi ukuvota ku-X kungaholela ezindaweni ezimbalwa zendawo yakho? Amasu abhalwe emiphakathini yesiLatini e-Arizona nase-Texas. I-ACU i-O itshekwaya ukuphenduza lapho ukuvota kusetshenziswa khona izibalo ezimweni eziningi ezingokwemvelo. [FOFOT]] [2]

Ukugqugquzelwa Kokwehlukana Nokuhlukunyezwa

Ukuhlola kokusunduza kungatshela futhi izingxabano zomphakathi ezikhona manje. Ngokunikeza iqembu elithile ukwaziswa okungamanga mayelana nelinye, bamisa i-inter-communiny umbango. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuphenya okuphoqelelwe kungatshela abavoti abamnyama ukuthi “ukusekela ukugcinwa komthetho ku-profilfing” futhi batshele umvoti we-Latino abadakisayo ukuthi “oMdalithi “ukunqanda ukuhwebela ukufuduka.” Umphumela uyisithiyo ehlukanisa imiphakathi engase yakhe imiphakathi ngandlela inye. Emadolobheni amasuntrakathi amaningana, amasuntswana anjalo aye axhunyaniswa ukwanda empakalweni lwenzondo nakuhlasela ngezo layini elandela ukhetho.

Imisebenzi Yesakhelo Engokomthetho Neyobuciko

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sivikela inkulumo yezombangazwe, kuhlanganise nezinkulumo ezingamanga, uma nje zingayihlazisi noma ingabi yinkohliso. Nokho, kunamathuluzi athile okuqondisa nezindinganiso zokuziphatha ezihlose ukulinganisela ukuxhashazwa.

Imithetho yamanje

I-Federal Communications Commission (FCC) ilawula ama-romocall ngaphansi kwe-Telem Consumer Protection Act (TCPA). Izingcingo ezizimo ezinezithi “umyalezo wezombangazwe” kumelwe ziphawule inhlangano exhasayo, kodwa umthetho awufuni ukuba lo myalezo ube yiqiniso. Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zamisa imithetho eqondile. Ngokwesibonelo:

  • I-New Hampshire ivinjelwa ngokucacile ukuvocavoca okwenziwa phakathi namahora angu-48 okhetho futhi ifuna ukuba noma iluphi ucingo lubhalwe njengenhlolo yokusunduza uma luveza ukwaziswa okuphambene.
  • North Carolina ifuna ukuba zonke iziphengululo zezombangazwe zihlanganise ukuvala intela ekhokhelwa ucingo, kodwa ukuphoqelelwa komthetho kubuthakathaka.
  • [ ICalifornia icabangela izikweletu ezingachaza ukubhejela ngokuthi uhlobo lokuxhumana kokukhetha, kanjalo kudinga ukudalulwa kwemithombo yezimali.

Kukahulumeni, i-Honest Ads Act ihlongoziwe kodwa ayidluliswanga. Kungadinga ama-digitation ukuze kugcinwe i-metalog yezikhangiso zezombangazwe, ezingasiza ekuboneni imikhankaso ehlangene yokusunduza umpova. Ngaphandle kokubona ngale ndlela, kuhlala kunzima ukulandelela abasunguli babo ukuphenya izibalo ezisunduzayo.

Izinselele Eziphoqelelwayo

Abashushisi babhekana nezithiyo eziningana. Okokuqala, abacuphi bavame ukusebenzisa izinhlangano zamagobolondo, amakhadi ocingo akhokhelwayo, noma izinhlanganisela ezizimele ukuze bafihle ukuthi bangubani. Okwesibili, babonisa ukuthi umbuzo uhloselwe ukudukisa kunokumane nje ungene ekusebenziseni amandla asemthethweni. Okwesithathu, abaningi bacindezela abavoti abafuna ukukhokhi abaphansi abangashumayeli izikhulu. Ngenxa yalokho, bambalwa kakhulu abantu abaye babhekana nenkokhelo noma izinkolelo zabo.

Izindlela Zokuzivikela: Indlela Imiphakathi Engazivikela Ngayo

Uma kucatshangelwa ukulinganiselwa kwamakhambi angokomthetho, imfundo nokuzimela komphakathi kubalulekile. Ukuncipha kwezindawo nezindawo eziphansi kungathatha amasu amaningana okunciphisa ithonya lokuhlola okuphoqelelwa.

Ukufunda Nemfundo Evela Kubezindaba

Izinhlangano ezingazuzi nzuzo ezinjenge Ballot Early, [[FT:2]] Imbangela ye-common[, kanye I-Leagues of Women Voters[ inikezela izitsha zokuhlola ukuhlolwa okusunduzayo. Izimpawu eziyisihluthulelo zihlanganisa:

  • Lesi sicelo asifuni ukwaziswa okuyisisekelo kwenani labantu noma sibuze imibuzo embalwa kakhulu.
  • Imibuzo iqala ngokucabanga okuphambene noma ukusebenzisa iziphawulo ezicasulayo ngokomzwelo.
  • Umninikhaya uzama ukukusheshisa ukuba uphendule futhi akanikezi inombolo yokubuyela emuva.
  • Lo cingo lukhuluma ngomphikisi noma udaba ngendlela ezwakala sengathi uhlaselwa, hhayi ukubuza.

Abaholi bomphakathi kufanele bakhuthaze abavoti ukuba baphakamise ngokushesha futhi babike inani ku-FCC noma ibhodi yokhetho lombuso. Izimemezelo zenkonzo yomphakathi ezisemithonjeni yezindaba yohlanga(i-radio, amaphephandaba, kanye namakhasi ezokuxhumana) ziqinisa lemiyalezo ngezindlela ezifanele ngokwesiko.

Izimiso Ezituswayo Kwabahleli Nabaqondisi

Izinkampani zezokuxhumana zingathatha izinyathelo ezilula. I-Facebook, Twitter, no-TikTok kufanele bathumele ama-akhawunti e-flag asho ka-kaningi ukusunduza u-plot-mol-mslect, ngisho noma okuqukethwe kungangqubuzani ngokuqondile nemithetho yokukhuluma ngenzondo. Imithetho-algoric ingalungiselwa ukuhlanganisa izinsika ezaziwayo ezisebenzisa izindlela zokuphoqelela ukukhipha ukungcola kolimi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izishaya-mthetho-sigqebhene kufanele zidlulise imithetho efuna ukuba noma isiphi isingcingo sezombangazwe noma i-ilayini equkethe ukuhlotshaniswa mayelana nomfundi noma iqembu okumelwe ihlanganise i-msuka emthonjeni wemithetho yenkulumo. Nakuba imithetho enjalo ingase ibhekane nezinselele zenkantolo, imisa umthetho wokulandisa.

Emphakathini, izinqumo ezihlanganisa amaqembu ezinhlanga zingahlanganyela ukuqonda ngemikhankaso yokusunduza ukhotho. Uma elinye iqembu libona inqubo, ukuxwayisa izinhlangano ezihlangeneyo kungavimbela amasu ekusebenzeni emiphakathini eminingi. Izimiso ze-Rapid-response, njengalezo ezisetshenziselwa ukulwa nohluzo kukhetho lwama-202020, zingaqiniswa ukuba zikhiphe izijeziso zomphakathi phakathi namahora amaningi.

Isiphetho

Ukuhlola okuphoqelelwe kungaphezu kwento ekhathazayo; kuyisikhali sobudoda esimelene nokulingana kwentando yeningi. Ngokuhlasela imiphakathi emincane nengamele ngokukhohlisa, ukuthungatha okusekelwe ekwesabeni, kululaza ukwethembana, kunciphise, futhi kujule ukuhlukana kwezenhlalo. Nakuba izisekelo ezingokomthetho zilokhu zibuthakathaka futhi ziqinile, imiphakathi ingalwa ngemfundo, ukuqapha, nokwakha i-movement. Ukuqaphela ukuhlolwa kokuthi ikuphi, kuzama ukulawula kunokuba isilinganiso, kuyisinyathelo sokuqala ekuvikeleni ubuqotho bokhetho nesithunzi sabo bonke abavoti. Ngaphandle kokuqaphela okunjalo, ithonya elibuthulile liyoqhubeka liveza imiphumela yezombangazwe ngezindleko zalabo abasuke bezwile.