Isingeniso: UMthetho Njengenkemba Enezintambo Ezimbili

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwezinqubo ezingokomthetho namalungelo omphakathi busekelwe kokubili futhi bugcwele ukucindezeleka. Umthetho ungaba ithuluzi lenkululeko . Ukuqeda ukwahlukana, ukwandisa inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye, nokuvikela inkululeko yakhe. Nokho kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, izimiso ezingokomthetho ziye zasetshenziselwa ukuhlanganisa ukucindezela, ukusekela ubugqila, ukuphoqelelwa, nokugodla, nokulahla isithunzi somuntu esiyisisekelo kuzo zonke izigaba zabantu. Ukuqonda lokhu kudinga ukuhlelwa kwenkululeko yanoma ubani ofuna ukuthuthukisa ubulungisa bezenhlalo. Izinqubo ezingokomthetho azisebenzi ngokungena emasikweni; zibonakalisa izimo zezenhlalo, izithakazelo zezomnotho, namandla ezombangazwe. Uma lezozakhiwo ziphikiswa, umthetho ungaba indawo yempi lapho intuthuko ikhona khona ezindaweni ezithinta kakhulu imingcele. Lesi sihloko sihlola intuthuko engoko, izigwebo eziphambili, izigwegwegwegwe ezingokomlando, izinqunywe kakhulu, izibo eziqhubekayo zezentengo eziphambili, nezici eziqhubekayo zezezentengo yeze ngokomthetho engokomthetho.

Isisekelo Esingokomlando SoMthetho Wamalungelo Omphakathi

UMthetho - sisekelo Nesiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu

UMthetho-sisekelo we-United States, owagunyazwa ngo-1788, wamisa uhlelo lomthetho kahulumeni kodwa wabekwa umngcele onamandla ngokumiswa kwezigqila. [iSibalo samalungelo (iziphendulo zokuqala eziyishumi) zaqinisekisa isivikelo esiqondile njengenkululeko yokukhuluma, inkolo, nenhlangano, kanye kanye nesivikelo ekuphenyeni nasekudumazekeni okungacabangeli. Nokho, lamalungelo ayetholakala ekuqaleni kuphela kubantu abamhlophe, ababiza impahla. Izigqila zazibalwa njengabantu abathathu abanezinjongo zokumelela, futhi abantu babekhishwa kakhulu eqenjinini elingokomthetho. Kwakuthatha amakhulu amaningi eminyaka ukuzama ukuthuthukisa lesivikelo somthetho.

IsiHluvathi se-Fourteth , esagunyazwa ngo-1868, kwakuyisikhathi esichithwayo. Isivikelo Sesilinganiso sika Clause sasho ngokucacile ukuthi akukho mbuso “ongahlela noma yimuphi umuntu onegunya lawo lokuvikela imithetho.” Lenguquko yaba yindawo esemthethweni cishe kuyo yonke amalungelo esizwe alandela, kusukela esikoleni ekuncipheni isilinganiso somshado. Nokho isithembiso seSiphendulo se 145 seSiphendulo salulazwa ngokushesha yiNkanto engathi [[FLT:]] V. [18], eyasekela ukuhlanganiswa kwezinhlanga ngaphansi kwemfundiso “elinganayo].

Ukuvuselelwa Nokuphakama KukaJim Crow

Ngemva kweMpi Yangaphakathi, inkathi yokuvuselelwa kwesizwe (1865-1817) yabona ukudlula koMthetho we-Civil Rights wemithetho engu-1866 kanye nokusungulwa kwe-Freedmen’s Bureau, eyayihloselwe ukuvikela amalungelo ayisisekelo kubantu ababegqilaziwe ngaphambili. Kodwa ukuhoxa kwamabutho amabutho ahlangene aseNingizimu kwaholela ekwakhekeni okusheshayo kwemithetho yeBlabhulabhu futhi kamuva uJim Crow [[FLT:] kanye nokwakhiwa kwemithetho engokomthetho yezinhlanga ne-transchisement eyahlala cishe ekhulwini leminyaka. ULyning, intela yokuvota, ukuhlola ukufunda nokubhala, konke kwasekelwa yizinkantolo ze-U. Ezikhulu zezomthetho.

Izinqumo zeNkantolo Eyinhloko ezinjengethi Plessy v. Ferguson kanye uPalliams v. Mississippi (1898) wanikeza umthetho ngokomthetho kule mikhuba yokulawula. Amanani angokomthetho aqala ukuphenduka, ashukunyiswa yimpatho eqinile emaqembuni ahleliwe amalungelo abantu kanye nesibindi sabantu abavamile ababebeka ukuphila kwabo engozini ekuphikiseni imithetho engalungile.

Ukunqoba Okungokomthetho Okwashintsha Umphakathi

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Kulindeleke ukuba icala leNkantolo edumile kakhulu emlandweni waseMelika, Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo yaseTopeka yamemezela ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa ngokohlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi kwakungenakulinganiswa ngokwemvelo, igumbuqela imfundiso ye- kodwa iyalingana]. [FLT] Prevention v. Ferguson [[FLT]]] [isinqumo] [indlela] eyisiphetho secebo elingokomthetho elihlelwe [[FLT:]] [[4]] ACP] INgxobo yomthetho , eholwa yiSinkantolo Esiphakeme somthetho [T] esihle. Ukusebenza kwahlanganiswa nokwenqaba okukhulu nobudlova, kuhlanganise nezenzo zobudlova, okwakungabekwa isibonelo secala elingokomthetho embusweni yesizwe ekwahlulelene. [isibonelo secala elingokomthetho lokubusa isigaba secala sezemthetho.]

Uthando Virginia (1967)

Ibopha i-Virginia, iNkantolo ePhakeme ngazwi linye yawisa imithetho kahulumeni evimbela ukuganana kwezinhlanga. Icala lalethwa uRichard noMildred Long, umbhangqwana wezinhlanga ngezinhlanga ezazigwetshwe unyaka ejele ngaphansi koMthetho wobuhlanga kaVirginia. INkantolo yathi umshado uyilungelo eliyisisekelo futhi imingcele yezinhlanga yemithetho yomshado yaphula kokubili iSivikeli esilinganayo neSivumelwano soMnyango ka-Classiussss (Inqululo Yemithetho ye-Inethi Yesigqidiye. Lesi sinqumo asizange silahle nje kuphela isigwebo se-Vrinion . [FLT:]] i-octed Ex [FFF]]

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Eminyakeni engu-50 ngemva [INkantolo ePhakeme], futhi yandisa amalungelo omshado ("lesikhathi ku-sextheminst). Obergefell v. Hodges, iNkantolo yanquma ukuthi ilungelo eliyisisekelo lokushada liqinisekiswe imibhangqwana efanayo engaphezulu ngaphansi kwakho kokubili iMnyango Ka-Caltive neSivikeli sika-Clausdes. [5] Isinqumo sangomthetho [5] [564] sasiyimpumelelo engokomlando yeLBTQQ nemithetho engokwenhlalo, ibhintshonisa imithetho engaphezulu kweziyishumi nambili. Icala laliwumphumela wamashumi eminyaka yokungathwa komthetho [FLT] nenguquko engokomthetho, ngemva kokumelana kwezenqanda ukumelana kwezentengoso, izikhulu zeze zezenkolo.[FFF][5] [FFF] [FF] [FF: FT]

Bostock v. Clayton County (2020)

Muva nje, iNkantolo Ephakeme yanquma kubock v. Clayton County ukuthi iSihlomo VII soMthetho we-Civil Rights ka-1942 sivikela izisebenzi ekucwaseni okusekelwe ohlotsheni lwezici zocansi noma isimo sobulili. Isinqumo sachaza ukunqatshelwa kocalulo lobulili ukuhlanganisa ubulili, ukufundwa okwaphikiswa amashumi eminyaka. Isinqumo samelela ukwanda okukhulu kwesivikelo semisebenzi yeLBGTQ+ American futhi sabonisa ukuthi incazelo yemithetho ingaba yithuluzi lobulungisa bezenhlalo.

Izinselele Eziphikelelayo Esimisweni Esingokomthetho

Ubandlululo Olubangelwa Ukwakheka Kobuhlanga Nokuwohloka Kwesimiso

Naphezu kwalokhu kunqoba okuphawulekayo, isimiso somthetho siyaqhubeka siqhubekisela phambili ukungalingani okukhulu. I-United States inezinga eliphakeme kakhulu lokuboshwa emhlabeni, futhi ama-Black America avanjwe izikhathi ezingaphezu kwezinhlanu kwezinga lemithetho yabamhlophe, ngokwemithetho yokulawula inqubo. Le nqubo yokungalinganiswa akuzenzakaleli; iwumkhiqizo wemithetho engamashumi eminyaka enjengeMpi yezidakamizwa, imisho edindwayo ewumthetho, nemithetho emithathu ebambekayo egcwele abantu abamhlophe. Imikhuba yokukhomba imibala, kusukela ekunqanyulweni kwe-flueaflirs, iye yashaywa izinkantolo kwezinye izindawo kodwa ihlala ikhona. Inqubo engokomthetho ebusayo, ukuvinjelwa, ukugwetshwa, nokugwetshwa, nokugwetshwa kwecala, ngokuvamile okungenanzuzo ezindaweni zomphakathi noma izigwebo, ingenakubhekana nokubhekana nokuvikelwa kwecala.

Ukuboshwa kwabantu abaningi akubathinti nje abantu; kuphazamisa yonke imiphakathi, kususa amalungelo okuvota ezigidini zabantu ngemithetho yokulahla imithetho, futhi kwakha isigaba esingaphansi kwemithetho engokomthetho. Imizamo yokuguqula izinto, njenge - First Step Act ka - 2018, iye yenza intuthuko eqhubekayo, kodwa ushintsho lwesimiso ludinga okungaphezu kokuncitshiswa kwemithetho, futhi lufuna ukuhlolwa okuyisisekelo kwendlela isimiso sokwahlulela sobugebengu esiklanywa ngayo futhi sisebenzela umuntu.

Ukucindezelwa Kwegesi Engalawuleki Ekhulwini Lama - 21

Ilungelo lokuvota, okuthiwa livikelwe yiSichibiyelo seshumi elinesihlanu somthetho weSiphendulo neSivumelwano samalungelo sango-1965, zisalokhu zihlaselwa. Ngo-2013, isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme . iShelby County v. iHander[ yabulala iSahlulo 5 seSiqendu samaRouni Act, esasidingeziwa izifundayo ngomlando wobandlululo ukuze kutholakale ukuvunyelwa kwemithetho yokuvota. Isinqumo saleyo mithetho evimbelayo imingcele yevota, inciphisa amahora okuvota, ukuvota, nokuvala izindawo zokuhlola ezindaweni ezivamile. Lokhu kuboniswa ngokusho okugunyazwa “kwenkohliso,” naphezu kobufakazi obukhohlakale ukukhohlakala imingcele. Imithetho engokomthetho iyaqhubeka i-[Foctivel] ewusekela ngokulwa kwemigomo ye-Roctives. [Fod T]

Izithiyo Zezomnotho Zokwahlulela Ngobulungisa

Ukufinyelela ekumeleni okungokomthetho kuyisici esiyinhloko sobulungisa, kodwa izigidi zamaMelika azinakukwazi ukukhokha ummeli. Ezindabeni zomphakathi − njengokuxoshwa kwezingane, ukugcinwa kwezingane, ukuqoqwa kwezikweletu, nokufuduka − akukho lungelo lokumiswa kweseluleko. Umphumela uwukuthi abantu abathola imali ephansi babhekana namaqiniso ayinkimbinkimbi angokomthetho kuphela, ngokuvamile ngokumelene nabameli abameleli, abakweletwayo, noma izinhlangano zikahulumeni. Izinhlangano zokusiza ezisemthethweni, ezixhaswe ngemisebenzi ehlukene yeminikelo yentela kahulumeni neminikelo yangasese, zisebenza kuphela ingxenyana yalabo abasweleyo. INhlangano yezezimali esemthethweni [[FLT]] idinga ukukhonzwa kokwahlukene kweminyango engokomthetho, futhi ikhipha izimali ezingokomthetho ezidinga ukukhokhwasayo, futhi izinhlelo zomphakathi ezingokomthetho zokusizayo, kanye nezimfuneko zezezomthetho ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho.

Indima Yokulawula Nokuthatha Icala Ekulahleni Inqubo Engokomthetho

Izimpande Ezinomsuka Nethonya Lomphakathi

Ushintsho olungokomthetho aluvamile ukuvela endaweni ewubala; cishe njalo kwandulelwa ama-croot commons asebenzayo. Inhlangano yamaLungelo e-Civil Rights ye-1950 na 1960 esetshenziswayo, i-covil Rights Act of the 1950, inkululeko yokuhamba, ukucobelela, nokuhamba kabanzi ukuze kudonsele ukunakekela kwesizwe ekuhlukaniseni nasekuphatheni ngonya. Le zinhlangano zasungula umthetho wezombangazwe owezombangazwe owenzelwe umthetho wemithetho esemthethweni njenge-Civil Rights Act ka-19649 kanye ne-Voting Rights Act yalect ka-19656. Ngokufanayo, inhlangano yanamuhla yemiphakathi yaba nobudlova nempi yempi, iholela ekuthuthukiseni inguquko yezentengo zamaphoyisa, futhi iqhube izinhlangano zezemfundo yomphakathi.

Usizo Olungokomthetho Nomsebenzi We - proBono

Izinhlangano zosizo ezisemthethweni zinikeza i-Universe Poverty Law Center ebucayi ngokunikeza izinkonzo zomthetho ezisemthethweni zamahhala noma eziphansi kubantu abangakwazi ukukhokhela ummeli ozimele. Amaqembu anjenge- Service Servicess , i-Southern Poverty Law Center, ne-Innocence Project ifinyelele ukunqoba okuphawulekayo, kusukela ekulondolozeni indawo yokukhosela ababaleki ukuba bangenise iziboshwa eziboshweni ngokungafanele. Imizamo yokunikeza iziboshwa iziboshwa eziboshelwe ngecala. I-pronoo Serfectal Servey isiza igement yobulungisa, nakuba ilinganiselwe. Imboni yomthetho manje inezimfuneko ze-provo, nezikole zezemfundo ezinikeza abafundi imfundo evumela abafundi ukuba baqondiswe ngaphansi kokuqondisa. Le mizamo ayimane nje ifaka izinselele ngohlobo lomthetho; ifaka nemithetho engekhona.

Isidingo Esiqhubekayo Sokushintsha Kwesimiso

Ukungalingani komthetho kukodwa akukwazi ukuxazulula ukulingana kwezakhiwo. Abenzi bemithetho kumelwe bamise imithetho esingatha izimbangela eziyinhloko zokungabi nabulungisa, ubuhlanga, ukungafundi, nokungakhathalelwa kwezempilo. Izinguquko ezinjengokususa ibheyili yemali, ukususa ubumpofu, ukukhuphula umbango wobushiqela, ukwandisa amalungelo okuvota, nokufaka imali ezindaweni ezisekelwe emphakathini ekubekeni umthetho ezifuna ukuthatha isinyathelo sendawo, isifunda, nesigaba sombuso, namazinga ahlangene. Izinhlangano ezifana neProjekiti lezentestendis [ [[FLT]] ne-Brentalm] ye-crectivesss projecty yezomthetho, kanye ne-Brennan Center for Justicest comsting isho ukucwaninga, futhi izihlolo eziningi zezindawo zazo zikhonzwa yintuthuko, futhi zibuye zilwe emuva kwenani elivamile. Inhlangano liqediwe amalungelo esizukulwane ngasinye sezezezezezezezenzwe umsebenzi wokwahlulela.

Umbono Wezizwe Zonke Ngezenqubo Yomthetho Nobulungisa Bezenhlalo

ISimemezelo Somhlaba Wonke Samalungelo Abantu

Nakuba lesi sihloko sigxile ngokuyinhloko e-United States, izinqubo ezingokomthetho ezivikela amalungelo omphakathi zikhona emazweni amaningi nasezweni lonke. ISimemezelo somhlaba wonke samaLungelo angabantu (UDHR), esamukelwa yiZizwe Ezihlangene ngo-1948, simisa amalungelo ayisisekelo okufanele bonke ohulumeni bawasekele, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokuphila, inkululeko, nokulondeka; inkululeko ekuhlushweni nasebugqilini; ukulingana phambi komthetho; nelungelo lokuthola ikhambi elisebenzayo. Nakuba i-UDHR ingaboshiwe, iye yabangela izivumelwano zezizwe eziningi futhi yathonya imithetho yemithetho engokomthetho yezizwe eziningi. Nokho, ukugcinwa kwemithetho kuhlala kubuthakathaka. Izinkantolo zomhlaba wonke, njengeNkanto yezeNkantolo Yesizwe Yesizwe Yezomthetho Yesizwe (ICC) neNkakhulu Lesizwe, kungazwa izindaba kodwa kuncike kakhulu esizweni esizweni esisebenzela ukubambisana.

Izimiso Zezomthetho Eziqhathaniswayo

Amazwe ahlukene asebenzisa amalungelo omphakathi ngamasiko ahlukene. EUnited Kingdom, i-Human Rights Act ka-1998 yahlanganisa i-European Convention on Human Rights nomthetho wasekhaya, ivumela abantu ukuba baphikise ukuphulwa kwemithetho engokomthetho eUK. ICharter of Rights and Freedom yaseCanada iye yasetshenziselwa ukuphula imithetho ephula amalungelo elinganayo, kuhlanganise nokuvinjelwa komshado okukodwa kwezenkolo kanye nemithetho evimbela ukukhishwa kwesisu. I-South Africa idinga ukumiswa kwelungelo lezenhlalakahle nelezezomnotho, njengelungelo lezindlu, ukunakekelwa kwempilo nemfundo. Lezi zibonelo zibonisa ukuthi izimiso zomthetho zingaklanyelwa ukuvikelwa kwamaqembu ahluziwe, kodwa futhi zibonisa ukuthi amalungelo azimele: adinga ukugcinwa kwezehlulelwa, ukukhokhwana kweze umphakathi, ukukhokhwakhwa kweze umphakathi.

Isiphetho: UMthetho Njengomsebenzi Ophilayo

Ithonya lezinqubo ezingokomthetho elungelweni lomphakathi nasebulungiseni bezenhlalo alikho ngokomthetho noma aliphelele. Umlando ubonisa ukuthi nakuba izinqumo zezemfundo kanye nomthetho zingavula iminyango, zingaphinde zivalwe ngokukhipha imithetho elandelayo, ukushintsha kwezombangazwe, noma imizamo yamabomu yokuzilulaza. Ifa Brown v. I-Fooln iyinkimbinkimbi ngokuphikelela kwesikole; i-Voting Rights Act ka-6565 ikhutshwe i-S i-Exhunyiwe yiNkanto yeNkantolo Ephakeme; futhi isivikelo seSichibiyelo se-14th sincintiswa njalo. Nokho umthetho usale ungowodwa wamathuluzi onamandla kakhulu otholakalayo wokuqhubekela ubulungisa, futhi ubhiyondlale wonke umnyozongamelwa yi-gede. Inqubo yomthetho ayihambisani, kodwa uveza wonke umnyomboko womthetho, kodwa uveza wonke umphane wemvume womphakathi, kodwa uveza wonke, futhi umphandu womthetho, futhi useke wokwayo, noma useke wonke, useke wonke

Ekugcineni, umthetho uwukubonakaliswa komphakathi olawulwa yiwo. Uma sifuna isimiso somthetho esivikela ngempela amalungelo omphakathi futhi siqhubekisele phambili ubulungisa bezenhlalo, kumelwe silwele ukuwenza abe yiqiniso lowombono. Ukunqoba kwakudala kunikeza ipulani, kodwa izinselele zesidingo samanje sokusungula izinto, ukuphikelela, nokubambisana. Njengoba ummeli wamalungelo abantu uConstance Baker Motley ake wathi, “Isimiso somthetho singaphoqa iminyango, futhi ngezinye izikhathi siholele ngisho nakwabasha ababengakabikho ngaphambili.” Kubalulekile ngathi ngabanye ukuba bahambe kuleyo minyango futhi baqiniseke ukuthi bahlala bevulekele wonke umuntu.