Ithonya lezimiso zokuthutha zomphakathi ekuphileni kwansuku zonke likhulu futhi linezici eziningi, lithonya yonke into kusukela ezikhathini eziguquguqukayo kanye nakwemali esetshenziswa ekhaya kuya ezingeni elisesimweni esizungezile nasemphakathini. Lezi zinqubo azilawuli nje kuphela indlela izimiso zokuthutha ezisebenza ngayo − ziklama izakhiwo zokuphila zasedolobheni. Ukusuka ekubekeni izimali ezizokusiza ukuba ukufeza imithetho nezindawo zokutshala izimali, izinqumo ezenziwa abenzi bemithetho zithinta ngokuqondile ukutholakala, ukukhokha, ukuphumelela, nokuphumelela kokuthutha komphakathi izigidi zabantu. Ukuqonda lemiphumela kungasiza imiphakathi ukuba yenze izinqumo ezingoko okungokokuzihambela nokusebenza, ekugcineni kuholele ekufezekeni kwemithetho egciniwe, futhi kuqhubekiswe emadolobheni.

Ukuqonda Ukuthutha Komphakathi Kuyasimama

Izimiso zokuthutha zomphakathi zihlanganisa izinhlobonhlobo zezimiso, izinqumo ezixhaswa ngemali, namasu asebenzayo alawula ilungiselelo lezinkonzo zokuthutha. Lezinkambiso azivamile ukuba umphumela wesinqumo esisodwa; kunalokho, zivela ekuhlanganiseni okuyinkimbinkimbi kwezenzo zikahulumeni, zikahulumeni, zikahulumeni, kanye nezenzo zikahulumeni wendawo, kanye nokufakwa kwezinhlangano zezokuthutha, amaqembu okuphatha izikhundla, kanye nezingxenye zomphakathi. Isihluthulelo sihlanganisa:

  • Izindawo ezinikwa umphakathi wezimiso zokuthutha — Ukuhanjiswa kwamadollar entela, iziphakamiso, nezibopho kunquma izinga lenkonzo. Amadolobha angenisa imali eningi ekuthutheni avame ukubona ukugibela phezulu nokuminyana okuphansi.
  • Imithetho ezimweni zemali — i-Pricies enjengemali eyisicaba, i-pring esekelwe eqeleni, noma intengo esekelwe eholweni ithinta ngokuqondile ukukwazi ukuthenga nokugibela ihhashi. Izinhlelo zamafarethi akhululekile, ngokwesibonelo, zingandisa ukusetshenziswa ngokuphawulekayo phakathi kwemiphakathi ethola imali ephansi.
  • Ukufakwa kwezesisekelo — imizila yamabhasi enikezelwe, izindonga zesitimela ezilula, ukwakhiwa kwemigwaqo ehamba ngaphansi komhlaba, nokulungiswa kwempahla ekhona konke kwehlela ngaphansi kwezinqumo ezisetshenziswa ngesimiso. Izinga lale sisekelo linquma ukwethembeka nokuphepha.
  • Izindinganiso zokuthola abantu abakhubazekile — Imithetho efana ne-Melika enomthetho wokukhubazeka (ADA) igunyaza ukuba izimiso zokuthutha zifinyeleleke, kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela kuyahlukahluka kakhulu. I-Procies edlula izimfuneko ezingakhomba indawo egcwele.
  • amasu awe-operation — ukuphindaphinda inkonzo, amahora okusebenza, kanye nokuhlanganisa umzila konke kuthonywe ngokukhetha kwezimiso. Ngokwesibonelo, izimiso ezithi abahambi behora eliphakeme kakhulu bangashiya izisebenzi ezidingekayo zihamba ngamahora amanqamu.

Ngasinye salezi zici sifeza indima ebalulekile ekunqumeni ukuthi isimiso sokuthutha somphakathi sihlangabezana ngokuphumelelayo kanjani nezidingo zabasisebenzisayo. Izimiso eziklanywe ngokungezona ezingaholela ekuziphatheni ngokungetheki, ezingathembeki, kuyilapho izimiso ezicatshangelwe kahle zingaguqula ukunyakaza nokungalingani kokuphila.

Izinzuzo Zokuhamba Komphakathi Okuphumelelayo

Izimiso zokuhamba zomphakathi eziphumelelayo zingazuzisa abantu nemiphakathi, zidlulela ngalé kokulula ukuze zihlanganise izinzuzo zezomnotho, zendawo ezungezile, nezenhlalo ezitholakala kuzo zonke izici zokuphila kwansuku zonke.

Ukuncishiswa Kwezimoto

Ngokunikeza izindlela ezinokwethenjelwa zokushayela, ukuthutha komphakathi kunganciphisa kakhulu inani lezimoto emgwaqweni. Ngokwe-American Public Transportation Association (APTA), ibhasi elilodwa elingamasondo angu-40 lingathatha indawo yezimoto ezingu-40 emgwaqweni omkhulu, futhi isitimela esigcwele singasusa ezinye eziningi kakhulu. Lokhu kuncishiswa kwezimoto kusho izikhathi ezimfushane zokuhamba kuwo wonke umuntu, kuhlanganise nalabo abasashayela. I-Policies efaka ibhasi elihamba ngokushesha (BRT) noma amaphasishi anikezelweyo ingaphumelela kakhulu ekugabeni izimoto phakathi namahora amaningi.

Ukulondolozwa Kwendawo Ezungezile

Ukuthutha komphakathi ngokuvamile kungumsebenzi owengeziwe futhi kuveza igesi ekhilomitha elimbalwa kakhulu kunyakazo olingana nemoto yabagibeli. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) iphawula ukuthi ukuthutha komphakathi kukhipha icarbon dioxide engaphansi kwezimoto ezizimele. Uma kuhlangene namabhasi asebenza ngogesi nezitimela, izinzuzo zendawo ezungezile zingaphezulu kakhulu. Abenzi bezimiso zokulungisa ukuthutha nokuvuselela amandla emisebenzi ye-carbon print.

Ukuphumelela Kwezomnotho

Izindlela zokuthutha zomphakathi ezingcono zithuthukisa ukufinyelela imisebenzi, imfundo, nezinkonzo ezibalulekile − ikakhulukazi kubantu abahlawulwa kancane. Izindleko zokuba nemoto nokuyisebenzisa zingadla ingxenye enkulu yemali esetshenziswayo yasekhaya, kuyilapho ukudlula kuvame ukushibhile kakhulu. Emadolobheni amaningi, izinhlelo zokuthuthukisa ukuthuthuka kwezomnotho ziye zakhuthaza ukuheha amabhizinisi nenani lempahla eyandayo eduze neziteshi zezokuthutha. Lokhu kwakha umjikelezo omuhle: ukuthutha okungcono kuholela emsebenzini wezentengiselwano, okwenza inzuzo engcono ekwandiseni imoto.

Ukulingana Kwezenhlalo

Izimiso zokuthutha ezihlelwe kahle zingavala igebe phakathi kwamaqembu ahlukene ezenhlalo nezomnotho, zikhuthaza ukungavumelani. Izikhulu eziqinisekisa ukuhlanganiswa kwenkonzo ezindaweni ezigciniwe, zinikeza abagibeli abagugile nabakhubazekile imali enciphile, futhi zihlanganisa izinkonzo ze-paratransit zisiza ekulingeni inkundla yokudlala. Emadolobheni anjenge London ne Tokyo, imishini emikhulu yokuthutha ibhekwa njengenzuzo yomphakathi eyenza ukuba uhambe kahle. Ngaphandle kwezimiso ezivamile, i-trantellings ingaqinisa ukulingana okukhona uma imizila ecebile ithanda izindawo ezingenisa imali ephansi.

Izinzuzo Zempilo Nokulondeka

Ukuthutha komphakathi futhi kunengxenye empilweni yomphakathi ngokukhuthaza ukuvivinya umzimba (ukuya nokusuka ezitobhini zokuthutha) nokunciphisa ukungcola komoya. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuphahlazeka kwezimoto kunciphe ikhilomitha elihambayo kubantu abahamba ngemoto kunasezimotweni. Izikhulu ezithuthukisa ukukhanya nokulondeka ekuthuthweni zimisa ukuphepha okwengeziwe, zenza ukuthutha umphakathi kube yikho okungcono kubo bonke abantu abahlala ndawonye, kuhlanganise nabantu abangavikelekile njengabesifazane nasebekhulile.

Izinselele Zokuhamba Komphakathi

Naphezu kwezinzuzo ezicacile, izimiso zokuhamba zomphakathi ngokuvamile zibhekana nezithiyo ezinkulu.Ukuqonda lezi zinselele kubalulekile ekuxazululeni izixazululo eziyomelana nezingcindezi zezombangazwe nezezomnotho.

Ukusekela Izimali

Izimiso eziningi zokuthutha zilwa nemali elinganiselwe, ukuhlohla izindleko zenkonzo, ukuhlanganisa, nokulungisa. Imali engenisa imali ayivamile ukuhlanganisa izindleko zokusebenza; izinhlelo eziningi zithembele ekusekeleni imali kahulumeni, ezingase zithonywe yizifiso zezombangazwe. I- Institute for Traffic and Development Policy (ITDP) iqokomisa ukuthi amadolobha amaningi emazweni asathuthukayo anikele ngaphansi kwe-1% ye-GDP yawo ekuthutheni umphakathi, kude kakhulu kunesidingo. Ngisho nasemazweni acebile, isakhiwo sokuguga sidinga izigidi zezigidi zezigidi ekunakekeleni i-transportary, inse evame ukungagcinwa ngenxa yokuhlela imali.

Ukumelana Nezombangazwe

Ukushintshwa kwezimiso zokuthutha zomphakathi kungaphikiswa abaxhasi bezindawo ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise namabhizinisi endawo, abanikazi bamakhaya, nezakhamuzi. Ngokwesibonelo, iziphakamiso zemizila yebhasi entsha noma imigqa yesitimela zingavalwa imiphakathi ekhathazekile ngomsindo, ukuphazamiseka, noma izinguquko ezindinganisweni zempahla. I-NIMBYY (Ngena eBackyard) ingamandla amakhulu angabambezela noma anciphe izakhiwo zokuthutha eziyingozi. Abaphathi-makethili kumelwe basebenzise lezindlela ngokucophelela, ngokuvamile bangene ekwakheni okukhulu komphakathi futhi bahlehlise.

Isimiso Esiwukuwohloka

Ukuguga kungaphazamisa ukuphumelela kwezimiso zokuthutha zomphakathi, okuholela ekulibaziseni, ekuncipheni kwentelekelelo, nezimo ezingalondekile. Izimiso eziningi ezihamba ngaphansi komhlaba e-United States naseYurophu zakhiwa eminyakeni engaphezu kwekhulu edlule futhi zidinga ukunakwa njalo. INhlangano yaseMelika ye-Civil Enginegers (ASCE) njalo inikeza isakhiwo sezethutho i-D+ credium, iphawula ukuthi ingxenye enkulu yempahla isesimweni esibi. Ukubuyiselwa nokusetshenziswa kwesimanje kudinga ukugcinwa kwemali enkulu okunzima ukugcinwa.

Ukushintsha Izibalo Nezindlela Zomsebenzi

Ukushintsha kwenani labantu, izimo zomsebenzi ezikude, kanye nezinguquko endleleni yokuziphatha kungathinta isidingo sokuthuthwa komphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, umqedazwe we-COVOID-19, ukunciphisa kakhulu ukuhamba kwehhashi nezinhlangano eziphoqelelwe ukuba ziphinde zicabange ngezindlela zokusebenza. Ezinye izindawo zasemadolobheni ezazinakekelwa kahle yisitimela esihambayo manje zibona isidingo sehlayo njengoba izisebenzi zihlala ekhaya. Ngokuhlukile, izisekelo ezikhulayo zasedolobheni zidinga inkonzo ephindaphindiwe nevumelana nezimo. I-Policie kumelwe ukuba ishesha ukuzivumelanisa nalezi zinguquko, ezinikeza inselele emijikelezweni emide yokuhlela izinhlangano zezokuthutha.

Ukubusa Okuhlukahlukene

Emadolobheni amaningi, izinhlangano eziningi zengamela izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuthutha `amabhuzi, izitimela ezilula, izitimela ezihamba ngaphansi komhlaba, izitimela ezihambayo/ezingenawo umzimba owodwa. Lokhu kuhlukana kungaholela ekungeneni komzimba, njengokungahlangani kwamathikithi, ukuthutha okungasheshiwe, nokuthunyelwa ngezikhathi eziqinile. Izimiso ezisebenzayo zidinga ukubambisana kwezindawo, okuvame ukuba kube nzima ukufinyelela. Izibonelo zokuhlangana okuphumelelayo, njengendlela yokuthutha yaseLondon, zibonisa izinzuzo zokusebenzisa i-athonsi ehlangene.

Indima Yobuchwepheshe Ekuthutheni Komphakathi

Ubuchwepheshe bufeza indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekulolongeni izimiso zokuthutha zomphakathi nasekuthuthukiseni ukuphila kwansuku zonke. Kusukela ezimisweni zangempela zokwaziswa kuya ekubikezeleni i-alytics, intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe inikeza amathuluzi okuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle, ukuphepha, nolwazi lomsebenzi.

Ukulandelela nolwazi lwangempela lwesikhathi

Ama-apps e-FS kanye nobuchwepheshe be-GPS kuvumela abagibeli ukuba balandele amabhasi nezitimela ngesikhathi sangempela, kunciphise ukungaqiniseki futhi balinde izikhathi. Izinhlangano ezigunyaza ukuba kuvele izinqubo zemininingwane zikwazi ukwenza abathuthukisi bemininingwane abayingxenye yesithathu yokusebenzisa imishini yocingo. Lokhu kubonakala kwakha ukwethembana futhi kukhuthaze ukugibela. Amadolobheni afana neHelsinki athathe ukwaziswa okuthuthwayo kwaba umphumela omkhulu.

Izimiso Zokubhatala Ezihlakaniphile

Izinketho zokukhokha ngaphandle kokuxhumana, njengamakhadi okukhokha ngesikweleti kampompo kanye nezikhwama zemali ezihambayo, iqoqo lemali. Izimiso zemali yemali ebhayisekile ezisebenza ezindleleni eziningi (ibhasi, isitimela, izithuba zabhayisekili) zenza uhambo lungabi namthuthi. Ikhadi le-EZ-Link nekhadi le-Oyster lase-London yizibonelo zokuphayona. I-Policies enciphisa imingcele yokungena kwabagibeli bezikhathi ezithile nezivakashi.

Ukuchaza Nokuqiniseka

Izinhlangano zokudlulisa zingahlaziya ukwaziswa kohambo lokugibela ukuze kwenziwe kube lula indlela, ukuhlela ukushaya kwezwi, nokuhlela ukufunwa kwesikhathi esizayo. Imishini yokufundela amagesi ingabikezela ukulibala futhi isikisele enye indlela yokuyithutha. Ngokwesibonelo, iLos Angeles Metro isebenzisa ukwaziswa okuvela ku-GPS namakhadi okuthenga ezimisweni zebhasi eziphambili. Abenzi bemithetho abatshala imali ezikoleni zemininingwane benza ukuba imishini engcono ikwazi ukuyisebenzisa ngaphandle kokwandisa imali eshisiwe.

Ukuxhumana Namanye Amahlelo

Ubuchwepheshe busiza ukuxhumana okungenamsoco phakathi kwezokuthutha zomphakathi nezinye izindlela zokuhamba, njengokugibela, ukuhanjwa, nokuhamba okuncane. Izindawo zobuteshi zivumela abasebenzisi ukuba bahlele, babhale incwadi, futhi bakhokhele izindlela eziningi embusweni owodwa. I-policies ekhuthaza ukuhlanganiswa okunjalo [1] ngokwesibonelo, ifuna ukuba izinkampani ezihambayo zihlangane ngemininingwane nezinhlangano ze-travet-havity ukuze zikwazi ukwabelana ngemininingwane ye-i-i-Sces /-can'wea i-cesssss shortivements.

Izindlela Zokuzivikela Ezimweni Ezizimele Nezobuchwepheshe Besikhathi Esizayo

Lapho kusavela, umkhumbi-mkhathi ozimele namabhasi kungabuyisela izindleko zomphakathi ngokunciphisa izindleko zezisebenzi futhi kusize ekusebenzeni. Nokho, izinqubo kumelwe zikhulume ngokuphepha, ukubopha, nokungaguquguquki. Abashayeli bakuqala emadolobheni anjenge Las Vegas neSingapore banikeza izifundo zokuthunyelwa kwesikhathi esizayo. Abaphathi-mthetho badinga ukuhlala benolwazi ngentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe ukuze bavumelane nemithetho evumelana nemithetho.

Ukuhlola Inqubo Yokuthutha Yomphakathi Ephumelelayo

Ukuhlola izibonelo zangempela zezwe kuyasiza ekuboniseni indlela izimiso ezinengqondo ezingaguqula ngayo ukuphila kwansuku zonke. Amadolobha amaningana emhlabeni wonke aye asebenzisa izimiso zokuthutha zomphakathi eziphumelelayo ezisebenza njengezibonelo kwabanye.

ICuritiba, eBrazil

ICuritiba idume ngokuthutha kwayo ibhasi okusheshayo okusheshayo (BRT), okwaqala ngawo-1970. Izimiso zedolobha zihlangene nokuthutha nokuhlela umhlaba, ukwenza amaphasishi lapho ukukhula okuphezulu kwakhuthazwa khona. Iziteshi zeTube ezibukeke kahle ezinemali yangaphambi kwebhodi ziqinisekisa ukuqoqwa kwemali ethunyelwayo ukugibela ngokushesha nokukhanyisela. Ngenxa yalokho, iCuriba inciphisa ukuminyana kwezimoto nokunikezwa izindlela zokuthutha, kanye nezingakhokhwama ezingaphezu kwekhulu ezisebenzisa i-BRTS system system. Indlela yedolobha iye yakhuthaza imisebenzi yeBRT emhlabeni wonke, kuhlanganise nasemadolobheni anjengeBogotá ne Guangzounce.

I - Amsterdam, eNetherlands

Indlela yokusebenza ye-Amsterdam ehlangene ihlela ukugibela ibhayisekili nokuthutha umphakathi phezu kwezimoto ezizimele. Leli dolobha liye lafaka imali eningi kakhulu ezisekelweni zebhayisekili − ukunikezela imizila, ukupaka ibhayisekili, nezimpawu zezimoto (nezibhayisekili) ezihlangene nezitimele nezimoto. I-Policies ivimbela ukungena kwemoto phakathi kwedolobha ngezindleko zokupaka izimoto nangamacala okukhokhelwayo. Leli cebo lenziwe i-Amsterdam elinye lamadolobha ahamba ngebhayisekili elingcono kakhulu emhlabeni wonke kuyilapho ligcina umphakathi uhamba kahle.

Portland, Oregon

Isibopho eside sePortland sokuthatha indawo ehambayo ethuthukiswayo (TOD) kanye nokwanda kwenjanja elula kuye kwathuthukisa kakhulu ukutholakala. I-Regional Transportation Plan (RTP) ihlela ukusetshenziswa kwendawo eseduze kwezindawo zokuthutha. Isimiso sedolobha se-MAX Light Rail, sihlangene nezinkonzo zamabhasi, sinciphisa ukuncika izimoto. IPortland yasungula futhi ukusetshenziswa komngcele okhulayo ukuze ube nedoloba eline, okwenza ukuthutha kube ngcono kakhulu. Lemithetho iye yanezela eqophelweni eliphezulu lokuphila kanye nasenyaweni eliphansi le carbon print uma kuqhathaniswa namanye amadolobha.

Singapore

Isimiso sokuthutha somphakathi saseSingapore siyisibonelo sempumelelo nokuhlangana. ILand Transport Authority (LTA) iqondisa amabhasi nezitimela ngaphansi kwesimiso esinobunye, isebenzisa ikhadi elilodwa lokuhamba ngaphandle kokusebenzisa imoto (EZ-Mxhumano), i-Policies ihlanganisa ukutshala okukhulu ekunwetshweni kwesitimela, iprigmigrance (Indlela yomgwaqo ebanzi), kanye nokuvinjelwa kokuphatha imoto ngentela ephakeme nangemikhawulo. Umphumela ungenye yezimiso zokuhamba ezithembekile nezingakhokhwa, ngemishini ephezulu yesitimela nangendlela ephansi. Indlela yeSingapore ibonisa indlela ukwakheka kwezimiso ezibanzi okungabangela ngayo ukuhamba ngeminyakaza.

ILondon, e - United Kingdom

Inhlangano yeLondon’s Transport for London (TfL) yaguqula ukuhanjiswa komphakathi ngokuhlanganisa amathikithi, ikhadi le-Oyster, ne-Congesion Power. I-Pricies enjenge-Ultra Low Eugraise Zone (ULEZ) iqhubeke isebenzisa i-centivize. ILondon futhi yafakwa emikhankasweni emikhulu yezezisekelo njenge Crossromyal (ilayini ye-Elizabeth) ukuze yandise amandla. Lemikhankaso iye yanciphisa imoto, yathuthukisa izinga le-asemoyeni, futhi yenza ukuba umphakathi ube nokhetho lokuqala lwezizigidi ngosuku.

Isiphetho

Ekuphetheni, izinhlelo zokuthutha zomphakathi zinethonya elikhulu nelihlala njalo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Ngokuqonda izinzuzo zokwenza ukuminyana, ukulondolozwa kwendawo ezungezile, ukutholakala kwezomnotho, kanye nenhlalo yezenhlalo, kanye nezinselele zokuxhasa imali, ezombangazwe, nezakhiwo zezakhiwo, imiphakathi ingasebenza ekusunguleni izimiso zokuthutha eziphumelelayo. Intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe inikeza amathuluzi anamandla okuthuthukisa nokuhlanganisa ukuphila kwansuku zonke. Isihluthulelo asikho ekwakheni nje izakhiwo eziqinile. Njengoba amadolobha eqhubeka ekhula futhi ebhekana nezingcindezi ezimbaxa zoshintsho lwesimo sezulu nokwakhiwa kwezindawo zasedolobheni, ukuthutha umphakathi ngezimiso ezingcono kakhulu, kodwa kusekuthuthukisweni okungcono kokuphila.