Ukukhetha Kwakho Ukukhokha Nethonya Lakho Elihlala Njalo Ngamalungelo Abafuduki

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwesivikelo somthetho-mthetho-sisekelo sikahulumeni kanye negunya lesigungu sokufuduka kuye kwaba yinkundla encintiswaneni kumthetho waseMelika. Emnyombweni wale njongo kusekhona imfundiso ekhetha ukuhlanganiswa , inqubo engokomthetho eye yandisa amalungelo ayisisekelo avela ku-Bill of Rights ukuya kuhulumeni ohulumeni ngeSigqi seSigqi seSigqi sonyaka seSimiso. Abafuduki, abanesimo sabo ngokuvamile sibabeka enqamlezini zombuso wezwe nombuso, abakhethayo baye bafaka isiqinisekiso esibucayi sokumelana nokuphathwa ngokungenamthetho wediski nomthetho womthetho. Ukuqonda lemfundiso kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela umthetho wanamuhla wokuvimbela ukuthunyelwa kohulumeni ngenkululeko, nendlela izinkantolo eziye zakha isisekelo sokuvikela abantu ngabanye abaphakathi kwesizwe, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izakhamuzi ze-United States.

Isisekelo Sokukhetha

Ukufakwa kwalokhu kukhula akuwona umthetho owodwa kodwa imfundiso yokwahlulela eyasungulwa emashumini amaningi eminyaka ngesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme. Yavela ekuqapheleni ukuthi iBill of Rights, ekuqaleni yayihloselwe ukulinganisela amandla kahulumeni kuphela, kufanele icindezele ohulumeni bamazwe. Imoto yalokhu kwandiswa yi- Fiorteenth IsiHluleki [[[FLLD:1]], egunyazwe ngo-1868, enqabela ukuncisha noma yimuphi umuntu wokuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho futhi iqinisekisa isivikelo esifanayo ngaphansi komthetho. Nge-Cections Procectives Claus, iNkanto ekhethekile yeMicimbiso yeMibuso yelungelo, enquma ukuthi amalungelo abaluleke kangakanani kuyo yonke indawo esizwe.

Isenzakalo Esingokomlando Sokungavumelani

Le nqubo yaqala ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili leminyaka. Getlow v. eNew York [1925], iNkantolo Ephakeme yasikisela ukuthi iSichibiyelo Sokuqala senkululeko yokukhuluma sasetshenziswa ezizweni. Emashumini eminyaka alandelayo, iNkantolo efaka amalungelo asetshenziswayo ngomunye nomunye: inkululeko yokunyathelisa, ilungelo lokuhlangana ngokuthula, isivikelo ekuphenyeni okungacabangeliyo nasekuqulekeni, ilungelo lokuzinikeza iseluleko, kanye nelungelo lokumelana nokuzibeka ngokwayo, phakathi kwezinye izigaba. Maphakathi nekhulu leminyaka alandelayo, eziningi zenqubo yobugebengu yayisetshenziswa eSikhungweni samaLungelo. Lokhu kunikeza igama elingakhethi igama layo: iNkathi imvume ngayinye futhi inqume ukuthi ingubomuntuthulelo noma ibalulekile.

Lemfundiso isekelwe ekuchazeni okubalulekile kweSichibiyelo se-Actry Programme ye 14th Claus. Kunokuba isebenzise ingqikithi ehlanganisiwe .Kuyokusetshenziswa iBill of Rights Councillas − iNkantolo yakhetha indlela yecala ngezicathulo. Lokhu kwayivumela ukuba ilinganise isidingo sokufana kwamalungelo ayisisekelo ngokuphathelene nenkululeko kahulumeni yokuzimela. Kumthetho wokufuduka, lokhu kulinganisela kubucayi ikakhulukazi ngoba uhulumeni wezwe unegunya elibanzi lokufuduka, kodwa abafuduki baphila futhi basebenzelana nohulumeni nsuku zonke. Ngakho ukukhetha inkantolo kuye kwaba yithuluzi lokuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuvimbela isivikelo sikahulumeni noma ukubeka izindinganiso zabo zobulungisa obungezona ezingokomthetho.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nane Njengesivikelo Kwabafuduki

Ulimi lweSichibiyelo seshumi nane seSichibiyelo se-Grandment lubalulekile. Ikhuluma ngomuntu noma isiphi isinye isakhamuzi, hhayi noma isiphi. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukufakwa kwezigwebo kuye kwaba yisisekelo sokuthuthukisa isivikelo somthetho-mfantu kubantu abavela kwamanye amazwe. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaphikelela ikholelwa ukuthi i-Sect Programme ne-Ecuteal Protection Classitect Claussss isebenza kubo bonke abantu abakhona ngokoqobo eUnited States, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bakhona kusiphi isimo sokufuduka kwabo. Ukukhetha, ngokubopha, kuye kwaveza isisekelo samalungelo okungenakuphikiswana ezweni. Lesi simiso siye sahlolwa kaningi ezimweni ezihilela ukufinyelela imfundo, ukuvikela abafudukiswe ekuhlanganyeleni nezenzo zokugcinwa kwemithetho.

Inqubo Efanele: Idwala Lobulungisa

ISichibiyelo se-FLT se-F5th siqinisekisa ukuthi akekho umuntu ozoncishwa ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho. Ngokukhetha, lesi siqinisekiso sidlulela ezinzweni zokulwa nabafuduki. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqinisekisa ukuthi abantu abangabhekeni nokudingiswa banelungelo lokuvikelwa isivikelo sobuzwe, kuhlanganise nokuqaphela amacala, ithuba lokuveza ubufakazi, nelungelo lokumelelwa ngeseluleko. Nakuba ilungelo elimisiwe lingafakwanga ngokugcwele ekuthuthweni kwezokufuduka komphakathi, inqubo ebanzi evimbela ukuxoshwa kwabantu ngabanye ngaphandle kwezimiso ezilungile.

Izinqumo zophawu lwezwe ziye zaqinisa lezi sivikelo. ku-Mathews v. Diaz (1976], iNkantolo yaqaphela ukuthi abafuduki banelungelo lenqubo efanelekile ngisho nalapho uMkhandlu unegunya elikhulu enkambisweni yokufuduka. INkantolo yamisa ukuhlolwa okulinganiselayo okulinganisela isithakazelo somuntu siqu esithintekayo, ingozi yokuncishwa okunganembile ngaphansi kwenqubo yamanje, nesithakazelo sikahulumeni. Le nqubo iye yasetshenziswa ekunyanzeni inqubo yezentengiselwano yezokufuduka ezindaweni ezithile, ifuna ukuba kunikezwe izikhungo eziqinile ngaphambi kokuba kwenziwe izenzo ezimbi ezimelene nabangebonakakhulu. Isibonelo, uma amazwe ezama ukuphika amalayisensense noma amalayisense asekelwe ezinkantolo ezingokokuhlalweni zokufuduko, ihlola noma inqubo enjalo engokomthetho yokuthutha abantu abavela kwamanye amazwe.

Isivikelo Esilinganayo: Qaphela Ukubandlululwa

IsiHluzi se-Forenth ithuluzi elinamandla le-Felt Protection Claus eyinselele ekubekeni imithetho kahulumeni yokulahla izifiki. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yasebenzisa ukuhlolwa okuqinile kwemithetho esekelwe ekuhlukani ngokwezinga lombuso, okusho ukuthi imithetho enjalo kumelwe ifeze isithakazelo sikahulumeni futhi ilungiselelwe ngokulinganiselwe ukufinyelela lesosithakazelo. Lendinganiso ekhudlekayo ibonisa umbono weNkanto eyenzeka eNkantolo ukuthi abafuduki bafanelwe yiqembu elivikelekile elifanelekele ekuhloni uhulumeni.

Elinye lamacala okuvikela abaluleke kakhulu yi- Plyler v. Doe (19982]], lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme yashaya umthetho waseTexas owenqabayo ukunikeza imfundo yomphakathi yamahhala abantwana abangabhalwanga. INkantolo yathi umthetho waphula umthetho oHlasela i-Fequence Cometic Claus ngenxa yokuthi wabeka ukuphila kwabo konke kubantwana abangenacala okusekelwe ekuziphatheni kwabo kokufuduka. Nakuba iNkantolo ingazange isebenzise ipendule i-kathalo, yasebenzisa indlela ekhudlwanayo yokuhlola, yathola ukuthi umbuso awunalo ukulungela okukhulu lelothuba lokungalela imfundo. Lesi sinqumo sihlala siyitshe lemfanelo yokukhetha amalungelo abafuduleki abavela kwamanye amazwe futhi sibonisa indlela yokuzinga kahle kwezelele inqubo ye-enjine ye-ebhulikingpringment engayishaya ngenye indlela engayigcina imithetho ehlukene.

Ukufuduka Okukhethayo

Ukuhileleka koMbuso ekuqikelweni kwezokufuduka kuye kwakhula kakhulu emashumini eminyaka amuva. Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zamisa imithetho ehloselwe ukuvimbela ukufuduka okungekho semthethweni ngezimfuneko zemisebenzi, imingcele yezindlu, nokubambisana neziphathimandla ze-ovant jogal. Ukukhetha ukuthunyelwa kwabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe kuye kwabeka imingcele ebalulekile kule mizamo, kuqinisekisa ukuthi izenzo zokuqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho awuwephuli amalungelo omthetho abafuduki.

Ilungelo Leseluleko Ezweni Liyaqhubeka

ISichibiyelo se- seSixtixth siqinisekisa ilungelo lokululeka ekumangalelweni kobugebengu, futhi lelilungelo liye lafakwa ngokumelene nemibuso. Nakuba ukudingiswa kungumthetho womphakathi, hhayi ubugebengu, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela ukuthi ukuboshwa nokususwa kungaba nemiphumela emibi kakhulu kubanga khona. [[FLT:] Padilla v.[[FLT][FLY]] [[FLT]] [2010], iNkantolo ilindele ukuba iSiphendulo seSibo sesithupha sifune abameli bobugebengu ukuba batshele abangayiphathisi ngemiphumela yokufuduka. Lesi sinqumo sinwe esiwusizo ekusizeni iseluleko esithinta ngokuqondile abafuduki, ukuhlanganisa ubugebengu ukuze baphumele ekuthuthweni kwezwe embusweni kwezwezwezwezwezwezwe lizwe linye. Ize inkantolo manje iqinisekise ukuthi izinhlangano zobugebengu ezivela kwamanye amazwe ezihlala kwamanye amazwe ukuba zibone ukuthi amacala abenzi abavelangamele izivumelwano zezomthetho.

Isivikelo Ekucwaningeni Okungenangqondo

ISichibiyelo se-FLT seSiphendulo sesizwe sodwa sivikela ekufuneni okungacabangeliyo nasekuqulekeni, futhi siye safakwa ngokumelene nezifundazwe. Lokhu kuvikela kuyanzima uma umbuso nomthetho wendawo usebenza imisebenzi ehlobene nokufuduka. INkantolo Ephakeme iphethe ukuthi uhlanga noma imvelaphi yesizwe iyodwa ayinakuthethelela ukumiswa noma ukuboshwa, futhi ukuvalelwa isikhathi eside okusekelwe ekuthuthweni kokufuduka kudinga ukusolwa. Izikhulu zikahulumeni ezihlanganyela ekunyanzelweni kokufuduka kumelwe zivumelane nezindinganiso zeSiphendulo sesine, ziqinisekise ukuthi abafuduki abavela kwamanye amazwe abangehlelwangalawulwa yimida noma ukuphenywa. Ngakho i-Pugation ibeke imingcele yomthetho engokomthetho ehlangene neziphathimandlani bokuthutha.

Inkululeko Yokukhuluma Neyokuzihlanganisa Nabanye

ISichibiyelo sokuqala [ sihlanganisiwe ngokugcwele ngokomthetho wenkulumo, ukuhlangana, nokuhlangana. Lezi sivikelo zidlulela kwabafuduki, kuhlanganise nalezo ezingenaso isikhundla esingokomthetho. Abafuduki banelungelo lokuhlanganyela ekuthatheni isigaba sezombangazwe sokuzimela, bajoyina izinhlangano zomphakathi, futhi bakhulume ngemithetho yokufuduka ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuphindisela kombuso. Uma amazwe eye azama ukujezisa amalungelo abafuduki noma abekela imingcele ikhono labangewona ama-friczen ukuze bahlanganyele emsebenzini ochazayo, izinkantolo ziye zangenela ukusekela isivikelo sokuqala seSichibiyelo. Isibonelo, imithetho iyokwenza ukuba ukuba ukuba khona nje noma ukukhuthaza ukuphindwa kwenkulumo esekelwe ekuhlolweni kokuqala kungene.

Izinqumo Eziyinhloko ZeNkantolo Ephakeme Ezenza Amalungelo Abafuduki Ancishiswe

Izenzakalo eziningana eziphawulekayo zibonisa indlela ukuzihlanganisa ngokukhetha okuye kwayithonya ngayo ngokuqondile indlela engokomthetho yabafuduki.

Yick Wo v. Hopkins (1886)

Nakuba inqunywe ngaphambi kwenkathi yanamuhla yokuhlanganisa, Yick Wo wabeka isibonelo esibalulekile. INkantolo Ephakeme yathi iSivikelo sika-Claus sisebenza kubo bonke abantu, hhayi nje izakhamuzi. Icala elihilela umthetho weSan Francisco owawusetshenziswa ngendlela yobushiqela ngokumelene nabafuduki baseChina abahamba ngokuyaluza. INkantolo yathola ukuthi ukuqondisa komthetho kwephula iSiphendulo seshumi nane. Lesi simiso (8) esithi asikwazi ukubeka imithetho engakhethi obungathathi hlangothini kubantu abavela kwamanye amazwe ngobuso.

Plyler v. Doe (1982)

Njengoba kuxoxwe, Plyler yawisa umthetho kahulumeni ophika ukuba izingane zifunde mahhala. INkantolo yagcizelela ubumsulwa bezingane nokulimala okuhlala njalo kokwenqaba imfundo. Nakuba isinqumo singalixazululanga ngokugcwele izinga lokuhlola wonke imithetho yezwe ehlasela abafuduki, yasungula ukuthi kumelwe kube nokulunga okukhulu kokususa okungabalulekile ezinzuzoni zomphakathi. Plyler u-P] u-Plyler [[FLT]] ubonisa indlela ukusetshenziswa ngokukhetha ngokungakhethi kwayo yonke imithetho ye-Grefectivedment engagwema ngayo lapho befaka imithwalo yemithetho eqinile kubantu abasengozini.

Padilla v. Kentucky (2010)

Lesi sinqumo sahlobanisa ngokuqondile ilungelo elifakwayo leseluleko sokuthutha. Inkantolo yanquma ukuthi iSichibiyelo seSihla sesithupha sidinga abameli bezelele ukuba bacebise amakhasimende abangakhonzi ngezingozi zokuxoshwa kwesicelo esinecala. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi abafuduki abaphucwe inkululeko ngokwehluleka komthetho futhi ukuthi icala lomthetho lihlonipha amalungelo abantu abangewona ama-otizen. Isinqumo siye saba nethonya elikhulu endleleni abalweli bomphakathi nabelulekwa ngayo amacala abantu abavela kwamanye amazwe.

E - Arizona v. United States (202)

Kulelicala elikhulu lokufa, iNkantolo Ephakeme yakhipha amalungiselelo amaningana e-S.B. 1070, umthetho kahulumeni oklanyelwe ukuvimbela ukufuduka okungekho semthethweni. Nakuba icala ngokuyinhloko liguqulelwe ekukhululweni kwezwe kwamalungelo esizwe awenqabe umthetho kahulumeni wokufuduka. Inkantolo yaqaphela futhi ukuthi imisebenzi yokuqinisekisa isemthethweni kahulumeni kumelwe ivumelane nesivikelo somthetho-mthetho. Umbono waphawula ukuthi ukuvalelwa isikhathi eside ngenxa yezethutho kungaphazamisa iSine seSichibiyelo Sesine, nokuthi izikhulu zikahulumeni kumelwe zibe nensolo enengqondo ngaphambi kokuba zimise abantu. Ariharma iqinisekisa ukuthi ingenakusebenzisa ukugcinwa kwemithetho yokufuduka njengezaba ngenxa yokwephula amalungelo omthetho womthetho womthetho.

Izinselele Nezimpikiswano Enkathini Yanamuhla

Naphezu kwendima yayo yokuvikela, ukuhlangana ngokukhethayo emongweni wokufuduka akunampikiswano. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi lemfundiso ingadala ukungezwani phakathi kobukhosi bukahulumeni nesimiso sokufuduka sombuso sombuso esifanayo. Ezinye izikhulu zikahulumeni ziphikisa ngokuthi ukuhlanganisa amalungelo athile kulinganisela ikhono lazo lokusingatha ukukhathazeka kwendawo ngokufuduka okungekhona okugunyaziwe. Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi amalungelo abafuduki kufanele achazwe kuphela yiSishaya-Mnyango nezinhlangano zikahulumeni, hhayi ngencazelo yokwahlulela yeSiphendulo sezwe se - 1450.

Federal Supremacy v. Igunya loMbuso

Ukuhlanganiswa kuyisici esihlanganisa amandla kahulumeni. Umthetho-sisekelo unikeza iKhomishane igunya elikhulu lokulawula ukufuduka nokufuduka. Uma amazwe ezama ukuphoqelela izimiso zawo zokufuduka, asengozini yokungqubana nomthetho kahulumeni. Ukukhetha enye indawo ye-operation : ngisho noma umthetho kahulumeni ungaphikisani ngqo nemithetho kahulumeni, ungase uhlabe lokhu kuphazamisa amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo. Lokhu kungaholela ekungaqiniseki ngezikhulu zikahulumeni okumelwe zihambe ngokulandela kokubili umthetho wezwe wokufuduka nomthetho-mthetho wemithetho-siseko. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme sinezela enye e-oklonyeni ye-azone v. United States [FLT]] iqokozela lokhu kungathi lokhu kungathi kuphazamisa ukugcinwa komthetho womthetho wombuso kuyilapho futhi kugcizelela ukuthi amazwe athile amaphoyisa azimele njengoba engaphuli umthetho womthetho womthetho.

Ubungako Besivikelo Esilinganayo Kwabangahlali

Nakuba i-Uncime Department Claus isebenza kubo bonke abantu, ukuhlolwa kwayo kubantu abafudukayo akukafananga. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela ukuthi uhulumeni ungaphatha abantu abangezona izimo ezihlukene ngokusekelwe ekuthuthweni kwabo ngaphandle kokubangela ukuqapha okuqinile, ngoba ukufuduka kuwumthwalo kahulumeni. Nokho, iNkantolo iye yasebenzisa iziqondiso eziqinile ezicubungula imithetho ekhethayo ngesisekelo sabaphambukeli. Lokhu kwakha indinganiso ephindwe kabili: ukucwaswa kwabafuduki ngokunganaki, kuyilapho ukucwaswa kukahulumeni kubukezwa ngokunganaki kakhulu, kuyilapho ukucwaswa kwemibono kuyinto engekho ngokomthetho. Abagxekwayo baphikisayo bathi lokhu kungayiholela ekuxazululeni kwemiphumela eguquguqukayo futhi abafuduki bangashiywa ngaphandle kwesivikelo lapho uhulumeni bemisa imithetho eqinile. Ukukhetha, ngokuqondisa inqubo yesizwe, akuyifuni ngokuqondile ukuthutha kwemithetho engokomthetho, ukuthunyelwa kwemithetho engokomthetho engokomthetho.

Ukuvimbela Isigebengu Nokuhlukana Kwezakhamuzi

Amalungelo amaningi afakwa ngokumelene nezifundazwe, njengamalungelo okunikeza iseluleko nesivikelo ekufuneni okungacabangeli, asungulwa emongweni wobugebengu. Ukuphoqelelwa kokuhlwithwa komphakathi kungokomphakathi, kodwa ngokuvamile kuhilela ukuboshwa, ukuphenywa, nezijeziso ezifana nezijeziso zobugebengu. Izinkantolo ziye zazama ukuthola ukuthi yimaphi amalungelo ahlanganisiwe asebenzayo ekuthunyelweni kwezezezempangala nangamandla. Ngokwesibonelo, abantu abangakhokhisi ekudingiseni igebengu alikho ilungelo elingokomthetho lokumiswa, ngisho noma iSiphendulo seSiga seSigathu siqinisekisa iseluleko ezinkantolo zobugebengu. Legebengu igwebo ikhiphe ukugxeka abameleli abaphikisa ukuthi ukukhishwa kwelungelo lobugebengu. Ukukhetha okungacini ngokuphelele, kushiye abafuduki abaningi ngaphandle kwesimiso somthetho sokuthatha izigwebo.

Izinselele Zanamuhla Nendlela Engaphambili

Indima yokukhetha ukuhlanganiswa komthetho wokufuduka iyaqhubeka iguquka. Umthetho wamuva nje ohlasela abafuduki − kuhlanganise nemithetho evimbela ukutholakala kwezindlu, umsebenzi, nezinzuzo − iye yabangela ukubizwa kweSichibiyelo seshumi nane. Izinkantolo zicelwa ukuba zinqume imingcele yegunya likahulumeni kanye nobukhulu besivikelo esikhona kunoma ubani ongeyena. [[FLT: 0] ISiphendulo semithetho [ [inqubo efanelekile yesivikelo neNguquko ye-FLT] isesilinganisweni sokuvikela esikhona kulokhu kuphikisana.

Ukuthola Izinzuzo ZoMbuso Nelayisense

Izifundazwe eziningi ziye zazama ukuvimbela abafuduki abangabhaliwe ukuba bathole amalayisense obuchwepheshe, amalayisense okushayela, noma amazinga okuthola imvume ezwe. Abalindi baye babekela lemingcele ngaphansi kwe-Uncimential Protection Claus, bephikisa ngokuthi bakhetha ngaphandle kwezentengiselwano. Ezinye izinkantolo ziye zasekela imingcele enjalo, kuyilapho ezinye ziye zayishaya, kuye ngokubaluleka kokuhlola isilinganiso somsebenzi we-mfundazenzisa, noma izithakazelo eziqiniswa yizwe. Imiphumela yalezi zimpikiswano ngokuvamile ixhomeke ekutheni umthetho ubheka njengongancintisani nakancane (ngokuhlola okuqinile) noma okusekelwe esimweni sokufuduka (okungase kuthole isisekelo esiphakathi noma isisekelo). Ukukhetha ukuhlelwa kwezimo ze-DBremillinetic Reformationstiontiontiontionss jomes mayelana nesimiso somphakathi.

Izimpikiswano Ezingcwele Nempi KaHulumeni

Ukwanda kwezindawo ezingcwele − amazwe namadolobha alinganisela ukubambisana nomthetho wokuthunyelwa kwabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe . Uhulumeni uphikisa ngokuthi izinqubo ezinjalo ziphazamisa ukugcinwa kwezindawo zokufuduka futhi ziphula umthetho kahulumeni. Nokho, izimiso zezindawo ezingcwele ngokwazo zisebenza ngamaphoyisa kahulumeni futhi zivikelwa ngezizathu ezingokomthetho, kuhlanganise neSivumelwano seshumi elinesihlanu somthetho. Nakuba ukubambisana ngokungakhethi akuyona indaba ephikisanayo kulempikiswano, amalungelo omthetho-mthethwe-sisekelo abafuduki abakwezi emagqumeni angcwele aqiniswa yizimiso ezifanayo zeSichibiyelo se 147. Imithetho enqabela ukuvimbela abantu ngabanye ngesisekelo sokuvalela ukufuduka, isivikelo esifakwa ngenqubo efanelekile nangesivikelo esilinganayo ayaqhubeka, ukwenza ukwenziwa kwemithetho eyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwesimiso nemfunomthetho.

Imikhuba Yokwahlulela Neziqondiso Zesikhathi Esizayo

Ukuqanjwa kweNkantolo Ephakeme nokugcinwa kwemithetho elawulayo kuyohlela ikusasa lokuhlanganiswa ngokukhetha umthetho wokufuduka. Abanye abahluleli baye bazwakalisa ukungakukholelwa ukusetshenziswa kweSichibiyelo seshumi nane ukulinganisela igunya lezwe ekuthuthweni kwabantu, kuyilapho abanye beye baqinisekisa futhi ukuthi i-Sect Programme ne-Ecult Protection Clausspect. Izinkantolo ezisezantsi zicelwa ngokwandayo ukuba zinqume ukuthi imithetho yokufuduka yezwe iyawaphula yini amalungelo ahlanganisiwe, futhi imiphumela iyahluka ngokwezintwe. Njengoba izindlela zokufuduka nemithetho emisha yombuso ishintsha, imfundiso yokuhlanganisa abantu abakhethiwe iyosala isakhiwo esibucayi sokuvikela amalungelo abo bonke abantu eUnited States.

Isiphetho

Ukuhlanganiswa kwenqubo ekhethekile kuye kwabuguqula kakhulu ubuhlobo phakathi kwabafuduki nohulumeni bezwe. Ngokusebenzisa amalungelo ayisisekelo kusukela kuBill of Rights kuya kumazwe ngeSichibiyelo seshumi nane, iNkantolo ePhakamileyo iye yaqinisekisa ukuthi abafuduki abashiyelwa esiheni sikahulumeni ngaphandle kokukhokha ngomthetho-mthethweni. Isivikelo esilinganayo, isivikelo, ukukhululeka ekufuneni okungacabangeli, futhi ilungelo lokululeka liye ladluliselwa esabelweni esingesona esisekelwe kulemfundiso, ukunikeza umthetho oyisisekelo ongenakusinciphisa. Nakuba izinselele zihlala zisesihogwebeni phakathi kwezenzo zobugebengu nezokulwa nomthetho futhi zisebukhulwini bezwe nakumele ukugcinwa kusenzweni esiqinile sobunganeni. Njengoba isimiso somthetho siqhubeka ukufuduka kwabantu, isisekelo siyaqhubeka isisekelo somthetho womthetho wokuvikela bonke, nakuba imibandela isikhulu neso sonke isivikelo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isimo sesikhulu sezwe sikhona.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, bheka incazelo ye-Legal Information ye-' echaza ngokukhetha ukuhlanganiswa , i-Plyler v. Doe, kanye nokuhlaziya [[FLT:]SCOTLOG]SCUSYTlog ka-Arizona v. United States