Isingeniso: Ukuqonda Ukungasabeli Kwabantu

Ukuthotshiswa kwezombangazwe kuye kwavela njengesisekelo senguquko yokubusa ezweni lonke elandayo nelithuthukile. Ngokufaka igunya, imithombo, namandla okunquma kusukela kohulumeni abasenkabeni kuya ezizweni zonke (njengezifundazwe, izifundazwe, izifundakazi, noma izifundazwe) izinhloso zokusondeza uhulumeni kufutshane nezakhamuzi. Inhloso engaphansi kwenguquko icacile: ukusekela kakhulu imibuso esebenzelayo, ukuhlanganisa izinhlangano zezindawo, ukuhlanganisa izinhlangano zendawo, ukusabela ngokushesha ezidingweni zendawo, nokukhuthaza ukulandisa okukhulu. Emashumini amane eminyaka adlule, amazwe angaphezu kuka-80 aye amukela uhlobo oluthile lokuthoba oluhloniphekile, ngokuvamile okuqhutshwa yizicelo zokukhucululwa kwemigangatho, ukuthuthukiswa kwenkonzo, ukuthuthukiswa kwemisebenzi, nokuthuthukiswa kwentuthuko.

Ubuhlobo phakathi kokuncitshiswa kwezombangazwe kanye nentuthuko yezenhlalo nezomnotho abukho lula futhi abunamdlandla. Nakuba abasekeli bephikisa ngokuthi ukuthotshiswa kungathuthukisa intuthuko yezomnotho, kuthuthukise izinga lenkonzo yomphakathi, futhi kunike amaqembu anciphile, abagxeki baqaphele ukuthi kungase kubangele ukungalingani kwezifunda, ukucindezela amandla enhlangano yendawo, noma ukwakha amathuba amasha okuthola izisulu eziphezulu. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlola okubanzi kwezimiso ezingokwezentengiselwano zezentengiselwano yezentengiselwano, ukudwebela ebufakazi obungokwezentengiselwano, ukuhlola ngezentelezi, nohlelo lwezimiso. Sihlose ukuhlobisa abafundisi, abahleli bezimiso, abakhazi benhlangano, nobuchwepheshe bekhono lokuqondana nokuqonda okungoko okungcono kokusebenza. Lesi sihloko sinikeza intuthuko okunelisa intuthuko kwezentengo yokuthuthukisa yezentengoleko, kanti futhi singenzi kanjalo.

Kuyini Ukwehla Kwezombangazwe?

Ukuthotshiswa kwezombangazwe kubhekisela ngokukhethekile ekudlulisweni kwegunya lezombangazwe kanye namandla okwenza izinqumo ezinkampanini ezikhethwe futhi ezilandisa kubantu bendawo. Kuhlukile ekubekeni isithunzi (imisebenzi yokulawula phakathi kwe-patial community) kanye nokubekwa kwesizotha (ukubhalisa inzuzo nemithwalo yemali). Ekwenzeni kwalo, izinhlobo ezintathu ngokuvamile zivumelana, kodwa ukuthotshiswa kwezombangazwe kuhlukile ngoba kuhilela ukuncishiswa kwegunya emikhandlwini ekhethiwe, omayakheni, noma ababusi abane-Equalic abangenza izinqumo ezibophayo ezindabeni ezinjengezemfundo, impilo, izakhiwo zemisebenzi yezemisebenzi yezezimali, izakhiwo, nokusetshenziswa komhlaba.

Izinga Eliyinhloko Lokuwohloka Kwezombangazwe

  • Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo: Isakhiwo esiqine kakhulu, lapho uhulumeni omkhulu edlulisela khona igunya phezu kwesimiso, ukuphatha, nezimali kohulumeni bendawo abazimele ngokomthetho nabazikhethele ngokwedemokrasi.
  • Ukubekwa:[ uhulumeni oPhakathi wabela amanxusa endawo (ngokuvamile amisiwe) asebenza ngenxa yesikhungo, negunya elilinganiselwe elizimele.
  • Ukuhlanganisa:[ Isimo esibuthakathaka kakhulu, esihilela ukunikeza imithwalo yemfanelo yokuphatha emahhovisi asemasimini kahulumeni ophethe.

Izinguquko eziningi eziphumelelayo eziguqula ushintsho lwenguquko zigcizelela ushintsho lwendawo, njengoba ludala ukuba nezindawo nokulandisa kwangempela. Nokho, ngisho nokwenza ushintsho ludinga izisekelo eziqinile ezingokomthetho, isabelo esicacile semisebenzi, nokuthutha kwezezigebengu ukuze kuphumelele.

Imishini Ehlobanisa Ukwanda Kwezombangazwe Nemiphumela Yezenhlalo Nezomnotho

Ukuqonda indlela ukuthuthukiswa kwezombangazwe okuthinta ngayo intuthuko yezenhlalo nezomnotho kudinga ukuhlola izindlela ezisebenza ngazo.

Ukubusa Nokulandisa

Ukuncishiswa kwemithetho kunciphisa uchungechunge lokulandisa phakathi kwezakhamuzi nabameleli bazo. Uma izikhulu zendawo zincike enkokhelweni yentela yendawo noma ekukhetheni kabusha kobuso kwabavoti bendawo, zinezisusa ezinamandla zokunikeza izinkonzo ezihambelana nokuthandwa umphakathi. [ukuhlangana kokuhlanganiswa kwezindawo kunganciphisa ukonakala, kuthuthukise izinga lenkonzo, futhi kwandise ukwaneliseka kwezakhamuzi. Ukuhlolwa kwezezezezentengiselwano okuvela emazweni anjengeBrazil neNdiya kubonisa ukuthi impilo ehloniphekile nezimiso zemfundo ngokuvamile zinciphisa ukusabela nokuhlelwa kwempahla.

Ukuphumelela Kwezomnotho Nokuhlala Kwengcebo

Ohulumeni bendawo, uma beseduze nenhlabathi, bangabona imisebenzi ehamba phambili − njengendlela entsha, umthola-khaya wokugoma, noma isimiso sokukhuculula indle (‘ ngokunembe kakhulu kune-compatimentievement ekude. Ngokuvumela impumelelo engokwempumelelo engokwezinga eliphezulu [], ukuhlaziywa okunenzuzo kuvumela ukuba izimali zomphakathi ziqondiswe lapho ziletha khona ukubuya okuphezulu kakhulu komphakathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlaziywa kwezomnotho kungashukumisa ukuthuthuka kwezomnotho ngokwezimo-ngangomhlaba ngokuvumela ohulumeni abangaphansi kwezindawo ukuba banikeze izisusa intela, futhi benze indawo esendaweni ezungezile engenisa inzuzo yezebhizinisi.

Ukuhlanganyela Komphakathi Nokubambisana Komphakathi

Ukuthotshiswa kwezombangazwe kuvame ukukha izithuba ezingokomthetho zesivumelwano sezakhamuzi, njengezindawo zokuhlela izinqumo, ukuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi, namakomiti aqondisa umphakathi. Lezizinhlangano zinganika amandla ngokomlando ahlukene `abesifazane, amaqembu amancane esizwe, abampofu (ngokuwanikeza izwi ezinqumweni ezithinta ukuphila kwawo. Ukuhlanganyela okukhuliswe, kukhuthaza inhloko - dolobha yezezenhlalo [[] nokuthemba izinhlangano zomphakathi, zombili ezihlangene nemiphumela engcono yentuthuko.

Imiphumela Eqondile Yokuzitika Kwezombangazwe: Ubufakazi Nezibonelo

Iqoqo elikhulu lokucwaninga libonisa imiphumela ezuzisayo yokuhlelwa kahle kwezindlela ezihlukahlukene zezenhlalo nezomnotho. Ngezansi sihlola izindawo eziyinhloko lapho kuye kwaqashelwa khona ithonya elihle.

Ukuphumelela Kwenkonzo Ethuthukisiwe Ezemfundo Nempilo

Ucwaningo oluvela e-Indonesia, eGhana naseBolivia lubonisa ukuthi ukuhlaziywa kwesimilo kuye kwathuthukisa izinga lokubhalisa nokuqeda izikole eziyisisekelo. E-Indonesia, umthetho wokuzimela i-renational ohulumeni bezifunda eziphezulu nowe-2001 wadlulisela umthwalo wemfanelo wolwazi lwemfundo ephambili nesekondali kohulumeni bezifunda. Lokhu kwaholela ekulungiseni okwengeziwe kwezifundo zemfundo, ukulungiswa kwesikole okungcono, nokulandisa okuphakeme. Ngokufanayo, engxenyeni yezempilo, ukunakekelwa okuhloniphekile kwezikhungo zezempilo eziphambili e-Uganda kwabangela ukunciphiswa kwezikhathi zokulinda nokwaneliseka kwesineke. Umbiko we-2019 World Bank wathola ukuthi amazwe anezingasese eziphambili eziphambili eziphambili zemfundo engokwempilo, kuhlanganise nokubulala izinsana.

Ukukhula Kwezomnotho Nokuzilungiselela Kwendawo

Ngokuvumela ohulumeni bendawo ukuba benze izimiso zezomnotho zibe nezinzuzo zazo ezilinganayo, ukuthotshiswa kungashukumisa ukukhula okuncane kwezebhizinisi futhi kukhange ukutshala. EChina, ukuhlaziywa kwemithetho ehlangeneyo (kuhloselwe izisusa zezombangazwe zezikhulu zendawo) kwafeza indima enkulu ekuthuthukiseni izifundazwe zogu phakathi kwawo-1980 na 1990. Nakuba isimiso seChina singesona idemokhrasi ngokugcwele, isimiso sokuhlela igunya lendawo ngemiphumela yezomnotho siyafundisa. Okubanzi, ukunqamqela kwezindawo ze-ryconometric kusikisela ukuthi ukwanda okusheshayo kwezentengiselwano zezombangazwe kuhlangene ne-FFF:2 [FF:] ekukhuleni kwe-GP] engxenyeni ye-1.[3]

Ukunciphisa Ukonakala Nokuthuthukisa Ukubona Kahle

Ukuncishiswa kwezakhamuzi kungasebenza njengendlela yokuhlola ukonakala ngokususa amandla ohulumeni abaningi nangokuvula izinhlangano zendawo eziqaphe inja. EBrazil, omasipala abamukela uhlelo lokusebenzisa imali lokuhlukanisa imali ngokukhetha ngokuqondile ukuyisebenzisa izinto eziza kuqala .Apho izakhamuzi zivotela khona ukuncishiswa okukhulu kwezimali. ithonya eliqinile [ linamandla kakhulu uma lihambisana nenkululeko enamandla yezezindaba nekhono lomphakathi.

Amandla Amaqembu Ahlehliweyo

Ukuthotshiswa kwezombangazwe kuvame ukuhlanganisa izihlalo ezigciniwe noma izigaba zamaqembu angamelelwanga. ENdiya, iSichibiyelo soMthetho-sisekelo se-73 sigcinela abesifazane izihlalo eziyisithathu emikhandlwini yedolobhana. Ukucwaninga okwenziwa nguChattopadyay noDuflo (2004) kwathola ukuthi abaholi besifazane bathenga izimpahla ezithandwa kakhulu abantu besifazane, njengokuphuza amanzi nezindawo zezempilo. Ngokufanayo, amathenisi aseBolivia nenani elikhulu labantu bomdabuzwe bathola imibuso esabela kakhulu ngemva kokuguqula i-trativementation expressures.

Izinselele Nokulinganiselwa: Lapho Ukwehla Kwezimpophoma Kushesha

Kuzo zonke izindaba zempumelelo, kunezenzakalo lapho ukuhlaziywa kokuziphatha okufanelekile kuye kwadumaza noma kwaba nemiphumela emibi kakhulu.

Amagebe Endaweni Yasekhaya

Ohulumeni abaningi bendawo emazweni angenazo iziqu zobuchwepheshe, izimiso zezimali, nemithombo yabantu edingekayo ukuze kudluliswe izinkonzo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ukudluliswa kwemithwalo yemfanelo ngaphandle kokwakha izakhiwo ezihambelanayo kuvame ukuholela ekusebenzeni kahle, ekulahleni, noma ekuweni kwenkonzo. Ngokwesibonelo, eSierra Leone, ukuhlelwa kwemfundo yokuqala kwaphazanyiswa ukuntuleka kwabagcini-zincwadi abafanelekayo nabaphathi abahlelelwe imikhandlu yesifunda, okuphumela ekuphutheni ukukhokha imali ekhokhwa ngentela yothisha kanye nezakhiwo zesikole eziwohlokayo.

Izindawo Ezihlukile Nezingalo Ezingajwayelekile

Ukuncishiswa kwezindawo ezicebile kungabhebhethekisa ukulingana uma izifunda ezinezisekelo zemali ezingcono kakhulu nezindawo ezinekhono. EGhana, i-Ashanti Resiture inezinga elikhulu kakhulu lokuthola inzuzo engaphezulu kakhulu kune-Northern East Regiment, okuholela ekuhlukahlukaniseni kwemfundo nempilo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abaphathi bendawo abaphezulu (_abanikazi), abaphathi bezebhizinisi, amabhizinisi athatha izinhlangano ezihloniphekile ukuze kuzuze bona, kunciphe kakhulu abampofu. [[FLT:]] babamba inkinga engcono kakhulu ezindaweni eziphansi nezokuphatha umphakathi omphakathi.

Ukuvumelana Kuhlulekile Nokuhlukana

Uma izingqimba eziningi zikahulumeni (ingxenye yekhulu, yesifunda, yesifunda neyasendaweni) zihlanganyela umthwalo wemfanelo wengxenye eyodwa − njengokuphatha amanzi noma ukuthutha − ukubhakuza kwemithetho kungadala ukudideka nokulibala. Ukushesha kwe-madolobha laseNdiya kuye kwahambisana nezimpi ezisemkhathini phakathi kwezinhlangano zikamasipala, ohulumeni bezwe, nezinhlangano eziphakathi, ezivimbela ukuthuthuka kwezesisekelo. ukubambisana kwezezomthetho [ kudinga izinqubo ezicacile zomthetho kanye nezindlela zokulwa nokungavumelani okunikezelwe, ngokuvamile okungekho.

Izingxabano Zezombangazwe Nezingozi Zokuvukela

Ukuncishiswa kwemithetho yezombangazwe kungokwemvelo futhi kungabangela ukuphikiswa kwabefundisi abaphethe kanye nezazi zezombangazwe abalahlekelwa umbuso. EKenya, ngo-2010 umthetho-sisekelo wadala ohulumeni bezifunda ezingama-47 bezimele, kodwa imizamo eyalandela kahulumeni wezwe yokulawula inhlalakahle nemfundo yabangela ukucindezeleka okungapheli. Kwamanye amazwe, ukuthotshiswa kwesimilo kuye kwahoxiswa noma kwakhishwa ngemva kokushintsha kwesigaba sokuhola, kululaza ukuhlelwa nokutshala izimali isikhathi eside.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo: Okuhlangenwe Nakho Okuhlukahlukene Kokuwohloka Kwezombangazwe

Ukuhlola amacala angokoqobo kwembula izici ezisekelwe emongweni ezibangela ukuhlaziywa kahle kwenqubo.

E - Indonesia: Ishumi Leminyaka Lokuguquka

Ngemva kokuwa kweSuharto ngo-1998, i-Indonesia yaqala enye yezinhlelo ezigcwele kakhulu emhlabeni. Imithetho eyamiswa ngo-1999 nango-2001 yadlulisela umthwalo wemfundo, impilo, izakhiwo, nezolimo kohulumeni besifunda. Imiphumela iye yaba mikhulu: ohulumeni bendawo manje bayakwazi ukuphatha ikhulu elingu-70% lemali echithwa umphakathi ngaphandle kwenzalo yemali. Ukungenela kwemfundo yamuva yemfundo kwanyuka kusuka ku-65% kuya ku-200% ngo-20 ngo-2015. Nokho, ukuhlukana phakathi kwezifunda ezicebile (umz. Papua) nezindawo ezimpofu, nenkohlakalo endaweni yendawo kuhlala kuseyinselele inselele. Isifundo esiyinhloko siwukuthi [[FLD: 0] ukuphumelela kakhulu kwemiphakathi kwezindawo eziphezulu nomphakathi womphakathi.[FFFFON]

EBrazil: Ingxenye Ekuhleleni Uhlelo Nokuyala

I-pargym ka-1988 ka-Brazil yanciphisa amandla abalulekile omasipala nezifundazwe. Ukusungulwa kwemithetho emisha yi-'PB'odricial shodia's shopy's project (PB), i-Porto Alegre ngo 1989 futhi kamuva yathathwa amakhulukhulu amadolobha. Ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi i-PB yanciphisa amazinga obumpofu nokutholakala kwesimiso sokukhuculula indle nezindlu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umthetho we-Fiscal Justicesly (2000) obekelwe imingcele eqinile yokuboleka, ivimbela uhlobo lwezikwelelwana eziphezulu ezibonwa e-Argentina. IBrazil ibonisa ukuthi ukuncitshiswa kwemithetho emikhulu kanye nemithetho yezentengiselwano eqinile kungathuthukisa ukuhleleka kwayo kokubili ukulingana nokwenziwa kwezentengo yemali [FOct:1].

INigeria: Izinselele Zezinhlangano Ezibuthakathaka

Umthetho-mthetho we-Nigeria ka-1999 wamisa isimiso sikahulumeni esinezindawo ezingu-36 zezifunda-zifunda-nye ezingu-74 zikahulumeni wendawo (LGAs). Nokho, uhulumeni kahulumeni uyaqhubeka ulawula inzuzo kawoyela, futhi i-LGAs incike kakhulu ezinkonzweni ezinikezwa inyanga nenyanga. Izentengiselwano nezimiso zemali zigxile kuwo wonke amazinga, ukunciphisa ukuthunyelwa kwenkonzo. Ukuhlola komnyango wezempilo eNijeriya kuthole ukuthi imali engaphansi kwama-40% ebekelwe izakhiwo ezifinyelele izakhiwo zezempilo. Icala lase-Nigeria ligcizelela ukuthi i-centrality ngaphandle kwenguquko engokwenhlangano nokuphatha inzuzo yemali kungahluleka ukuthuthukisa imiphumela .

Ukuqonda Okuqhathaniswayo

Ngaphandle kwalezi zimo, izici ezintathu zibikezela impumelelo ngokungaguquki: (1) ukuzibusa nokusebenza kwendawo okwanele, (2) izinhlangano zendawo ezibuswa ngentando yeningi nezibonisa ngalé, kanye (3) nezinqubo ezinamandla zokulandisa (isizk., ukuphenya nokuhlola ukusebenza). Lapho lezizimo zingekho, ukuthotshiswa ngokuvamile kungaphansi kwemisebenzi noma imiphumela ebuyayo.

Izingcindezi Zesimiso: Ukuklama Izinguquko Eziphumelelayo Zokuthuthukisa Umphakathi

Besebenzisa ubufakazi, abenzi bezimiso kufanele balandele indlela elandelanayo nenomongo yokuthuthukisa ukubusa kwezombangazwe.

Ukwakha Ikhono Lasendaweni Kuqala

Ngaphambi kokudlulisela imithwalo yemfanelo emikhulu, ukutshala imali ekuqeqesheni abaphathi bendawo, ukuqinisa izimiso zezezimali, nokuhlomisa ohulumeni bezwe lonke ngobuchwepheshe bokwaziswa besimanje. I-World Bank’s Local Governance and Service Regally Service Project inikeza isibonelo, lapho izakhiwo zesakhiwo zinikeza khona inzuzo yangaphambi koshintsho lwemfundo nezindleko zesisekelo.

Ukuhlola Ukudluliswa Okungenakulinganiswa Kohulumeni

Ukuze bavimbele ukuhlukahluka kwezindawo, ohulumeni abaphethe kufanele baklame amasu okudlulisa imali alingana namakhono emali emali ekhona ezindaweni ezihlukene. I-Division of Revenue Act yaseNingizimu Afrika isebenzisa indlela esekelwe ekwakheni inani labantu, amazinga obumpofu, nomsebenzi wezomnotho ukuze kunikezwe izifundazwe namasipala. Izindlela ezinjalo zingapheleliswa ngezipho ezilinganiselwe zezindawo ezithile ezinjengezempilo nemfundo ukuze kuqinisekiswe izindinganiso ezilinganiselwe zenkonzo.

Ukuqinisa Imishini Yokulandisa

Ukubekwa i-internationalation kumele kuhlanganiswe namathuluzi okuphathwa kwezakhamuzi .[FLT:] Ukuhlelwa kwemali yezakhamuzi, amakhadi okuthola iziphakamiso, kanye nezinhlangano ezizimele zokuhlola umphakathi. EKenya, iKhomishane ye-Revenue Altation ne-Pixeral General inikeza imibiko evamile yezimali zesifunda, futhi izakhamuzi zingathola i-athonsi yohlelo lokusebenzisa ulwazi kuyi-inthanethi. ikhambi lokubamba i-kakhulu.

Ukusetshenziswa Okuvamile Nokuyifafa

Kunokuba kube “ukuqhuma okukhulu”, amazwe kufanele aqhube isilinganiso esifanelekile ezingxenyeni ezimbalwa noma ezindaweni ngaphambi kokuba anyuke. Umthetho ka 1994 othandwayo waseBolivia wokuthatha isinyathelo uthonye impilo nemfundo kuphela ekuqaleni, kanye neminye imikhakha yanezela eminyakeni eyishumi. Ukuthatha izinhlelo zamafa kufanele kuvumele ohulumeni ukuba bafunde ekuhlulekeni futhi bakhe ukuvumelana kwezombangazwe.

Isiphetho: Ukuncishiswa Kwezinga Eliningi

Ukuthotshiswa kwezombangazwe kunikeza isithembiso sangempela sokuthuthukisa intuthuko yezenhlalo nezomnotho ngokuthuthukisa ukulandisa, ukuphumelela, nokuhlanganyela. Ubufakazi obuvela e-Indonesia, eBrazil, nakwamanye amazwe amaningi bubonisa ukuthi izinguquko ezisheshayo zingathuthukisa imfundo, impilo, kanye nokusebenza kwezomnotho, ikakhulukazi emaqenjini ancishisiwe. Nokho ubufakazi obufanayo buxwayisa ukuthi ukuthotshiswa akuyona indawo engcono. Ngaphandle kwekhono elanele lendawo, ukusakazwa kwemithombo elinganayo, nokwengamele, kungathuthukisa ukulingana, kubangele ukonakala, futhi kubangele ukudilizwa kwenkonzo yomphakathi.

Abenzi bemithetho kumelwe baqonde ngokuhlonipheka ngokuqondisisa okucacile kwentengiselwano yayo. Impumelelo ayidingi ukudlulisela amandla kuphela kodwa futhi ukutshala imali ezinhlanganweni nasenhloko - dolobha yomuntu eyenza ukubusa kwendawo kuphumelele. Izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke njenge World Bank[, [[FLT]], [[FLT] United Nations Development Programme (UND) [UNP)] , futhi izikhungo zokucwaninga ezinjenge [[FLT:] UNIU-WUR [ iyaqhubeka inikeza isiqondiso esiwusizo ekuklameni umongo-slo . Ngokuyinhloko, umphumela wokuthuthukisa kwezombangazwe ngendlela ehloniphekile kakhulu, akuxhomekenganciphi esimweni esingcono kodwa ekusebenzeni, kodwa ekuthotyelweni kwayo.