Ukuhlukana Kwamandla: Iqiniso Lansuku Zonke Kuwo Wonke Umuntu WaseMelika

AmaMelika amaningi awavamile ukucabanga ngokwakheka kukahulumeni wawo ngesikhathi uqhubeka nosuku lwawo. Nokho ukwahlukana kwemibuso .Imfundiso engokomthetho ehlukanisa igunya phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu alinganayo, /shape cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwanamuhla. Ngokuphepha kokudla okudlayo kuze kube semfihlekweni wezokuxhumana kwakho ne-intanethi, kusukela ezintela ozikhokhayo kuze kube yisivinini sokusabela ngenhlekelele, lesimiso somthetho wesisekelo sibusa buthule imithetho ophila ngayo. Ukuqonda indlela ukwahlukana kwamandla kusebenza akusona isifundo somphakathi; kuyithuluzi lokuqondisa amalungelo, imithwalo yemfanelo, kanye nendawo yezombangazwe.

Ukwakhiwa Komthetho - sisekelo

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., owagunyazwa ngo-1788, wamisa isimiso lapho amandla ehlukene ngamabomu. AmaFramers, axwaya ukucindezelwa ngemva kokuphulwa yiNkosi uGeorge III, aklama amagatsha amathathu ahlukene: iKhongolo (legislative) yenza imithetho, uMongameli (ohlukanisayo) agunyaza imithetho, futhi izinkantolo (zombuso) zichaza imithetho ngamabomu. Igatsha ngalinye linendawo yalo yegunya, kodwa futhi lixhunyelwa nolwelwe nolwembu jikelele [ namagebe evimbela noma iliphi igatsha ekubusweni. Lendlela ayithinteli ngokuqondile indlela eyakhiwe ngayo imithetho, iphikiswa futhi isetshenziswa emphakathini wenu.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho: Lapho Kuqala Khona Imithetho

ISishaya-mthetho sinamagumbi amabili: iNdlu yabameleli (amalungu angu-435, ehlukaniswa inani labantu bamazwe) neSigele (amalungu ayikhulu, amabili esifundazwe). Imithetho yonke kumelwe idlule womabili amakamu ngendlela efanayo ngaphambi kokufika kuMongameli. Lesi sakhiwo i-bidamaral siqinisekisa ukuthi kokubili amazwe amakhulu namancane anezwi. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho wenguquko wezempilo ongathinta izigidi zabantu kumelwe uphile lapho zizwa khona, izinkulumo zaphansi, izimpikiswano ezincintiswano, futhi ngokuvamile ikomiti yengqungquthela yokuhlanganisa izingxabano. Inqubo ye-bine yenziwa ngenhloso futhi inikeza izakhamuzi nenzalo isikhathi sokukhuthaza, ukubhikisha, noma ukusekela.

Imiphumela yansuku zonke: Uma uMkhandlu udlulisa umthetho ophakamisa iholo elilinganiselwe likahulumeni, ushintsha izindinganiso zokungcola, noma imisebenzi yezezimali, lezo zinqumo zidlula ngesheke lakho lemali, umoya ophefumulayo, nemigwaqo ohamba ngayo. Igatsha lemithetho liyilapho imfuno yomphakathi iba imithetho ebhaliwe khona − kodwa ngemva kokuvumelana nokuxoxisana. Ngoba zombili izigodlo kumelwe zivumelane, umthetho ngokuvamile umelela indawo ephakathi kunokubonakalisa okumsulwa kwesimiso seqembu elilodwa. Lokhu kungaphazamisa labo abafuna ushintsho olusheshayo kodwa futhi kuvimbele ukushintsha okungalawuleki, okungalawuleki kwenqubo.

Igatsha Eliphethe: Ukusebenzisa Imithetho

UMongameli, kanye noMongameli onguMongameli, iKhabhinethi, nezinkulungwane zezinhlangano zikahulumeni, banomthwalo wemfanelo wokwenza imithetho edluliselwe yiSishaya-mthetho. Lomthetho wegatsha ukhipha iziyalo eziphethe iziphathimandla, uqondisa izinhlangano eziqondisayo njenge-Evironmental Protection Agency (EPA) neFod and Drug Administration (FDA), baphatha inqubo yangaphandle, futhi bayala umbutho wezempi. Umbuso weziphathimandla uye wakhula ngokuphawulekayo kulelikhulu leminyaka elidlule, kodwa uMthetho-sisekelo usabeka imingcele ecacile: uMongameli akanakwenza imithetho emisha noma izimali ezifanele ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa kwenhlangano.

Imiphumela yansuku zonke: Uma ufaka izintela zeholo lakho, i-Internvotion Service (inhlangano ephethe) iqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwemithetho yentela. Uma kugadla inhlekelele engokwemvelo, i-Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) ihlanganisa ukukhululeka. Uma ufaka isicelo se-passport noma ikhadi le-Social Security, usebenzelana neminyango ephethe. Iziqondiso zokuqondisa ukuqondisa ukugcinwa kwezentengiselwano noma imithetho yendawo ezungezile zishintsha amalungelo akho nezibophophopho zakho ebusuku, nakuba zihlala zingaphansi kwezinselele ezingokomthetho nezokwengamele ukuphatha.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela: Ukuchaza Imithetho

Ijaji likahulumeni, eliqondiswa yiNkantolo Ephakeme kanye nezinkantolo ezingu-13 zezikhalo kanye nezinkantolo zesigodi ezingu-94, lichaza imithetho futhi liyibukeze ngenxa yomthetho-sisekelo. La mandla okuhlolwa asemthethweni , asungulwe enkantolo evelele [1803] . UMadison uvumela izinkantolo ukuba zishaye imithetho noma izenzo zezikhulu eziphula umthetho. Ijaji livikeleke ngokuyingqayizivele ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe ngenxa yokuthi abahluleli bezwe bakhonza ukuphila (kungaphansi kokuziphatha okuhle). Lenkululeko ivikela amalungelo amancane kanye nokubusa komthetho, ngisho nalapho umuzwa othandwayo ungathandeka.

Imiphumela yansuku zonke: Izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme zithinta ngokuqondile ukuphila kwakho kwansuku zonke. Cabangela Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954), eyaqeda ukuhlukanisa ngokohlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi, noma [ imanda v. Arizona[ (196], edinga amaphoyisa ukukwazisa ngamalungelo akho phakathi nokuboshwa. Muva nje, ihlulele imishado efanayo ([[[FLT:]]][4]] Ogbergefell. , 2015], ukukhipha isisu, ], ama-Dobs.Inhlangano yezempilo (FT.222],[2],[2] nezenzo zomthetho-Ext]) futhi i-Exf.[ft] izinquit, izinquit, izimo zomphakathi ezingumes.[2] ezingume, izimo zomphakathi, futhi izinqulu

Ama - vicket Nokulinganisela Okusebenzayo

Ikhono lesimiso alikho nje ekwahlukaneni kodwa ekuqondiseni. Igatsha ngalinye linamathuluzi okuvimbela amanye. Ngokwesibonelo, uMongameli angawukhipha umthetho odluliswa yi-Congress, kodwa uKhongolo lungawususa lowo mthetho kanye nenani eliphindwe kathathu kuzo zombili izakhiwo. ISigele siqinisekisa noma singavumi ukumiswa komongameli egatsheni lejaji lejaji noma lesikhulu. Izinkantolo zingamemezela iziyalezo zezikhulu noma imithetho engekho esimisweni. Futhi i-Congress ingamjikisa uMongameli futhi isuse uMongameli noma umahluleli wohluli ophethe "omthetho ophakeme nowesinyukelayo nengafanelekile.""

Le midlalo idala amandla athinta kakhulu imiphumela yenqubo. Umyalo womongameli ophathelene nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu ungabekelwa inselele enkantolo, ubekelwe indiva ukuphazanyiswa, futhi ekugcineni uthathelwe indawo noma ucwengisiswe ukuphathwa okusha. Umthetho we-Congralial gridlock (ngokuvamile uvezwa njengobuthakathaka), empeleni ubangela ukuvumelana okukhulu ngaphambi kokuba izinguquko ezinkulu zibe umthetho. Nokho, uma umphakathi ufuna ukuthatha isinyathelo ngokushesha ezindabeni eziphuthumayo njengesifo esiwumqedazwelo noma esingokomnotho, ijubane lesimiso singazizwa likhungathekisa. Ukuqonda lokhu kungathintitha izakhamuzi futhi kusize ukuba ziqonde ukubaluleka kokuzinzeka okuzinzile, ukubusa okuhambisana.

Isibonelo Sangempela Sezwe: Isenzo Sokunakekela Esilula

Ukudlula nokusinda kwe-Affordal Care Act (ACA) kubonisa ngokucacile ukuhlola nokulinganisela. ISishaya-mkhandlu sadlulisa i-ACA ngo-2010 emigqeni yeqembu, uMongameli wayisayina, futhi ngokushesha izifundazwe eziningi futhi amaqembu azimele afaka inselele yokumangalela ukuqina kwayo ngokomthetho-sisekelo. INkantolo Ephakeme yasekela amalungiselelo amaningi i-National Federation of Independent Business v. I-Sebelius[FLT] [[FLT] [202], kodwa yanquma ukuthi iMithetho ingakhetha ukunweba kweMithetho yeMithetho ye-Médic. Kamuva, iNka i-Hundlu yasekela izivumelwano zezivumelwano zemishuwashinishobo yomthetho. Kuze ifuna ngisho nokuvikelwa kwemithetho yezombangazwe ukuba ikhiphe umthetho.

Indlela Ukuhlukana Kwamandla Okuthonya Ngayo Ukuphila Kwakho Kwansuku Zonke

Cabangela izici ezintathu: ukulawulwa kwezomnotho, inkululeko yomuntu siqu, nokulondeka komphakathi.

Ukulungisa Izomnotho Nesivikelo Sethengiselwano

I-Congress imisa uhlelo olubanzi lwezimakethe zezimali, imithetho yezemisebenzi, kanye nokuphepha kwabathengi. Igatsha eliphethe libe selikhipha imininingwane ngezinhlangano ezinjenge-Secureties and Exchange Commission (SEC) kanye ne-Consumer Financial Protection Bureaunio (CFPB). Izinkantolo zibukeza izinselele kulezo zimiso. Uma uthatha isikweleti sezimali, imibandela ilawulwa ngemithetho eye yadlula kuwo wonke amagatsha amathathu. Uma inkampani idukisa abathengi, i-Federal Trade Commission (FTC) ingaphoqa isijeziso, ihloselwe ukubukezwa kwemithetho. Lenqubo ebekelwe ka-onke ingenza ukuba i-endleko yokugcinwa kwemithetho kodwa futhi ivimbela izenzo ezizenzisayo noma eziyingozi.

Isibonelo sansuku zonke: Impikiswano yokungathathi hlangothi kwenetha − ukuthi abaxhasi benkonzo ye-inthanethi bangabeka izindleko ezithile zezimoto − ezidlule nge-Federal Communications Commission (inhlangano ebulalayo), zabekelwa inselele enkantolo, futhi ekugcineni zaholela ekulahlweni kwezindawo zomphakathi. Ukucwaninga kwakho kanye nemininingwane yemininingwane yezokwaziswa kuxhomeke endleleni lamagatsha axhumana ngayo amandla. Ngokufanayo, imithetho yokuphepha kokudla evela e-FDA ithinta lokho ongakuthenga esitolo, futhi imithetho yokuphepha emsebenzini evela ku-OSHE ithinta izimo zakho zomsebenzi.

Ukukhululwa Komphakathi Namalungelo Abantu Ngabodwa

Igatsha lokwahlulela lingumqaphi oyinhloko wamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo, kodwa amanye amagatsha anendima futhi. IziKhomishane zingamisa imithetho ukuze kwandiswe noma kuvinjelwe amalungelo (jengesibonelo, iVoting Rights Act, iPatriot Act). Isikhulu siphoqelela leyomithetho futhi singanikeza iziqondiso ezithinta indlela amaphoyisa aphatha ngayo abasolwayo noma indlela izikole ezisingatha ngayo izinkulumo ezingokwenkolo. Izinkantolo zikhona zikhomba umthetho walezozenzo. Ilungelo lakho lokukhuluma ngokukhululekile, ukuphatha izikhali, ukuvikela imfihlo, nokuvikela okulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho yiyo yonke imikhiqizo yale mithetho ehlanganisa amacala.

Ithonya langempela: Ngemva kokuhlasela okungu-9/11, uMkhandlu wadlula kumthetho we-USA PARIOTT, amandla okuhlola anwetshiwe. Igatsha eliphethe lasebenzisa lawo mandla ukuba aqhube amachashaza angenamthetho, kamuva okwabe kubekelwe inselele enkantolo. Izinqumo ezalandela zaholela ekushintsheni kwemithetho ye-International Surveillance Act (FISA). Namuhla, imfihlo yamarekhodi akho ocingo nawe-e-imeyili ilovalwe ngezimpi eziqhubekayo phakathi kwawo womagatsha amathathu. Ngokufanayo, ilungelo lokushada nge-ethena egatsheni elilodwa alinikezwanga ngokomthetho: izinhlangano zezenhlalo nezokushaya umthetho wezwe, igatsha elikhulu alisekuvikela ukhuselo lwe-Devition of Marrial Act, futhi ekugcineni iNkademount yahlasela.

Ukuphepha Komphakathi Nokulondeka Kwesizwe

Lapho isiphepho sisondela, igatsha elikhulu liqoqa iFEMA ne-National Guard, kodwa iSishaya-mthetho kumelwe sigunyaze ukuxhaswa kwezimali eziphuthumayo. Izinkantolo zingangenela uma izinyathelo eziphuthumayo ziphazamisa inkululeko yomphakathi (isinye, iziyalo eziphoqelelwe eziphikisana namalungelo empahla). Ngemva kwenhlekelele yeSiphepho uKatrina, impendulo ethatha kancane (ngokuqhubekayo ngenxa yokuhlukana kwezindawo), okubangelwa ukuhlukanisa kwesimiso sokulawula ukuhlangana kwegatsha nohulumeni kanye nohulumeni bendawo. Ekwesivivivinyeni sesizwe, uMongameli angayala ukuba kuhlaselwe i-drustry foruservement forwerder Force (AMF) edluliswe yiKhomishane, kodwa ukuqondisa kwezomthetho kulinganiselwe. Lokhu kuthinteka okuqhubekayo phakathi kokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso ehlukene nenkululeko.

Izinselele Esimisweni

Azikho izinqubo zabantu eziphelele. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukwehlukana kwemibuso kungaveza i-grick lock, ikakhulukazi phakathi nezikhathi zikahulumeni ohlukeneyo lapho elinye iqembu lilawula iKhongolo kanti elinye liphethe i-presidenti. Lokhu kungabambezela ukusabela ezinkingeni eziphuthumayo ezifana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukubola kwezakhi zemvelo, noma izinkinga zempilo zomphakathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukunyuka kwemiyalo yezikhulu kanye nokumiswa kwenhlangano yokuqondisa kususe amandla eKhondlelweni, kuphakamise ukukhathazeka ngempathi yesikhulu. Igatsha elahlulele, ngokuphila, lingase lithathe imingcele embonweni yomphakathi, kodwa amandla okuhlasela imithetho yeze-democralitial.

Enye inselele iwukuthi isimiso sincike kakhulu ezimisweni nasekuhloniphaneni phakathi kwamagatsha. Emashumini eminyaka amuva, ukuhlukaniswa kwezindawo kuye kwavivinya lemiqondo: i-Gaancilbusters, izisongelo zokwandisa iNkantolo Ephakeme, nokwenqaba ukuqinisekisa omeya bejaji kuye kwaqeda ukubambisana. Ezinye izazi zikhathazekile ngokuthi lesimiso sibhuntsha futhi singase singaqhubeki kahle ngaphansi kokucindezeleka okukhulu. Nokho, uMthetho-sisekelo uye wakhuthazelela phakathi nempi yombango, ukuwohloka kwezomnotho, kanye nezinxushunxushunxushunxu, ngenxa yokuhlukana kwaso kwemibuso ehlehlelayo futhi esheshayo.

Isizathu Sokuba Lokhu Kubaluleke Kuwe

Ukuqonda ukwahlukana kwemibuso kukuhlomisela ukuba ube isakhamuzi esiphumelela kakhulu. Uma uvota, awumane nje ukhetha umuntu ozothatha isibhamu; ukhetha ukuthi ubani ozosebenzisa amandla aphezulu, ozoqinisekisa abahluleli, futhi iliphi iqembu elizolawula uhlelo lwemithetho. Ukwazi ukuthi imithetho yenziwe kanjani, futhi ingakubekela kanjani inselele. Uma ufuna ukulawula izibhamu kakhulu, ungasekela iKhomishane, kodwa futhi uqaphele nezenzo zezikhulu nezindaba zenkantolo. Uma ukhathazekile ngezindaba zomthetho wedwa, ungathintana nabameleli bakho bobabili nenqubo yokuzilawula.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kuchaza futhi ukuthi kungani ushintsho luvame ukuthatha kancane. Lokho kwephuza kungabangela ukuzinza, kodwa futhi kuvikela amalungelo amancane. Emazweni lapho amandla enziwa khona, umbusi oyedwa angashintsha yonke into ebusuku (_ngezinye izikhathi, ngezikhathi ezithile kube yinhlekelele. Isimiso saseMelika siklanyelwe ukubhuntshisa isenzo sokuxhamazela lapho ukhuthaza. Ukwazi lokho, ungasingatha izithembiso zakho futhi ugxile ekuthembiseni umphakathi isikhathi eside.

Isiphetho

Ukwahlukana kwemibuso akuyona into esele yekhulu le-18; kuwukuphila, ukuphefumula okulawula yonke into kusukela ekuthatheni kwakho umhlalaphansi kuya emalini yakho yomhlalaphansi. Ngokuhlukanisa igunya phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu ancintisanayo, uMthetho-sisekelo ukha uhulumeni onamandla ngokwanele ukuba uthathe isinyathelo kodwa uphoqelelwe ukuba uhloniphe inkululeko. Kuyaphazamisa, kuyashesha, futhi ngokuvamile kuyakhungathekisa. Ukuqonda lesi simiso kukusiza ukuba usebenzise inqubo eyinkimbinkimbi yomthetho, isimiso, nezombangazwe okuthinta ukuphila kwakho kwansuku zonke.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, hlola [ U.S., iprojekthi [ yoMsebenzi] emacaleni eNkantolo Ephakeme, kanye ne [ I-Government Office yokunyathelisa [ yezincwadi zemithetho. funda kakhulu kuma-judiary ye-geni ye-.