Isimiso sokwahlulela sakha umgogodla wanoma yimuphi umphakathi ophansi, futhi enhliziyweni yayo kunezinkantolo. Ngaphezu nje kwezindawo zokuqulwa kwecala, izinkantolo zisebenza njengezinhlangano eziyinhloko zokuchaza imithetho, ukuxazulula izingxabano, nokusekela amalungelo abantu. Ukuqonda indlela izinkantolo ezisebenza ngayo — kusukela ekuhlolweni kwecala lokuqala ekudlulisweni kwesicelo sokugcina — akubalulekile nje kuphela kochwepheshe bezomthetho kodwa nakunoma yisiphi isakhamuzi esinolwazi. Lesihloko sihlola izigaba zemisebenzi yenkantolo, ngokugxila ngokukhethekile ekuqulweni nasemalungelweni, futhi sihlola indlela lezinqubo ezigcina ngayo ubulungisa nemithetho.

Ukubuka udlulisa imitapo yeNkantolo

Izinkantolo zenza imisebenzi eminingi ebucayi esimisweni somthetho. Nakuba indima ethile ingase ihlukahluka ngokwamandla, imithwalo yemfanelo elandelayo eyinhloko ivamile kuzo zonke izindikimba zokwahlulela zesimanje:

Isinqumo Esiphikisanayo

Indima ejwayelekile yezinkantolo yisinqumo esinokuthula sezingxabano. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izingxabano ziphakathi kwamaqembu azimele (impi) noma phakathi kombuso nomuntu (ukumangalelwa), izinkantolo zinikeza i-produm ehlelwe lapho kunikezwa khona ubufakazi, izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho, futhi kunikezwa isinqumo esibophekayo. Lempi ivimbela abantu ukuba bathathe umthetho ezandleni zabo futhi igcine uhlelo lwezenhlalo.

Ukuchazwa Kwemithetho

Izimemezelo zidlulisa imithetho, kodwa izinkantolo zichaza lokho lezozimiso ezikushoyo ekusebenzeni. Ngenqubo yencazelo mfundisi , izahlulelo ezicacisa ulimi olucaciwe, zisebenzisa imithetho emaqinisweni akhethekile, futhi zinqume ukuthi umthetho uvumelana yini nezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo. Lo msebenzi wokuchaza unamandla ikakhulukazi uma izinkantolo zihileleke ekubukezeni iziqu zobushici [ — ukushaya imithetho ephambene nomthetho-mthetho-mthetho.

Isivikelo Samalungelo Abantu Ngabodwa

Izinkantolo zisebenza njengabavikeli bamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo nawabantu. Abantu ngabanye bangaveza izinkulumo ezithi amalungelo abo aye oniwa uhulumeni, izinhlangano, noma abanye abantu. Ngezindlela ezinjenge- corpus nezenzo zamalungelo omphakathi, izinkantolo ziphoqelela ukuba kuvikelwe isivikelo esifakwe emithetho-mthetho-sisekelo, izivumelwano, nezimiso.

Ukuphoqelelwa Kwemithetho

Izinkantolo zezephulamthetho ziphoqelela ukuba kuqikelelwe imithetho yokujezisa ngokumangalela abantu abamangalelwa ngobugebengu. Ngemva kwesijeziso, izinkantolo zikhipha neziqondiso, iziyalezo, nokungawunaki ukuphoqelela ukuthobela umthetho. Umsebenzi wokuqinisekisa ukumiswa kwemithetho uqinisekisa ukuthi izahlulelo ezingokomthetho azizona nje izimemezelo zephepha kodwa zinemiphumela yangempela yezwe.

Iqhinga Nestartic Deccis

Ezimisweni zomthetho ezivamile, izinkantolo zidala futhi umthetho ngemfundiso ye stare decis (uvumele isinqumo sime). Isinqumo sezinkantolo eziphakeme siba yizibonelo ezibophayo zezinkantolo eziphansi, ziqinisekisa ukungaguquguquki nokubikezela. Lomthetho owenzileyo ukuziphendukela kwemvelo: njengoba izinguquko zomphakathi, izinkantolo zingazivumelanisa izimiso zomthetho ngezincazelo ezintsha, kuyilapho zicabangela izinqumo zakudala.

Inqubo Yokuqulwa Komthetho

Ukuqulwa kwamacala kuyisici esibonakala kakhulu senkantolo. Icala liwukuhlola ubufakazi obuqondile nezimpikiswano phambi kwamajaji noma amajaji ukuze kutholakale icala (ubugebengu) noma icala (isigebengu). Lenqubo ingahlukaniswa ibe izigaba eziningana eziyinhloko, ngayinye ibe nemithetho nezinjongo zayo.

Ukuvivinyeka

Ukuqulwa kwecala akuzenzekeli. [ Icala eliqulileyo], inqubo iqala ngokuboshwa, ilandelwe yidokhumende elikhohlakeleyo (umz., ukumangalelwa noma ukwaziswa). Icala lokuqala noma ijaji elikhulu linganquma ukuthi ubufakazi obanele bukhona yini. [[[FLT:]] Izenzakalo , isikhalazo somkhalazo, isikhalazo sommangaleli, futhi ummangalelwa aphendule. Ngaphambi kokuba icala liqhutshwe, amaqembu angene [[FLT:] [FLT] [FLT:] — ukuguqula amabhukwana, ukugcinwa, obunye ubufakazi — ukulungisa izimo zawo. Izenzakalo eziningi zixazululwa noma ukuqulwa kwecala, kodwa zithatha isinyathelo, kodwa lapho ziqhubeka, lapho inkantolo iqhubeka.

Indima YabaHluleli Namaphupho

Ijaji lisebenza njengonompempe ongokomthetho, libusa ngokungezwani kobufakazi, liyala abahluleli ngomthetho, futhi liqinisekisa ukuqhubekeka kobulungisa. Ijaji, lapho likhona, lisebenza njenge- Fact prover, lihlola ubufakazi futhi linqume iqiniso lamaqiniso aphikiswayo. EUnited States, iSimemezelo seSiphakamiso seSithandathu siqinisekisa ukuqulwa kwecala emacala obugebengu, futhi iSiphendulo seSezinhlo sinikeza amajaji ezinkantolo eziningi zomphakathi. Nokho, kwezinye izifunda eziningi (nasemacala ase-US), umahluleli kuphela (ekuqulwa) kunquma kokubili umthetho neqiniso. Ukukhethwa kwe-jaji eliphakathi [FLT:]

Ukuboniswa Kobufakazi

Icala elifanele lihlanganisa izinkulumo zokuvula, ezilandelwa ukunikezwa kobufakazi. Umshushisi unikeza icala labo kuqala, ubiza ofakazi, ukungenisa izincwadi, futhi ubonise ubufakazi obungokoqobo. Impicabadala inikeza icala layo, nakuba ingadlula futhi kofakazi be-precantine. Uhlangothi ngalunye lungaphika imibuzo engafanele noma ubufakazi, futhi amajaji abeke imithetho yalokhu kuphikisa. Imithetho yobufakazi (njengemithetho efana nomthetho wobufakazi e-US) ibusa lokho okungase kunikezwe, kususwe amahemu, izinto ezikhanyisiwe, noma ubufakazi obutholakele ephulelweni.

Ubufakazi bungashoka ngqo (umz., ufakazi wokuzibonela ofakazele “Ngabona ummangalelwa edonsa imvuthuluka” noma (umz., ubufakazi beminwe ebeka ummangalelwa esigcawini). Zombili lezi zinhlobo zibonakala ziqondeka uma nje zifanelekile futhi zithembekile. Umthwalo wobufakazi [ uyahluka ngokohlobo lwecala: ekuvivinyweni kobugebengu, ukumangalela kumelwe kubonise ukuthi unecala “ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo”; ekuqulweni komphakathi, i-patleff idinga“ ukuqashelwa kobufakazi obungakhonjiwe."

Ukulahlwa Nokugwetshwa

Ngemva kokuba izinhlangothi zombili sezinikeze ubufakazi bazo, icala liya ejajini (noma ejajini enkantolo yebhentshi) ukuze licatshangelwe. Amajaji athola iziyalezo ezingokomthetho osebenzayo ovela kumajaji. Uma isinqumo sifinyelelwa, simenyezelwa enkantolo evulekile. Emacaleni obugebengu, isinqumo esinecala siholela ekwahlukaneni kokugunyaza [ukukhokhwa kwecala]. Ukugwetshwa kwecala kungase kwenzeke ngokushesha noma kamuva ngemva kokuthethwa kwecala, futhi kungahilela uhlu lwezijeziso ezivela enkantolo ehlwini nasemuva, noma, isigwebo sokufa. Ezindabeni ezithile zomphakathi, isinqumo singaholela ekulahlekelweni imali noma ekukhishweni kwecala. Uma iqembu likholelwa ukuthi icala linephutha, lingase lidluliselwe icala.

Inqubo Yokukhanga

Izikhalo zinikeza i-explorder ebucayi ezinqumweni ze-ccourt. Ukudlulisa icala akulona ikhambi elisha; kunalokho, ukubukeza ukuqulwa kwamacala okuqala ephutha lomthetho. Iqembu elifuna ukubukezwa (ummangali) kumelwe libonise ukuthi umahluleli wecala wenza iphutha elithinta umphumela. Inqubo yokunxusa iqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho usetshenziswa ngendlela efanayo nokuthi ubulungisa obuyisisekelo bugcinwe.

Izisekelo Zokukhanga

Izizathu ezivamile zokucela zihlanganisa:

  • Amaphutha angokwesayensi – umz., ukuvuma okungafanele kobufakazi, iziyalezo zephutha zokhetho, noma ukuphika ukuqulwa kobulungisa.
  • Ukuchazwa kabi komthetho – uma umahluleli wecala esebenzisa indinganiso engalungile engokomthetho noma athathe kabi umthetho.
  • Ukungabutholi ubufakazi – ummangalelwa uthi akukho jaji olunengqondo olungafinyelela isinqumo esisekelwe ebufakazini obunikezwayo.
  • [ Usizo olungenanzuzo lweseluleko (emacaleni obugebengu) – uma ummeli wommangalelwa enikeza ukumelela okungahleleki ngokomthetho-mthetho.
  • Ukusetshenziswa kokuhlakanipha [ – kusetshenziswa kakhulu lapho kubukezwa imithetho yomahluleli oqulweyo ezindabeni ezinjengobufakazi noma isigwebo.

Okubalulekile, isikhalo asinakuveza ubufakazi obusha noma ukubuyisa izindaba ezingaphakanyiswanga lapho kuqulwa icala (imfuneko yecala”). Uma umbambi sicelo ehluleka ukuphikisa phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala, inkantolo ye-appellate ngokuvamile ngeke icabangele lendaba okokuqala lapho idluliswa.

Izinkantolo Eziphakamiso

Izikhalo zizwakala ezinkantolo eziphakathi (umz., izinkantolo zokudlulisa amacala zase-US) noma, kwezinye izenzakalo, zithathwa inkantolo ephakeme kakhulu kahulumeni noma iNkantolo ePhakeme yase-U. ngokungafani nezinkantolo zamacala, ezithi zinqunywe ngamacala angu-69, izinkantolo ze-appellate zihlala emagqumeni amajaji amathathu (noma okuningi kokuhlola ukuvinjelwa). Inkantolo ibukeza umlando ovela enkantolo enkantolo enkantolo enkantolo — imilayezo, imiboniso, imiboniso, nesinqumo — futhi icabangele izimpikiswano ezibhalwe nhlangothi zombili. Izimpikiswano zenkulumo zomlomo zingahlelwa, kodwa zibhalwe kafushane futhi ziqondiswe kakhulu kunamacala.

Isinqumo − Ukwenza Inqubo Nezindinganiso Zokubukeza

Amajaji aqanjiwe asebenzisa izilinganiso ezihlukile zokubukeza [[FLT: 1] kuye ngokuthi:

  • Devo no (kusukela ekuqaleni) – esetshenziselwa imibuzo emsulwa yomthetho. Inkantolo ye-appellate ayimnikeli imvume umahluleli oquliweyo futhi ithatha indawo yencazelo yayo.
  • ngokucacile iphutha[ – isetshenziselwa ukuthola amaqiniso okwenziwa umahluleli (hayi umsizi). Inkantolo ye-appellate izosekela ukutholwa ngaphandle kokuba inephutha.
  • [ Ukusetshenziswa kokuhlakanipha – kusetshenziselwa ukubusa okungaqondi (umz., noma kuvuma ubufakazi obuthile). Isinqumo somahluleli sisekelwa ngaphandle kokuba siwumthetho noma singenangqondo.
  • [ Ubufakazi obuqand ’ ikhanda [ - obusetshenziselwa izinqumo zokwahlulela; isinqumo sizoma uma noma imuphi umsizi onengqondo engafinyelela lesosiphetho.

Ngemva kokuxoxa, inkantolo enikeza umbono obhaliwe. Umphumela ungathatha izindlela eziningana:

  • Isigungu – isinqumo senkantolo ephansi siyama.
  • landela i- -isinqumo senkantolo ephansi siyagumbuqelwa, ngokuvamile sinesiqondiso sokuthatha isahlulelo ku-panellant.
  • [ I-Remand - icala libuyiselwa enkantolo equlweni lomthetho oqhubekayo ngokuvumelana nesinqumo se-appellate.
  • Ukukhipha – isahlulelo sibekwa eceleni, futhi icala lingase lixoshwe noma libuyiselwe ukuqulwa okusha.

Ukudluliswa Kwezicelo Nokubukezwa Okuqhubekayo

Ezimisweni eziningi, isinqumo senkantolo ephakeme kakhulu (umz., inkantolo ephakeme yezwe noma iNkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S.) sisokugcina. Nokho, ezimweni ezithile, iqembu lingase lifune ukudluliswa kwecala. Ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. ihlola amacala amancane kuphela ezinkantolo eziphansi zikahulumeni nezinkantolo eziphakeme kakhulu nge-' [FLT]] [indlela] eqinile uma okungenani amajajini amane evuma ukuzwa icala. Ngokufanayo, amazwe amaningi anenkantolo yecala lokugcina (ig., iNkantolo Ephakeme, iNkantolo Ephakeme) ehlola leyondlela yokuqondisa. Isimiso sokugcina somthetho siqinisekisa ukuthi izimali eziphethwe yize izikhali futhi ayigcini.

Ngalé Kokulingwa Nokudluliswa Kwezikhalo: Eminye Imisebenzi Ebalulekile YeNkantolo

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela Nencazelo Yomthetho - sisekelo

Enye yemisebenzi enamandla kakhulu yezinkantolo, ikakhulukazi embusweni wentando yeningi, i-fusion — amandla okumemezela izenzo zomthetho noma zezikhulu ezingavumelani nemithetho. Leligunya lamiswa embukisweni we-U.S. icala [[FLT:]] [[2] Marbury v. Madison [185]] futhi manje liyitshe eliyisisekelo lezimiso eziningi zomthetho. Izinkantolo kuwo wonke amaqembu zingahileleka ekuchazeni umthetho, kodwa izinkantolo eziphakeme kakhulu ngokuvamile zinegama elishoshoyo ngencazelo yomthetho. Lo msebenzi uvikela amalungelo amancane, uvikela ukwahlukana kwemibuso, futhi uqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni usebenza phakathi kwemingcele yayo engokomthetho. [FFF:]

Izindlela zokuphikisana. Izimiso zokubuza

Imisebenzi yenkantolo ihluka kakhulu kuye ngokuthi izwe lilandela umthetho ovamile (njengase simiso somthetho, i-U.S., UK, Australia) noma isimiso somthetho womthetho wokuqulisa amacala (njengaseFrance, eJalimane, eJapan). Ezimisweni zezikhulu, amaqembu alawula ukunikezwa kobufakazi, futhi umahluleli uhlala engekho hlangothi. Ezimisweni zokuqulwa kwecala, umahluleli uthatha indima esebenzayo ekuhloleni icala, ekubuzeni ofakazi, nasekuqoqeni ubufakazi. Zombili izimiso zifuna ukufinyelela imiphumela empeleni, kodwa umsebenzi wenkantolo ngayinye ulolonganiswa namasiko ahlukene. Ukuqonda lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ekuhloleni umthetho ongokomthetho. [FLD:]

Izinkantolo Nezinkantolo Ezikhethekile

Izimiso eziningi zenkantolo zihlanganisa izinkundla ezikhethekile zokusingatha izinhlobo ezithile zezingxabano ngokuphumelelayo. Izibonelo zihlanganisa:

  • [[I] izinkantolo zomkhaya - - esingatha isehlukaniso, ilungelo lokuhlala nabantwana, nobudlova basekhaya.
  • [ izinkantolo zeTax - - Ukuxazulula izingxabano phakathi kwentela nezinhlangano zemali kahulumeni.
  • Izinkantolo zeBankruptic - - ukwengamela imicimbi yokuncibilikisa kanye nokuhlelwa kabusha kwezikweletu.
  • Izinkantolo zezobuphathi – ukubukeza izinqumo zezinhlangano (umz., ukufuduka, ukulondeka komphakathi).
  • Izinkantolo ze-Custitution (umzk., iNkantolo yoMthetho-sisekelo waseJalimane) - – isingatha imibuzo yomthetho-sisekelo kuphela.

Lezi zindikimba ezikhethekile zinciphisa umthwalo ezinkantolo ezivamile zokumangalela futhi zivumela amajaji anobuchwepheshe obufanele ukuba anqume izindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi. Izinqumo zawo ngokuvamile zidluliselwa ezinkantolo eziphakeme.

Indima Yegumbi Elizimele Lokufundela Ukukhonza

Ukuze izinkantolo zisebenze kahle, kumelwe zisebenze [ ezizimele emagatsheni aphetheyo nawabezomthetho. Ukukhululeka kokwahlulela kuqinisekisa ukuthi amajaji anganquma amacala asekelwe emthethweni nasemaqinisweni kuphela, ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuziphindiselela noma ukucindezela. Lesimiso sivikelwa ekuphileni (noma ukumiswa kwesikhathi eside), iholo elivikelwe, nezindinganiso zokuziphatha. Uma i-jajicariary ihlehliswa, sonke isimiso somthetho siyahlupheka, futhi ukuqiniseka komphakathi kuyabhuntsha. Inhlangano yomthetho ichaza umqondo wozibukeli obusemthethweni ngokujula kwe[FLT]

Isiphetho

Kusukela ekuqulweni kwecala ukuya ekukhipheni umthetho wokugcina wenkantolo ephakeme, imisebenzi yezinkantolo inezici eziningi futhi ibalulekile. Ukuqulwa kunikeza inkundla yokuxazulula izingxabano nokunquma icala noma icala, kuyilapho izikhalo ziqinisekisa ukuthi amaphutha alungisiwe futhi izimiso ezingokomthetho zisetshenziswa ngokungaguquguquki. Ngaphandle kwalezi zinqubo eziyisisekelo, izinkantolo zichaza imithetho engokomthetho, zidala izinqubo, futhi zivikele amalungelo omphakathi ngamunye. Impilo yomphakathi ivame ukulinganiswa ngamandla nobuqotho besimiso sayo sokwahlulela. Ngokuqonda indlela izinkantolo ezisebenza ngayo — ekuqulweni kwecala nokudluliseleni umthetho nokuhlanganyela ngokunengqondo ekulawuleni kwazo. Ukuqonda lezi zinqubo kumemezela izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngokuphathelene nguquko, ukufinyelela ukwahlulela kobulungisa, nokulinganisela phakathi kokulunga. Njengoba izimiso zomthetho ziguqula indima eyisisekelo yenkantolo ehlala njalo, ukunikeza ukuthula, nokulunga.

Imithombo ebanzi:[ ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe ngesakhiwo sezinkantolo zikahulumeni e-United States, vakashela i- U.S. izinkantolo ezisemthethweni zewebhusayithi[ kanye ne- i-Cornell Legical Information Institute yenkantolo[.