Isingeniso: Ukushaya Izinsika Ezimbili Zobulungisa

Isimiso somthetho e-United States kanye neminye imikhakha eminingi yemithetho evamile isekelwe ezinsikeni ezimbili eziyisisekelo: umthetho wesizwe nomthetho wobugebengu. Nakuba behlanganyela umgomo wokuxazulula izingxabano nokugcina ukuhleleka, basebenza ngaphansi kwemithetho ehlukene, izindinganiso, nezinhloso. Kunoma ubani oye woniwe (noma yisiphi isivumelwano esiphukile), ngengozi enganakiwe, noma isenzo sobugebengu () ukwazi ukuthi igatsha lomthetho elisebenza liyini lingawenza umehluko phakathi kokuthola imbuyiselo nokubona ubulungisa benziwa. Lesiqondiso esibanzi sichaza ukuhlukanisa okuyisisekelo, amakhambi akhethekile egatsheni ngalinye elinikezayo, kanye nezinyathelo ezingokoqobo okufanele uthathe lapho ufuna ukubuyisela okungakho.

Ukuqonda Umthetho Wangaphakathi

Umthetho wesizwe ulawula izingxabano phakathi kwamaqembu azimele − abantu abazimele, amabhizinisi, noma ezinye izinhlangano. Ngokungafani nomthetho wobugebengu, umbuso awulona iqembu; kunalokho, umuntu ozizwa ekoniwe (ummangalelwa) uletha icala lomuntu noma umuntu akholelwa ukuthi ubangele ukulimala (ummangalelwa). Injongo eyinhloko yomthetho kahulumeni iwukuphinde wenze iqembu elilimele liphinde liphele, ngokuvamile ngokukhokhelwa imali, kunokuba lijezise umenzi wobubi.

Imikhosi Nendima Yayo

Uma kuqulwa icala lomphakathi, ummangalelwa uqala isenzo. Ummangalelwa uphendula, futhi icala liqulwa enkantolo yomphakathi. Uhulumeni akamangaleli; umane nje unikeza i-corem. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ummangaleli unomthwalo wemfanelo wokuqoqa ubufakazi nokufaka icala lakhe. Ngokwesibonelo, uma ulimele engozini yemoto ebangelwa ukunganaki komunye umshayeli, ufaka icala elilimazayo kuye.

Umgomo: Ukuthola Isijeziso, Hhayi Isijeziso

Ikhambi lomthetho wezakhamuzi cishe njalo liyimali elimazayo. Inkantolo ingakhokha impoqo yokukhokha ukulahlekelwa okungokoqobo (izindleko zezokwelapha, iholo elilahlekile, ukulungisa impahla), futhi kwezinye izimo, isijeziso sokunqanda ukuziphatha okungafanele. Amanye amakhambi ahlanganisa ukwenza okuthile okukhethekile (ukuphoqelela iqembu ukuba lifeze isivumelwano) noma imiyalo (ukuhlela iqembu ukuba liyeke ukwenza okuthile).

Umthwalo Wobufakazi: Ukukhathalela Ubufakazi

Amacala angaphakathi adinga ummangalelwa ukuba afakazele icala lakhe ukucabangela ubufakazi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ubufakazi kumelwe bubonise ukuthi kungenzeka kakhulu kunoma (kungaphezu kuka 50% yamathuba) ukuthi ummangalelwa unecala. Lokhu kuyindinganiso ephansi kakhulu kunendinganiso yecala “ukungangaqiniseki ngokunengqondo.” Ngenxa yalokho, ummangalelwa angalahlekelwa icala lomphakathi ngisho noma enganecala elibi.

Izinhlobo Ezivamile Zamacala Angaphakathi

Umthetho wezakhamuzi uhlanganisa izingxabano eziningi.

  • Izimpikiswano: Izivumelwano, kusukela ezivumelwaneni zemisebenzi kuya ezivumelwaneni zokuthengisa. Isibonelo: Umthengisi akakwazi ukuletha izimpahla ozikhokhelayo.
  • isho ukuthi: amaphutha omphakathi abangela ukulimala noma ukulahlekelwa. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukunganaki (izingozi zezimoto, ukungalawuleki kwezokwelapha), amatort (assault, ukuhlambalaza), kanye necala eliqinile (imikhiqizo eyingozi).
  • [ izimpikiswano ezingokwesisho:[ izingxabano ezibambekayo, izingxabano ezikhona, noma ubunikazi obufuna indawo.
  • Umthetho womkhaya:[ isehlukaniso, ukuwinwa kwezingane, ukusekela umntwana, nokuhlelwa kokutholwa.
  • [[UMTH:0] iprobate kanye nezimpikiswano zefa:[[[QURT:1] izinselele zentando noma ukuphatha ifa.

Ukuze ungene juqu enqubweni ye-odoli, i-Cornell Legal Information Institute i-keyptual system yenqubo yesizwe [ iwusizo olungcono kakhulu.

Ukuqonda Umthetho Wesigebengu

Umthetho wesigebengu usebenzelana nokuziphatha okubhekwa njengokulimaza kakhulu emphakathini wonke kangangokuthi wenqatshelwe ngomthetho. Uhulumeni `umelelwa umshushisi (ummeli wesifundazwe, ummeli wezwe, noma i-Attorney yase-U.S.) uletha amacala komangalelwe (ummangalelwa). Injongo eyinhloko ukujezisa owenzé ubugebengu besikhathi esizayo, kanjalo uvikela umphakathi.

Uhulumeni Njengomshushisi

Ngisho noma uyisisulu sobugebengu, awubhali icala lobugebengu, kunalokho, ubika icala kumthetho ophoqelelwe, futhi uhulumeni unquma ukuthi umangalele yini. Umshushisi umelela umbuso, hhayi isisulu. Isisulu singaba ufakazi, kodwa asibona ababo ababodwa ecaleni. Lokhu kuhlukile kusuthi yomphakathi, lapho ulawula khona icala.

Umgomo: Isijeziso Nokuhoxa

Izijeziso zobugebengu ziklanyelwe ukujezisa osonile futhi zivimbele abanye ukuba bangenzi izenzo ezifanayo. Izigwebo zingahlanganisa ukuboshwa, amafa (ikhokhiso kuhulumeni), ukugwetshwa, inkonzo yomphakathi, noma ukukhokhelwa (ukukhokhwa kwesisulu, ngokuvamile okuyalelwa njengengxenye yesigwebo sobugebengu). Ezimweni ezingathi sína, isigwebo sokufa singatholakala.

Umthwalo Wobufakazi: Ngaphandle Kokungabaza Okunengqondo

Umthetho wesigebengu ufuna indinganiso ephakeme kakhulu yobufakazi: ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo. Lokhu kusho ukuqulwa kwecala kumelwe kufakazele zonke izici zobugebengu ngokuphelele kangangokuthi akukho ukungabaza okunengqondo engqondweni yejaji elinengqondo ngecala lommangalelwa. Lomthwalo onzima uvikela abantu ekukholelweni okungalungile futhi ubonise imiphumela enzima yesinqumo sobugebengu.

Ukuhlelwa Kwezono

Ngokuvamile amacala ezigebengu ahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezintathu:

  • [ Icala elingathi sína: amacala angathi sína ajeziswa isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka ejele. Izibonelo: ukubulala, ukudlwengula, ukuphanga, ukuphanga.
  • Imisdemers: Ubugebengu obungathi sína obunezigwebo ezingathi sína ezize zingafinyelela unyaka owodwa ejele. Izibonelo: ukweba okuncane, ukuhlasela okulula, iDuI (icala lokuqala), ukucekela phansi.
  • Iziphambeko:[ Ukuphula umthetho okuncane ngokuvamile kujeziswa ngokukhokhwa nangokungakhonziswa isikhathi sejele. Izibonelo: amathikithi okulala, ukungcolisa, ukwephula umthetho komsindo.

Kuluhlu olubanzi lwezincazelo, USA.gov iziqondiso zemithetho yobugebengu inikeza ukwaziswa okuwusizo.

Umehluko Oyinhloko Phakathi Komthetho Wangaphakathi Nowesigebengu

Ukuqonda umehluko kukusiza ukuba unqume ukuthi iyiphi indlela ozohamba ngayo. Ngezansi kufingqwa umehluko omkhulu.

Imicimbi Ehilelekile

.I-CIIIL:[ I-pattertiff vs. Ummangalelwa wangasese (angahlanganisa izinhlangano zikahulumeni uma uhulumeni ephendulwa, umz., ngokwephula isivumelwano).
.[[FLT]URME:4] Uhulumeni (isiphequlo) vs. ummangalelwa ngamunye (noma inkampani).

Injongo

.I-CIIL:[ faka isisulu futhi uxazulule izingxabano zangasese.
'''ubugebengu:[ ukujezisa owenze iphutha, ukuvimbela ubugebengu, futhi ugcine ukuhleleka komphakathi.

Umthwalo Wobufakazi

ICIIL:[ Izaziso zobufakazi (ngaphezu kuka-50%).
'Criminal:[[ Ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo (ukusondela 95 2999% ukuqiniseka).

Imiphumela Nezindlela Zokwelapha

I-CIILI:[ Imali echithwayo (i-panetary, i-pact), iziyalo, umsebenzi okhethekile. Akukho mkhosi.
Umthetho:[[[FLT:]] Ukuboshwa, amafa ekhokhwa kuhulumeni, ukuqulwa, inkonzo yomphakathi, ukubuyiselwa (ngokuvamile kuyalelwa njengengxenye yesigwebo sobugebengu).

Ukuya Eshashalazini

Civil: You have the right to hire a lawyer, but the government does not provide one if you cannot afford it. Many people represent themselves in small claims court.
Criminal: The Sixth Amendment guarantees the right to an attorney for all criminal prosecutions, and if you cannot afford one, the court must appoint one (public defender).

Ukuqulwa Kwecala LaseJury

ICIIL: Ezimweni eziningi, kodwa hhayi isiqinisekiso sezinto ezincane kakhulu. Ubukhulu bukaJury buvame ukuba buncane (umz., abahluleli abayisithupha ezinkantolo eziningi zesifundazwe).
Ubugebengu:[ [okanye] baqinisekisiwe ngamacala amakhulu (labo abajeziswa ngezinyanga ezingaphezu kweziyisithupha ejele).

Ukulinganiselwa Okuncane

I-CIILIL:[ Imibala ebanzi ngokwendlela yendaba [1] Iminyaka engu-1-6 (umz., iminyaka emibili yokulimala komuntu siqu, 3-6 yeminyaka yokuphuka kwesivumelwano).
,mjikelezo we-Crimenal:[ Ngokuvamile isaqhubeka, futhi ama-feloni angathi sína afana nokubulala ngokuvamile awakho isilinganiso sesikhathi.

Ngoba lemithetho iyahlukahluka ngokwemithetho, njalo thintana nommeli wendawo. Isihloko Nolo esiphathelene nomthetho wemingcele [[FLT: 1] sinikeza indawo yokuqala eqinile.

Isikhathi Sokufuna Ukuncishiswa Komthetho Wezakhamuzi

Umthetho wangaphakathi ufanelekile uma uke walimala ngokwenu noma ngokwezimali okungahileli ukwephulwa komthetho wecala (noma) ngisho noma ukhona, kodwa ufuna ukululama kwemali. Izimo ezilandelayo zivame ukuholela esivivinyweni somphakathi:

  • I-vcompting yesivumelwano:[ Iqembu aliphumeleli ukwenza ngendlela evumelanayo, kubangele ukulahlekelwa okungalungiseki.
  • [[[QURT:0] Ukulimala komuntu siqu:[ Ukweqisa noma isenzo somuntu ngenhloso sabangela ukulimala okungokomzimba. Ngisho noma isenzo sasiwubugebengu (umz., ukuhlasela), ungamangalela ngokusemthethweni ngenxa yomonakalo.
  • [[UMFL:0] Umonakalo ofiphele: Othile ulimaza imoto yakho, ikhaya, noma enye indawo.
  • [[I-FLT:0] Ukudambisa:[ Izinkulumo ezingamanga zilimaza idumela lakho.
  • [ izimpikiswano zokulungisa: Ukususa okungalungile, ubandlululo, noma iholo elingakhokhelwa.
  • Izindaba zezwe ezingenisa ukulondeka: zifaka izingxabano, ukuxoshwa ngaphandle kwesizathu, noma ukwehluleka ukugcina indawo ephephile.

Izici Okufanele Zicatshangelwe Ngaphambi Kokuzitika

Izindleko Nesikhathi

Ukugxeka kungabiza futhi kuthathe kancane. Izindleko zentela, izindleko zenkantolo, izindleko zobufakazi obungochwepheshe, kanye nezindleko zokuthola izindleko zenezela ngokushesha. Ngisho noma uwina, ukuqoqa isahlulelo kungaba yinselele uma ummangalelwa engenayo impahla. Izinga lokumangalela okuncane (ukuze kungene izingxabano ezithile zemali, ngokuvamile amadolara angu-5,5 000) kungaba enye indlela esheshayo nebizayo ngaphandle kwabameli.

Amandla Obufakazi

Uma ubufakazi bubuthakathaka, ukumangalelana kungasaphaza. Ukuhlanganisa amabhukwana, izinkulumo zobufakazi, kanye nemibiko yochwepheshe kusenendaba.

Ukulinganiselwa Okuncane

Lapho isikhathi siphela, ukuzisholo kwakho kuvinjelwa phakade.

Ubumnandi Bokululama

Ngisho noma ungawina, ingabe ummangalelwa angakhokha? Imali yomshuwalense ivame ukuba umthombo wokululama emacaleni okulimala komuntu siqu. Kubalulekile ukuphenya umshuwalense noma impahla yommangalelwa ngaphambi kokufaka ishende.

Isikhathi Sokufuna Abahlengiselwe EMthethweni Wesigebengu

Isinqumo sokuqunga icala sisehhovisi lommeli wesifunda, kodwa ukubambisana nobufakazi bakho kubalulekile. Izimo ezilandelayo zikwenza uqaphele ukuthi uhileleke ezigebengwini:

  • Ubugebengu be-Vielent:[ Ukuhlasela, ibhethri, ukuphanga, ukubulala, ubudlova basekhaya.
  • Ubugebengu bezempahla: Ibheji, ukwebiwa kwezimoto, ukukhwabanisa, ukwebiwa kwemininingwane.
  • Amacala omlomo: Impahla, ukusakaza, ukwenza.
  • Ubugebengu be-White àcollar:[ Intengiselwano, ukuhweba ngaphakathi, ukubalekela intela.
  • Umyalo wePublic amacala: Ukushayela uphukile, ukuziphatha okungahlelekile, ukuphulwa kwezikhali.

Indima Yakho Njengesisulu Ekubeni Isigebengu

Ngokungafani nesikhulu sikahulumeni, awulilawuli icala.

  • Bambisana nokuphenya ngokunikeza ubufakazi.
  • Ukucela isisulu ukuba sifunde amazwi ashiwo lapho sigweba, okungathonya isinqumo somahluleli.
  • Funa ukukhokha njengengxenye yesigwebo sobugebengu (inkantolo iyala ummangalelwa ukuba akukhokhele ngokulahlekelwa).
  • Yiba khona lapho kuqulwa icala futhi waziswe ngentuthuko yaleli cala (imithetho yamalungelo yalo idinga lokhu ezizweni eziningi).

Lapho Isigebengu Singase Singawenzi Khona

Abamangaleli bayakwazi ukuqulwa ngecala futhi bangase benqabe ukubhala amafayili uma ubufakazi bunganele, ubugebengu buncane, noma isisulu asibasebenzi. Ezimweni ezinjalo, kungenzeka ukuba icala lomphakathi linqanyulwe. (nakuba icala lobugebengu linqanyulwe.) Ngokwesibonelo, uma uhlaselwa kodwa umshushisi enqaba ukumangalela, ungamangalela umhlaseli ngebhetri enkantolo yomphakathi.

Ukushaywa Kwecala: Lapho Kuhlangana Umthetho Wangaphakathi Nowesigebengu

Izimo eziningi zezwe zihilela kokubili ubugebengu nobubi bomphakathi. Isibonelo esidume kakhulu yicala lika-O.J. Simpson: USimpson wakhululwa ekubulaleni enkantolo yobugebengu (ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo) kodwa wathola ukuthi unecala lokufa ngokungafanele enkantolo yomphakathi (ukuqashelwa kobufakazi). Lokhu kubonisa indlela isenzo esifanayo esingaholela ngayo emacaleni amabili ahlukene angokomthetho anemiphumela ehlukene.

Izimo ezivamile zihlanganisa:

  • Assault nebhetri: Isisulu singabika ubugebengu emaphoyiseni futhi simangalele umhlaseli ngokulimaza.
  • [[[UMTL:0] Izingozi zokushayela ephumile: Umshayeli ubhekene nobugebengu obuthi DUI, futhi omunye olimele umangalela ukulimala kwakhe.
  • Fraud:[ uhulumeni angaletha amacala okukhwabanisa, kuyilapho izisulu zifaka icala lomphakathi ngenxa yokukhokha noma ukulimala okungalawuleki.
  • [ Ubudlova obungalawuleki: ubugebengu obungamangalela ngokuhlasela, kanye nezenzo zomphakathi zokuvikela nomonakalo.

Okubaluleke kakhulu, ukuquliswa kwecala lobugebengu kungasiza ecaleni lomphakathi ngoba ummangalelwa angase avinjelwe ukuba athole amaqiniso athile (colteral estopel).

Izinyathelo Eziwusizo Zokufuna Ukunciphisa

Isinyathelo Sokuqala, Hlola Isimo

Uma othile entshontsha impahla yakho, yibikele emaphoyiseni uma bephula isivumelwano, funa ummeli. Uma ungaqiniseki, thintana nommeli.

Isinyathelo Sesibili: Hlanganisa Ubufakazi

Bhala yonke into: izithombe, ama - video, amarisidi, ama - email, amarekhodi ezokwelapha, ukwaziswa okuphathelene nofakazi. Ubufakazi bubalulekile kokubili emacaleni omphakathi nawamasela.

Isinyathelo 3: Bukeza Ubugebengu

Uma ukholelwa ukuthi ubugebengu buye bavela, beza u-911 noma umnyango wamaphoyisa endaweni yakini. Ifayile umbiko wamaphoyisa. Cela inombolo yecala negama lesikhulu esihlolayo. Gcina amakhophi ayo yonke imibiko.

Isinyathelo 4: Bheka I - athoriney

Ezindabeni zomphakathi, qasha ummeli osebenza ngecala lakho (ukulimala komuntu siqu, isivumelwano, umthetho womkhaya). Abaningi banikeza izingxoxo zamahhala zokuqala. Izindaba zobugebengu, uma umangalelwa, ngokushesha sebenzisa ilungelo lakho lokuthula futhi ucele ummeli. Uma uyisisulu, isikhungo sofakazi basehhovisi singakuqondisa.

Isinyathelo 5: Cabangela Enye Impikiswano

Izingxabano eziningi zombango zingaxazululwa ngokukhipha isigwebo noma ngokukhipha icala ngaphandle kokuqulwa icala. Lezi zindlela zivame ukubiza ngokushesha futhi zingabizi kakhulu. Ezinye izivumelwano zidinga ukudluliswa. Ezindabeni zobugebengu, ukunxusa kuvamile futhi kungaxazululwa ngaphandle kwecala, nakuba izisulu zingaba nemininingwane ehilelekile.

Isinyathelo 6: Yazi Amalungelo Akho

Izisulu zinamalungelo: zifanele zitshelwe, zikhona lapho kuxoxwa, zikhulume ngokugweba, futhi zifune ukubuyiselwa. Ezizweni eziningi, ungafaka futhi uhlelo lwesivikelo somphakathi (uhlelo lokunqanda) ngokwehlukana nezomthetho. Iwebhusayithi yezisulu zeCrime (OVC) inikeza imithombo yesizwe.

Isiphetho: Ukukhetha Indlela Efanele Yobulungisa

Umthetho wezephula - mthetho ufeza izinjongo ezingafani nezivumelanayo. umthetho wesizwe unikeza indlela yokubuyisa ukulahlekelwa futhi uphoqelele amalungelo abantu, kuyilapho umthetho wobugebengu uvikela umphakathi futhi ujezise ukuziphatha okungekho emthethweni. Ukuqonda umthwalo wobufakazi, amaqembu ahilelekile, namakhambi akhona kukuvumela ukuba wenze izinqumo ongazi ukuthi ungazenza kanjani ngemva kokwenza okubi.

Abantu abaningi baphishekela imikhakha yomibili ngesikhathi esisodwa: ukubika ubugebengu emaphoyiseni nokufaka icala lomphakathi. Lendlela ehlukene ingandisa amathuba okulandisa nokukhokha isinxephezelo. Nokho, indlela ngayinye inemithetho yayo, izimpawu zesikhathi, nezindleko. Indlela engcono kakhulu ixhomeke ekulimaleni, amandla obufakazi bakho, kanye nemigomo yakho siqu.

Uma ungaqiniseki ukuthi ungaqalaphi, ukukhuluma nommeli onokuhlangenwe nakho kuyindlela enokwethenjelwa yokuhlola izindlela ongazikhetha.