Ukuchaza Umthetho Wesigebengu Nenjongo Yawo

Umthetho wesigebengu uyindikimba yomthetho ochaza ukuziphatha okunqatshelwe yizwe ngoba kusongela futhi kulimaza ukuphepha komphakathi, impahla, noma inhlalakahle, futhi kugunyaza isijeziso kulabo ababoshelwe ukuziphatha okunjalo. Ngokungafani nomthetho wesizwe, owenga izingxabano phakathi kwamaqembu azimele, umthetho wobugebengu uhlanganisa uhulumeni uqunga umuntu ngecala elibhekwa njengesenzo sokumelana nomphakathi wonke. Izinjongo eziyinhloko zomthetho wobugebengu ziwukugcina ukuhleleka komphakathi, ukuvimbela ububi esikhathini esizayo, ukubuyisela izaphula-mthetho, nokunikeza isahlulelo sezisulu. Njengoba isazi esingokomthetho uWilliam Blackstone sabhala ngodumo, "Kungcono ukuba abantu abanecala abayishumi baphumele ekuphumeni kunokuba umuntu ongenacala ahlupheke," ukuveza indinganiso ephakeme yomthetho edingwayo emacala obugebenguniwe.

Isisekelo somthetho wobugebengu e-United States sisekelwe kokubili emithethweni engokomthetho nakuhulumeni, kanye nasezivikelweni zomthetho-sisekelo. UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. unikeza uhlelo lwenqubo yobugebengu, kuhlanganise ne-FLT:0]Fourth Amement [th Refectedment]thment [ isivikelo sokuphenya okungacabangeli nokuquleka, ISiphendundulo seSiphendu [ISiphendulo secala] [FLT] esiqinileyo sokuhlola nokuquleka okusheshayo. Ukuqonda lezizimiso kudingekile kunoma ubani ukutadisha umthetho, njengoba zivikela ukumangalelwa ngethuba lokuvikela umphakathi ekuvikeleni inzuzo yomphakathi.

Izingxenye Zobugebengu: Ukuhlanekezelwa Nokuhlelwa Kwazo

Ubugebengu buhlukaniswa ngokubamba ngobukhulu babo, obunquma isijeziso esingase sisetshenziswe enkantolo. Izindawo eziningi zisebenzisa izigaba ezintathu eziyinhloko: amafensi, amaphutha, kanye neziphambeko. Nokho, izincazelo eziqondile nezijeziso ziyahluka ngokwezwe. Kusiza futhi ukuqonda imiqondo ye actus reus [ [isenzo esinecala] kanye [i] no-[FLT] abantu] (ingqondo enecala) (ingqondo enecala), njengoba ubugebengu obuningi budinga ukufakazela izaba zombili.

Imikhosi

Izenzo zobugebengu ezingathi sína kakhulu, ngokuvamile ezijeziswa ngokuboshwa isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka, noma kwezinye izimo ngokufa. Izibonelo ezivamile zihlanganisa ukubulala, ukudlwengula, ukugqekeza, nokushushumbisa izidakamizwa. Izinkolelo ezithathelwa phansi ngokuvamile ziphumela ekulahlekelweni okukhulu kwamalungelo omphakathi, njengokunikezwa ilungelo lokuvota, ukukhonza ejajini, noma ukuba nezibhamu. Inqubo engokomthetho yamafeloni iqinile, ngokuvamile ihilela ukumangalelwa okukhulu kwabahluleli kanye nokuqulwa kwecala okuthatha isikhathi eside.

Amaphutha

Amaphutha angewona amacala amakhulu kakhulu kunamacala ezentengiselwano kodwa asabhekwa njengezenzo zobugebengu. Ngokuvamile ajeziswa ngokukhokhwa, inkonzo yomphakathi, ukugcinwa ejele, noma ukuboshwa unyaka owodwa, ngokuvamile ejele lendawo kunokuba ijele likahulumeni. Izibonelo zihlanganisa ukweba okuncane, ukuhlasela okulula, ukuziphatha okungahlelekile, kanye nokuthola izidakamizwa ezincane. Nakuba kungenawo amandla amakhulu, ukukholelelwa okungathandeki kungaba nemiphumela ehlala njalo, kuhlanganise nerekhodi lobugebengu elihlala njalo.

Iziphazamiso

Iziphambeko, ezibizwa nangokuthi ukwephula umthetho, amacala amancane angaphathi zikhathi zasejele. Avame ukujeziswa ngenkokhelo futhi awaphumeli embhalweni wobugebengu ngendlela efanayo naleyo yokuphambana noma amaphutha. Izenzo ezivamile zihlanganisa ukuphulwa kwezimoto, ukudukisa, nokuhamba ngempoqo. Ezizweni eziningi, iziphambeko azithathwa "ngecala" ngomqondo oqinile, kodwa ziseyingxenye yomzamo wesimiso somthetho wokulondoloza ukuhleleka.

Ngaphandle kwalezizigaba, ubugebengu bungahlukaniswa futhi ngokwemvelo yabo: ubugebengu obunobudlova (uphambano, ukuhlasela, ukuphanga), ubugebengu obungafanele[ (ukubhaka, ukugqekeza), [[FLT:] ukucekela phansi, [[FLT]] ubugebengu obumhlophe-collal [fred, emzlement, emzrestment], nomthetho wasobala [[FLT:] [proct:7], ukugembula, ukugembula).

Inqubo Yokwahlulela Kwesigebengu: Ukuyeka Ukuboshwa Kuya Ekudluliseleni Amacala

Lapho ubugebengu buqanjwa, kuvela uchungechunge lwezinyathelo ezingokomthetho, ngasinye siklanyelwe ukulinganisela amalungelo abamangalelwa kanye nezithakazelo zobulungisa. Lenqubo iyahlukahluka ngokwegunya kodwa ngokuvamile ihlanganisa izigaba ezilandelayo:

Uphenyo

Izikhulu zomthetho zihlola ubugebengu obuthiwa buwubugebengu ngokuqoqa ubufakazi obungokoqobo, ukuxoxa nofakazi, nokufuna abasolwayo. Kumelwe zisebenze phakathi kwemingcele yeSichibiyelo sesine, esivimbela ukuphenya nokuquleka okungenangqondo. Uma ubufakazi butholakala ngokungekho emthethweni, bungavinjelwa ngaphansi komthetho we-exclusionary, njengoba kusungulwe ] Mapp v. Ohio [1961]].

Ukuboshwa

Uma abacwaningi kungenzeka banesizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi umuntu uwenziwe ubugebengu, bangase baboshwe. Ukuboshwa kungafakwa imvume yokubopha noma, ezimweni eziningi, ngaphandle kwemvume uma isikhulu siqaphela ubugebengu noma sinezizathu ezifanele. Ngemva kokuboshwa, isisolwayo sibhaliswa futhi sibekwe esixwayisweni senkantolo. Icala elidumile imanda v. Arizona [196] sathola ukuthi izinsolo kumelwe zitshelwe amalungelo [[[FLT:]] [[FLT]] Miranda isixwayiso esidumile sokuvikela ukuzivikela.

Ukubheja

Ngemva kokuboshwa, umshushisi uhlola ubufakazi futhi anqume ukuthi kufanele afake amafayili amacala angokomthetho yini. Abashushisi banokuhlakanipha okukhulu kokuthola amacala afanele, bacabangela izici ezifana namandla obufakazi, ubukhulu bomthetho, nomlando wobugebengu womuntu osolwayo. Emacaleni okumangalelwa, amajaji amakhulu angabuthwa ukuze adlulise icala ngaphambi kokuba icala liqhubeke liqulwa. Iphepha elikhomba icala linikeza amacala akhethekile ummangalelwayo amangalelwayo.

4. Ukuhlanekezelwa Nokubonakala Kokuqala

Ummangalelwa uvela phambi komahluleli ukuze athole icala, lapho kufundwa khona amacala, futhi ummangalelwa ucelwa ukuba angene esicelweni: enecala, engenacala, noma engekho umncintiswano (nolomistafere). Umahluleli futhi unikeza i-appel, uhlela izimo zokukhishwa kwecala ngaphambi kokuba ummangalelwa akhululwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi uvela esikhathini esizayo. Ilungelo lommeli liyagxeka kulesigaba; uma ummangalelwa engenakho ukukhokhela, umlweli kumelwe amiswe.

5. Ukuhamba Nokutholakala Kwama - dollar

Zombili izinhlangothi zihlanganyela ekutholweni, ukunikezana ubufakazi nezinhlu zobufakazi. Isivikelo singahlanganisa ukuthatha isinyathelo ngaphambi kokugawulwa kwezindawo, njengokuthatha uhambo ukuze kuncishiswe ubufakazi obutholakele ngokungemthetho, ukuthatha uhambo lokulahla izikhalo ngenxa yokungabi nasizathu, noma ukuthatha uhambo ukuze kushintshe indawo ngenxa yokusakazwa kwangaphambi komthetho. Le misebenzi ingawuguqula ngokuphawulekayo umphumela wecala ngisho nangaphambi kokuba kukhethwe abahluleli.

6. Ukuqulwa kwecala

Uma kungekho sivumelwano esidluliselwe, icala liyaqhubeka liqulwa. Ummangalelwa unelungelo elingokomthetho lokuqulwa kwecala elingathi sína, nakuba kutholakala ukuqulwa kwecala ebhentshi (ngaphambi komahluleli kuphela). Ukuqulwa kwecala kumelwe kufakazele icala [ ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo [[, indinganiso ephakeme kakhulu yobufakazi esimisweni somthetho. Zombili izinhlangothi ezikhona zikhona zifuna izimemezelo zokuvula, zihlola ofakazi, ziveza ubufakazi, futhi zidlulise izimpikiswano zokuphetha. Amajajiji ngalowo mcabango futhi aphindisele isigwebo. Uma ijaji lingenakuvuma (ijaji elenga ijaji), uma ijaji lingase livume ukuthi inkantolo inephutha, futhi inkantolo ingakhetha ukuphinde idlulisele icala.

7. Ukugwetshwa

Ngemva kwesinqumo esinecala, ijaji liphethe isigwebo. Iziqondiso zokugwetshwa ziyahlukahluka kakhulu ngokwezinga eliphansi nangobugebengu. Umahluleli ucabangela izici ezinjengohlobo lwecala, umlando wobugebengu wommangalelwa, iziphakamiso zezisulu, nokutusa komnyango wokuqulwa kwecala. Isigwebo esingase sihlanganise ukuboshwa, ukukhokhwa, ukugcinwa kwecala, inkonzo yomphakathi, ukukhokhelwa, isigwebo sokufa, futhi, isigwebo sokufa. Imibuso eminingi iye yamukela imigwebo elinganiselwe esemthethweni yobugebengu obuthile obungathi sína, ukulinganisela isigwebo sokwahlulela.

8.

Ngemva kokwahlulelwa, ummangalelwa angase adlulisele icala noma isigwebo enkantolo ephakeme. Izikhalo zisekelwe emaphuthani angokomthetho okungenzeka athinte umphumela wecala, njengokuvuma okungafanele kobufakazi, ukugcona komshushisi, noma iziyalezo ezingalungile zejaji. Inkantolo ihlola umbhalo wokuqulwa kwecala futhi ingaqinisekisa ukuqulwa kwecala, iguqule inkantolo, iphinde ikhiphe izicelo zecala ngezicelo ezintsha, noma ilungise isigwebo. Ilungelo lokudlulise icala alilinganiselwe; imibandela ye-procedro esemthethweni kanye nokutholakala kweseluleko se-aumellaste. Kwezinye izimo, ummangalelwa angase afune usizo lwecala ngezicelo zecala, aphinde afake izicelo ze-habeaspus enkantolo engokomthetho, avice umthetho we-ogracy.

Amalungelo Abamangalelwa: Isivikelo SoMthetho - sisekelo

Inqubo yokwahlulela kobugebengu yakhiwe esimisweni sokuthi wonke umuntu omangalelwa ngecala ubhekwa njengongenacala kuze kube yilapho ethola icala. Lokhu kucabangela kuvikelwa yiqoqo lamalungelo abekwe eMthethweni-sisekelo wase-U.S. futhi kuchazwa iNkantolo Ephakeme. Ukuqonda lamalungelo kubalulekile kubafundisi nabafundi ngokufanayo, njengoba enza isisekelo sobulungisa baseMelika.

  • Ilungelo lokuhlala uthule – Ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo sesihlanu, akekho umuntu ozophoqelelwa kunoma iliphi icala ukuba abe ufakazi omelene naye. Lelilungelo livame ukubizwa lapho amaphoyisa ephenya. Ummangalelwa akanakusebenzisa ukuthula kommangalelwa njengobufakazi becala, futhi ummangalelwa akanakuphoqelelwa ukuba afakazele ecaleni.
  • Ilungelo lokuthatha i-Attorney - ISichibiyelo sesithupha siqinisekisa ilungelo lomthetho kuzo zonke izigebengu zobugebengu. Gedeon v. Wainwright [1963], iNkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ukuthi kumelwe inikeze ummeli kubamangalelwa ongakwazi ukukhokha icala lobugebengu. Lelilungelo linwebela kuzo zonke izigaba ezibucayi zenqubo, kuhlanganise nokuphenywa nokunxusa.
  • Ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala elisheshayo nelabantu – ISichibiyelo seSithandathu sivikela futhi abamangalelwa ekuboshweni okunganqamuki ngaphandle kokuqulwa kwecala. Ukuzama okusheshayo kuvimbela ukuboshwa kwaphakade futhi kuqinisekisa ukuthi ubufakazi abunciphi. Ukuqulwa komphakathi kuthuthukisa ukubonakala nokulandisa esimisweni sobulungisa.
  • Ilungelo kuJury ongakhethi - Abalweli ababhekene nesigwebo sejele sezinyanga ezingaphezu kweziyisithupha banelungelo lokuqulwa icala lejaji. Amajaji kumelwe athathwe ku-memeleli wesigaba somphakathi, futhi abameleli bamajaji bangabekelwa inselele ngenxa yobandlululo. inqubo evimbela ukulahlwa kwecala ivumela zombili izinhlangothi ukuba zikhethe ijaji elilungile.
  • Isivikelo sokulwa ne-Reopardy ye-picter – Isichibiyeli sesihlanu senqabela uhulumeni ukuba amangalele umuntu kabili icala elifanayo ngemva kokulahlwa noma ukuvunywa. Lokhu kuvimbela uhulumeni ekusebenziseni ingcebo yakhe ukuze ahlukumeze noma acindezele ummangalelwa.
  • Ilungelo lokubhekana noFakazi [[FLT: 1] – Isichibiyeli sesithupha sinikeza ummangalelwa ithuba lokubona i-examine edluliswa abamangali abanikeze ufakazi abangaphansi kwempopona ekuzivikeleni. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi ubufakazi buhlolwa ngokulandelana.

Lamalungelo awaphelele; akhona ukuze alinganisele indawo yokudlala phakathi komuntu nombuso omkhulu. Uma ukugcinwa komthetho kwephule lamalungelo, ikhambi ngokuvamile liwukucindezelwa kobufakazi noma ukuguqulwa kwesiqinisekiso. Izenzakalo zezwe ezinjenga imanda v. Arizona (ISiphendu se-FGUT), ] Gedeon v. Wainright (Inguquko ye-i-ixth), kanye [FLT]. i-OURT][FLT] [v[FLT]] [FLT]] [flF] [flm]] [flm] [fdformation] [ix]

Imiphumela Yokwephula Umthetho: Ngemva Kokuboshwa

Nakuba umphumela obonakala kakhulu wecala lobugebengu ukuboshwa, imiphumela engokomthetho neyokulinganisa ingafinyelela kude. Ukugwetshwa kufeza izinjongo eziningi: ukuphindisela, ukunqanda, ukuvala izinyawo, nokulungisa isimo. Izinhlangano zobugebengu zanamuhla ziqokomisa isidingo sokulinganisela ukujeziswa nokusondela kobulungisa.

Imiphumela engokomthetho eqondile ihlanganisa:

  • Ukuboshwa – Ukuboshwa ejele noma isikhashana kunqunywa umthetho noma inkantolo yokwahlulela. Amajele ngokuvamile agwetshwa isikhathi eside (izigebengu), kuyilapho amajele abamba iziboshwa ezinemisho emifushane noma izithumo ezingaphambili.
  • [ I-Fines kanye ne-Restitution - Izinkantolo zingaphoqa imali njengengxenye yomgwebo. Umthetho ufuna ummangalelwa ukuba akhokhele isisulu ngokukhokha imali okubangelwa ngokuqondile ubugebengu, njengomonakalo wempahla noma izindleko zezokwelapha.
  • Isivumelwano [ - Kunokuba agqunywe ejele, umahluleli angabeka ummangalelwa ekususweni, ngaphansi kokuqondisa nezimo ezinjengokuhlola njalo, ukuhlolwa kwezidakamizwa, nezimfuneko zomsebenzi. Ukuphulwa kokugcinwa kwecala kungaphumela ekususweni nasekuboshweni.
  • Inkonzo ye-commony Service - Ubugebengu obuncane kakhulu buphumela ekugwetshweni kwesigwebo somsebenzi ongakhokhelwayo kahulumeni noma inxusa elingangeni nzuzo, elihloselwe ukubuyisela umphakathi.

Ngalé kwesigwebo esingokomthetho, isigwebo sobugebengu sithwala imiphumela yecala engathinta cishe zonke izici zokuphila. Lokhu kuhlanganisa:

  • Irekhodi lobukhazikhazi - Isiqinisekiso siba ingxenye yombhalo ogciniwe ohlala njalo noma ongafinyelelwanga abaqashi, abanikazi, abanikazi, amabhodi okuhlobisa, nezikhungo zemfundo. Lokhu kungaholela ekucwaseni ikhethe ekuqasheni, ekuqasheni izindlu, nasemathubeni emfundo.
  • Iziphakamiso zamalungelo omphakathi - Ezizweni eziningi, amafensi alahlekelwa ilungelo lokuvota, ukusebenza ejajini, ukuphatha ihhovisi lomphakathi, noma izibhamu. Amanye amalungelo angabuyiselwa ngemva kokuqedwa kwesigwebo, kodwa lenqubo ingaba yinkimbinkimbi.
  • Imiphumela yokuhlanganisa - Izele eziboshweni zobugebengu obuthile, ngisho nezingaphucukile, ibhekene nokudingiswa, ukunqatshelwa kwesizwe, noma ukunqatshelwa ukungena e-United States. Icala leNkantolo Ephakeme Padilla v. Kentucky[ [2010]) idinga abameli abavikelayo ukuze balule amakhasime kulezi zingozi.
  • Imisebenzi ye-Licensing - Imisebenzi eminingi (umthetho, umuthi, ukufundisa, umhlengikazi) ibeka imingcele ekufakeni izinsika kubantu abanombhalo wobugebengu, evimbela ngokuphumelelayo ekusebenzeni ensimini yabo ekhethiwe.

Ubukhulu balemiphumela bugcizelela ukuthi kungani imfundo yomthetho ewumthetho ibalulekile ekuqondeni amalungelo omuntu nemithwalo yemfanelo. Isimiso siklanyelwe ukujezisa kodwa ukulololonga ukuziphatha nokuvikela ukuphepha komphakathi. Nokho, abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi imiphumela yokuziphendulela ngokuvamile inzima kakhulu futhi iqhubekisela phambili imijikelezo yobumpofu nokuziphindisela. Imizamo yamuva yomthetho emazweni amaningi ihloselwe "ukushaya ibhokisi" ezinsimweni zomsebenzi futhi ivumela ukukhiqizwa noma ukuvalwa kwamarekhodi athile.

Okwenza Imfundo Yomthetho Wobugebengu Ibaluleke Kubafundisi NakubaFundi

Ukuqonda umthetho wobugebengu akuzona nje kuphela izigigaba ezifuna umsebenzi ongokomthetho.

Kubafundisi

Othisha bangasebenzisa ukuhlola okungokoqobo kwezezimali, njenge Mirav. Arizona noma Terry v.Ohio, ukuze babonise indlela izimiso ezingekho mthethweni ezisebenza ngayo ekusebenzelaneni kwansuku zonke namaphoyisa. Bangaxhumanisa umthetho wobugebengu ezifundweni zomphakathi, umlando, nezimiso zokuziphatha. Bahlanganisa ukuvivinyeka, izikhulumi zezivakashi zasemasimini angokomthetho, nezingxoxo zamanje zezindaba zobulungisa zokulungisa (njengezezingalinganisi noma izivumelwano zobulungisa) zithuthukisa ukubophana kwabafundi. INhlangano yaseMelika inikeza imithombo yemfundo efuna abafundisi [[FLT:] izimpahla zemfundo, nezimiso zomthetho. [FLD:]

Kubalulekile futhi ukusingatha ukwahluka kwezinhlanga nezenhlalo phakathi kwesimiso sokwahlulela sobugebengu. Ukwaziswa okuvela ezinhlanganweni ezinjenge- Prison Politive [ kubonisa ukuthi abantu abamnyama nababhishobhi baboshelwe emazingeni angenakulinganiswa uma kuqhathaniswa nabantu abamhlophe. Othisha bangakhuthaza ukucabanga okugxeka lezizindaba futhi bakhuthaze abafundi ukuba bacabangele indima yomthetho ekuthuthukiseni noma ekuphazamiseni ubulungisa bezenhlalo.

Abafundi

Abafundi bazuza ngokufunda indlela umthetho othinta ngayo ukuphila kwabo kwansuku zonke. Ukwazi amalungelo omuntu phakathi nokuma kwamaphoyisa (ilungelo lokuthula, ilungelo lokwenqaba ukuseshwa ngaphandle kwemvume) kungavimbela ukuzithulisa. Ukuqonda imiphumela yezono ezincane, njengokuphuza kancane noma ukucekela phansi, kungavimbela ukuziphatha okuyingozi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuqaphela inqubo yokuzilahla nezinhlelo zobungane kungasiza abafundi abangase bahlangane nesimiso sokwahlulela sobungane noma sobugebengu ukuba babuye bangene ngokuphumelelayo.

Ukuqapha okungokomthetho kulungiselela abafundi imisebenzi yesikhathi esizayo (hhayi nje kuphela ekubalweni komthetho noma abameli kodwa nasemithethweni yomphakathi, emsebenzini womphakathi, emabhizinisini, nasemfundoni. Izindima eziningi zokubambisana kwezinhlangano zidinga ulwazi olusebenzayo lwemithetho ehlobene nokukhwabanisa, ukufumbathisa, nokuphula umthetho. Ezweni lapho izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho zihlangana khona nobuchwepheshe, ukuzifunela izinto zomuntu siqu, nokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke, ukuqonda komthetho wobugebengu kubaluleke kakhulu.

Isiphetho

Umthetho wesigebengu ungaphezu kakhulu kweqoqo lezimiso nezinqubo; uyindlela umphakathi ochaza ngayo imingcele yokuziphatha kwawo okwamukelekayo futhi uphendule ekuphuleni kweso themba. Kusukela ekuhlolweni kokuqala kuya ekudlulisweni kokugcina, zonke izigaba zenqubo yobulungisa zobugebengu zibonisa ukulinganisela kokucophelela phakathi kwenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye nokulondeka okuhlangene. Amalungelo abamangalelwa . . .ukubekwa kwecala . .ilungelo lokunikeza iseluleko, ukuvikela ekuzibekeleni igebezo ngokwalo.

Kubafundisi, ukufundisa umthetho wobugebengu kuyithuba lokuhlakulela izakhamuzi ezithembiswe ukuqaphela kokubili amandla nemingcele yombuso. Kubafundi, kuyithuba lokuthola ulwazi olusebenzayo olungavikela amalungelo abo, luzise ukukhetha kwazo, futhi luzilungiselele ukuba zihlanganyele ngentshiseko emphakathini wentando yeningi. Njengoba isimo somthetho sishintsha ngokugwetshwa, ngokusebenza, nangokuvuna imiphumela yecala. Ngokubona ukuthi kwenzekani lapho umuntu ephula umthetho, sizihlomisela ukuba sakhe isimiso esilungile, esikhanyayo, nesilungile kubo bonke.