Indima Yosizo Lwakwamanye Amazwe Ekusekeleni Ukwakha Ukuthula

Usizo lwangaphandle lungenye yamathuluzi aphikiswana kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni nasekuxazululeni kwengxabano yomhlaba wonke. Emkhakheni wokwakha ukuthula, luhlanganisa izinqubo zezimali, ezobuchwepheshe, nezokusiza abantu abanikelayo, izinhlangano eziningi, nezinhlangano ezingekho ngokomthetho emiphakathini evela noma esengozini yezimpi ezinobudlova. Uma luklanywe futhi lusetshenziswa ngokuphumelelayo, usizo lwangaphandle lungasingatha abashayeli abaqinile bezakhiwo zokuntengantengantenga, basekele izinqubo zokubuyisana, futhi baqinise amandla ombuso okusekela ukuthula. Nokho, indlela evela ezindlekweni ezinikelayo ukuya ekulondekeni okuhlala njalo igcwele ubunkimbinkimbini. Lesi sihloko sihlola ukuhlelwa kwemicimbiso, ubufakazi obusebenzayo, nezinselele eziphikelelayo zokusebenzisa usizo lwangaphandle ekusekeleni ukuthula, ukudweba nezifundo ezimweni ezingokwezimpi.

Ukuchaza Usizo Lwakwamanye Amazwe Emsebenzini Wokwakha Ukuthula

Inkulumo ethi “usizo lwakwamanye amazwe” ihlanganisa ukukhuphuka okubanzi kwemitapo. Usizo olungokomthetho lokuthuthukisa i(ODA) oluvela kubantu abanikela ngezimali kanye nasezinhlanganweni zomhlaba wonke lumelela umzila omkhulu kakhulu, kodwa iminikelo yangasese, iminikelo yokuphana ngeminikelo, iminikelo yezezimali, neminikelo yokusiza ekusebenziseni imisebenzi eminingi yokuthula ifeza indima enzima. Ekwakheni ukuthula, usizo luhlotshaniswa ngenhloso yalo: ukusabela kwenhlekelele, ukuvimbela, noma ukuvuselela i-pastré conctlication. Ukwakha ukuthula okuphumelelayo kudinga ukuqonda okucacile kwezomnotho bendawo nokuzimisela ukubhekana nomjikelezo wempi.

Ukwakhiwa kokuthula njengendlela yokuthola ukuvelela ngemva kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi, ikakhulukazi ngeKhomishane yokuthula yeZizwe Ezihlangene neNhlangano yezentengiselwano Copreoperation and Development (OECD), izifunda ezithuthukisiwe, intuthuko ekululameni nasekulweni ingxabano kuye kwathola isilinganiso sezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-70 ngonyaka emashumini eminyaka amuva, nakuba izakhiwo zingalingani kakhulu. Inkolelo eyisisekelo iwukuthi imithombo yangaphandle, uma ihlangene nenhlangano yendawo, ingasiza ekunqamuleni imijikelezo yobudlova futhi ibangele izimo zokuthula okuqhubekayo.

Umlando: Ukuguquka Kosizo Lokuthula

Ukuhlobana phakathi kosizo lwezizwe zonke nesinqumo sempi akukusha. Ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, izimali ze-Marshall Plan zahlelwa ngokukhanyayo ekuvuseleleni kabusha imiphakathi yaseYurophu nasekuvimbeleni ukubuya kwempi yamadlame. Nokho, phakathi neMpi Yomshoshaphansi, ngokuvamile yayingaphansi kwezimpi zezombangazwe, nezimpi zamaphoyisa alawulayo zezimali. Lenkathi yabangela ukungaqiniseki okukhulu ngezisusa zosizo.

Ukuphela kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi kwavula ifasitela lokwakha ukuthula okwengeziwe okunezimiso. I-Agenda yomthetho wombuso wokuthula yeZizwe Ezihlangene yahlela ukuthula njengesibopho esiyinhloko. Ngo- 2000, iMillennium Development Developection kanye ne-Paris Declaration on Aiffectiveiveive Memodevice yazama ukuhlanganisa amasu okunikeza kanye nemiphumela yobuzwe. Muva nje, ama-2030 Agenda kanye neZinjongo zokuthuthukisa Impumelelo (SDG 16) zibhekele ngokuthula, ngokuthula, nangokuhlanganisa imiphakathi, ifaka ukuthula esikhungweni sokubambisana. Ngokwesibonelo, i-UN EnguMgoqongo ephambili 16 ihlanganisa izisulu zokunciphisa ubudlova, ukuqinisa, nokuthuthukisa umthetho, konke okudinga ukubambisana kwemizamo.

Imishini Yosizo Lwakwamanye Amazwe Yokwakha Ukuthula

Usizo lwangaphandle lusekela ukwakha ukuthula ngezinqubo eziningana ezihlangene.

Ukwakhiwa Kwezinqubo Zokubusa Nezinqubo

Aid eqondiswe ezimisweni zokuqondisa kabusha noma ukumisa izinhlangano zikahulumeni eziziphethe, eziziphendulela, nezikwaziyo ukunikeza izinkonzo eziyisisekelo. Usizo lobuchwepheshe lokwenza umthetho-sisekelo, ukuqondisa kokuvota, ukulwa nezokunganyani, nokuphatha kwezezimali kuvamile. Ukuhlela kuhlanganisa ukuthuthukisa amandla ephalamende, amajaji, nohulumeni bendawo. Inkolelo yoshintsho isekela ukuthi lapho izakhamuzi zibheka umbuso njengofanele nosabela, izikhalo eziqeda ukuxabana kophethilo.

Inguquko Yehlelo Lokulondeka

Ushintsho lwezenhlalayenza (SSR) luyisici esibucayi kakhulu sokwakha ukuthula. Abanikazi basiza ngokuqeqesha nangokuhlomisa amaphoyisa, amabutho ahlomile, kanye nokulondeka komngcele, ngokuvamile okuhlangene nokuncishiswa kwezikhali, ukuncishiswa kwezikhali, nokubuyiselwa kwe-(DDR) yangaphambili yamasosha. Ukugcizelelwa kusekwe kubhekiswe ekuqondiseni amabutho esizwe namalungelo abantu ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amabutho ezokuphepha akhonza yonke imiphakathi. I-SSR esemthethweni esemthethweni, amaqembu angonakalisi bobuphekula i-andle, angaqhubeka elulaza izivumelwano zokuthula ezilulazayo.

Ukululama Kwezomnotho Nokuphila

Ukungalingani kwezomnotho nokungalingani kungubasha abanamandla bempi. Usizo lwangaphandle lusekela ukuthula ngokusekela izakhiwo zezemisebenzi (izindawo zokuvuselela izakhiwo, imishini yamandla, izinhlelo zamanzi), ukuthuthuka kwezolimo, nezinhlelo ezincane. Ukunikeza intsha nezisebenzi ezisebenzelayo umsebenzi kunciphisa ingozi yokujoyina amaqembu ahlomile. Izinhlelo zomsebenzi kanye nokuqeqeshelwa imisebenzi kungaqinisa imikhaya nemiphakathi. IWorld Bank’s State and Peadingring Fund iyisibonelo sokukhokha usizo lwezomnotho ekulweni kwempi nezifundazwe.

Ukubuyisana Nobulungisa

Ukwakha ukuthula kudinga okungaphezu kokwakha kabusha izinto ezibonakalayo; kudinga amanxeba omphakathi. Usizo lusekela ukuthunywa kweqiniso, izinqubo zengxoxo yomphakathi, izinhlelo zokushintshashintshana, nokuthatha izinyathelo zobulungisa. Izinkonzo zempilo yengqondo ezizwelayo ngokwesiko kanye nokuhlelwa kwezinhlelo ezixhunyiwe kuyaqashelwa kakhulu njengokubalulekile. Izinhlelo ezihlanganisa amaqembu ahlukene emisebenzini efanayo − njengezikole, imitholampilo, noma izikhungo zokubambisana − ukuphindela kabusha nokunciphisa ukuthembana kweqembu.

Izinhlobo Zosizo Lwakwamanye Amazwe Ezisekela Imizamo Yokuthula

Usizo lwangaphandle lokwakha ukuthula lungahlukaniswa lube izigaba ezintathu ezibanzi, ngalunye lunemiphumela ehlukile esebenzayo.

  • Aid yezezimali — iGrants kanye nemali ebolekwayo ebekelwe uhulumeni wezwe noma wendawo, izinhlangano zomphakathi, kanye nezinhlangano ezisebenzisa izimali zamazwe ngamazwe. Lemali yokusekela izimali ezixhasa ukugcinwa kwezimali: ukwakhiwa kwesikole, ukuvuselelwa kwesibhedlela, imisebenzi yokuthuthukisa umphakathi, kanye namanetha okuvikela umphakathi. Izifunda zivame ukuthatha usizo lwezimali ngezindlela ezikhethekile ezinjengezimali ezisetshenziswayo ezihlangene-agconone ezifaka imali ezidayisa izimali futhi zinciphise izindleko zezentengozohwebo.
  • I-Actnical Uncedo — Izinkonzo zobushiqela neziluleko eziklanyelwe ukuqinisa amakhono ekubuseni, ukubusa komthetho, ukulondeka, nokuphatha komphakathi. Lokhu kungahlanganisa ukuthatha izikhundla zezizwe ngezizwe eziphethe, ukuqeqesha abahluleli nabashushisi, ukusiza ngokuthola izinguquko zomphakathi, noma ukuthuthukisa ukuthula kwesizwe namasu okubuyisana. Usizo lobuchwepheshe luphumelela kakhulu uma ludingeka ukuba kube nobudlelwane obuphakathi nohulumeni obude bezwe.
  • Usizo olungokomphakathi — usizo olusheshayo olunikeza ukuphila olunikezwa phakathi noma ngokushesha ngemva kwempi enobudlova. Nakuba lungakhi ukuthula, usizo oluqondile, olusiza abantu, uma lunikezwa ngezindlela ezisekelwe emithethweni, lungavikela izakhamuzi, luvimbele indlala, futhi lulondoloze ukuqina komphakathi. Ukuhlanganisa isenzo sokusiza abantu ekuthuthukiseni isikhathi eside nezinhlelo zokuthula. "ukuthuthukisa i-somniceation nexus" /indawo eyandayo ukuze ugweme izikhawulo eziphuthumayo.

Izinselele Nokugxeka

Izinselele eziningana eziphikelelayo zilulaza ukuphumelela nokufaneleka kwalo.

Ukuchitha Izindawo Nokuhlukana

Izithakazelo zomnikazi ngokuvamile ziyaphikisana nezinto eziza kuqala zendawo. Usizo lungase ludilike ezindaweni ezibalulekile noma ezisendaweni, lushiye izidingo ezibucayi zingakhanyiswa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwanda kwemisebenzi yokunikela kudala ukuhlukana, amandla ombuso akhungathekisayo nokwehluleka ukuhlanganisa izinto. I-OECD’s International Network on Conflict and Fragility iye yafakazela indlela usizo olungabekezelelwe olungaqinisekisi ngayo izimpi, ngokwesibonelo ngokukhokha iholo eliphakeme kochwepheshe bakahulumeni kunaleyo imfuno engayisekela ngayo.

Ukuncika Nokunganciki

Ukuthembela kakhulu emithonjeni yangaphandle kungaqeda ukulandisa futhi kubangele ukuncika. Lapho amazwe ethola ingxenye enkulu yemali yawo ngosizo kunokuba athole intela, isivumelwano sezenhlalo phakathi kwezakhamuzi nohulumeni sincipha. Ngemva kokuba isithakazelo somnikelo sehlile noma siqine kakhulu, izinhlelo zingawa, zishiye izinguquko ezingaphelele nenani labantu elidumele.

Ukungenela Kwezombangazwe Nokubhekana Nezimo

Usizo aluyona neze izombangazwe. Abanikazi bangasebenzisa usizo ekuthuthukiseni inzuzo yezezombangazwe noma yezomnotho, njengokuthola imithombo yemali noma ukufuduka. Usizo lwezezimali, .Njengoba lapho ukunqanyulwa kuhlangene nezinguquko ezithile ezingokomthetho noma ezilawulwayo, kungabhekwa njengezindawo eziqalayo futhi kululaza ukuba nendawo. Uma kunezimo ezintekenteke, ngokuvamile ukuncishiswa kwemibandela kuveza inzuzo, njengoba izinguquko ezivela ngaphandle zingase zingabi khona ukusekela kwasekhaya.

Izingozi Zokulondeka

Kunezimpi eziqhubekayo, izisebenzi zosizo nemisebenzi kuba yizisulu. Ukusetshenziswa kosizo olunemisebenzi. Nje lapho usizo lusetshenziswa khona njengethuluzi lempi noma lokulwa nokulwa.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo Zokwakha Ukuthula Okuphumelelayo Ngosizo Lwakwamanye Amazwe

Naphezu kwalezi zinselele, amazwe amaningana abonisa ukuthi usizo lwakwamanye amazwe lunganikela ngokunenjongo ekuthuleni lapho lusetshenziswa kahle.

i-Sierra Leone

Impi yangaphakathi eSierra Leone (1912002) yabhubhisa izwe. Ngomphumela, usizo olunamandla lwezizwe zonke lwasekela ukuncishiswa kwezikhali nokubuyiselwa kwezinkulungwane zamabutho, ukwakhiwa kabusha kwamabutho okuvikela ngokuqondisa okungekho emthethweni, nokumiswa kweKhomishane Yeqiniso nolwezokubuyisana. Abaholi baxhasa izinhlangano zezezinguquko nokwakhiwa kwesikole. Emashumini amabili eminyaka, iSierra Leone iye yakwazi ukuthutha ngokuthula kaningi futhi yalondoloza ukuzinza okuqinile, nakuba izakhiwo eziphawulekayo zisalokhu zikhona. Okuhlangenwe nakho kugcizelela ukubaluleka kokusekelwa, kuhlangene ngemva kwesivumelwano esingokomthetho sokuthula.

IRwanda

Ngemva konyaka ka-1994 wokuqothulwa kohlanga, iRwanda yathola usizo olukhulu lwangaphandle oluhloselwe ukubuyisana nokuvuselela. Uhulumeni wasebenzisa usizo ukuze kwakhiwe kabusha isimiso sobulungisa, ukumisa izinkantolo zomphakathi wase-Gaca, nokuhlela izinzuzo eziphambili zemfundo nempilo. Izinhlelo ezihloselwe ubulili obunozwela zisekela indima yabesifazane ekuvuseni ukuthula. Nakuba ukusekela kweRwanda kuphakamisa imibuzo futhi kuphakamisa imibuzo ephathelene nendawo yezombangazwe namalungelo abantu, ukuvusekuqothulweni kwesizwe kuya ekuzinziweni okuvamile kuvezwa njengendaba lapho usizo, ihlangene nombono oqinile wesizwe, unezela ekuthuleni.

IColombia

Isivumelwano sokuthula sango 2016 phakathi kukahulumeni waseColombia neRrevolution Armed Forcess of Colombia (FARC) siye sasekelwa usizo olubalulekile lwezizwe ngezizwe. Abanikazi baye baxhasa izimali zezindlela zobulungisa zokuguqula inqubo, izinhlelo zokuthuthukisa amadolobha ezifundeni zangaphambili zengxabano, nezinhlelo zokuthatha indawo yezitshalo ezingekho emthethweni. I-EU Trust Fund ne-Columbian Post Ben probliclict Fund ihlangene imithombo yemali. Lenqubo ihlala ingaphelele futhi incintisana, kodwa ijubane lokubuyiselwa nokuncishiselwa kwemithetho kanye nobudlova bekufaneleke kakhulu ngaphandle kwemali nesisekelo sezobuchwepheshe.

Ukulinganisa Impumelelo Nokuphumelela

Ukususa ithonya losizo lwakwamanye amazwe ekwakheni ukuthula kunzima kakhulu. Ukusakaza kuyinselele ngoba izici eziningi − kuhlanganisa nezombangazwe zasekhaya, izifunda, kanye nokushaqeka kwezomnotho − ukuthula. Abanikazi baye basungula izisekelo ezinjengesithi “Isimo Sobuntwana” se-OECD mibiko nesithi“ Ukuthula Nempi - Commentactive Active Assment ments" ekuthuthukeni kwentuthuko engokomkhondo, kodwa lamathuluzi avame ukuthembela ezikhankambisweni zezekisi njengokuncishiswa kwempi noma intuthuko ekulawuleni kwe-diction.

Ukuhlolwa okunemizwa eminingi kusebenzisa inqubo yokuhlola, i-meap elandelanayo, kanye nezindlela ezixubeneyo. Ukuhlola kuthola ukuthi usizo luphumelela kakhulu uma luyi-preverter (ngaphezu kweshumi leminyaka), luhambisana nezinto eziza kuqala zendawo, futhi luhlangene nabanikazi. Imijikelezo emifushane yeprojekthi kanye nezisebenzi eziphakeme kungubuthi obuphawulekayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukunikeza usizo ngezimiso zendawo kanye nomphakathi wesizwe .

Enye indlela ethembisayo iwukusetshenziswa kwe- “imishini yokwakha ukuthula” noma amaqumrhu aphethe ama-international ahlanganisa abanikeli, uhulumeni, nomphakathi womphakathi. Lokhu kungathuthukisa ukulandisa nokulungisa izinhlelo ezisekelwe ekuvuthweni kwezimpi. Ngokwesibonelo, i-New Deal for Begancement eFragile States, eshintshwe amazwe angaphezu kuka-30, igcizelela imigomo emihlanu yokwakha ukuthula nokwakha umbuso njengesisekelo sokwabiwa kosizo.

Ukutuswa Kosizo Oluphumelelayo Ekwakheni Ukuthula

Ubufakazi bukhomba ezimisweni eziningana okufanele ziqondise usizo lwangaphandle lwesikhathi esizayo lokuthula.

  • Focus kumniniyo wendawo. Usizo kumele luklanywe futhi lusetshenziswe ebudlelwaneni nabafaki bemidaba, hhayi abangaphandle. Lokhu kusho ukuxhasa okuvumelanayo okuvumela izinto eziza kuqala emphakathini ukuqhuba izinhlelo.
  • Ingxenye ekuhlaziyweni kwempi. Abanikazi kufanele bahlanganise uzwela lwempi ngokulandelana nodweliso lohlelo, kuhlanganise nokuqashelwa okuqhubekayo kokulawula amandla, ukusakaza imithombo, kanye nokuhlangana kweqembu.
  • [ Yenza izibopho ezithatha isikhathi eside. Ukwakha ukuthula kuthatha amashumi eminyaka. Abanikazi badinga ukwenqaba ukucindezela kwemiphumela esheshayo futhi esikhundleni salokho banikeza izimvilophu zemali ezikhokhelwayo zeminyaka engamashumi amane nanhlanu ezivumela abangane ukuba bahlele.
  • [ Ukuhlangana kwenkokhelo ezingxenyeni. Ukulondeka, ukubusa, izomnotho, kanye nezinhlelo zomphakathi kumele kuhlangane. Ukuthatha izindlela ezizihambelayo ngokuvamile kusebenza ezinhlangeni ezihlukene. Ukusebenzisa izimali ezihlangeneyo kanye namasu ahlangeneyo kungaqeda ukuhlukana kweminikelo.
  • [ Ukulandisa okuqinile nokubona kahle. Usizo ezingxabanweni lungachayeka ekhohlisweni nasekuzitheni. Ukuqondisa komphakathi, iziphakamiso zomphakathi, nezinguquko zezezimali zibalulekile ukuze kugcinwe ukwethenjwa.
  • Abashayeli bokwakha i-Accounting Accounting. Insiza-kwakhela ukuthula ayinakulinganiselwe ekusizeni abantu. Kumelwe ixazulule ukungalingani, ukuhlukanisa, nezikhalo zempahla. Ukusekela ukushintshwa komhlaba okulinganayo, imfundo egcwele, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemithombo yezindaba kunganciphisa ingozi yempi ende.

Isiphetho

Usizo lwangaphandle luhlala lubalulekile, nakuba lungaphelele, luyithuluzi lokusekela ukwakhiwa kokuthula ezizweni ezintekenteke nezimpi. Ikhono lalo lisuka emfundweni nasebuhlakanini obungabuyisela ukuba buphinde buvuselele izinhlangano, futhi buphinde buvumelane nemiphakathi ehlukene. Ukulinganiselwa kwalo kuvela ezithakazelweni zezesayensi yezwe, i-intellitia, futhi ukuhluleka okungokwemvelo ukungenela ezimisweni eziyinkimbinkimbi zezenhlalo. Ukusekela okuqinile, abanikelayo kumelwe bavumelane ngokunye okuqotho, bathuthukise ulwazi lwendawo, futhi balondoloze ukubekezela nokuthobeka. Izenzakalo ze-Sierra Leone, iRwanda, iRwanda, ne-Rwanda, ne-Colombia zibonisa ukuthi uma kubekwa futhi kusekelwa ngokuqhubekayo, kungasekela ukuthula ezinhlanganweni ezingenisweni eziholweni zomphakathi nangokwezingalawule. Kodwa, izikhulu zezombangazwe zezombangazwe azinakukwazi ukukuthatha indawo esikhundleni sabantu besikhathi esizayo.

Ukuze ufunde okwengeziwe ekuxhumaneni kosizo nokuthula, bheka umsebenzi ECD ekuxazululeni nasekuxazululeni , i-UN Commission yokwakha ukuthula[, kanye ne [FLT] i-World Bank’s Fragility, Conf & Violence [. Lemithombo inikeza ukwaziswa nesiqondiso esiqhubekayo sabenzi bemiyalo nezimiso.