Table of Contents
Umsebenzi Ophilayo Wentando Yeningi YaseMelika
Uhulumeni wase-United States usebenza esimisweni se nokulinganisela okuvimbela noma iliphi igatsha ekungeniseni amandla amaningi kakhulu (-a revolution uma imiswa ngo-1787 eqhubeka ihlela zonke izinqumo ezinkulu zezombangazwe namuhla. Lomthetho-sisekelo, kude nokwembula imfucumfucu enothuli, uthonya konke okuvela eNkantolo Ephakeme kuhulumeni, kusukela emandleni empi kuya emithetho yezempilo. Ukuqonda ukuhlolwa nokulinganisela umsebenzi ngomnindilili, izibonelo zangempela zezwe zembula ukuthi kungani lesi simiso sisalokhu sibalulekile ekuvikeleni idemokhrasi nenkululeko yabantu ngabanye.
Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela saseMelika asikho ekuvimbeleni ukuthatha isinyathelo sikahulumeni kodwa ekufuneni ukuhlobana, ukuyekethisa, nokulandisa. Lapho uMongameli uFranklin Roosevelt ezama ukupakisha iNkantolo ePhakamileyo ngomthetho owengeziwe ngo-1937, lesi simiso sammisa. Lapho uMongameli Nixon esho ilungelo lokufihla ubufakazi be-Watergate, izinkantolo ziphoqelele ukuveza i-revolution. Lapho i-Line Teanto Act idlulisa abaphathi bemali ethile, iNkampempe Ephakeme yamemezela ukuthi ayihambisani izinkolelo-mthetho womthetho womthetho we-mthetho. Lokhu akuyikho inqubo yangempela lapho ihlola futhi ivikela isilinganiso se-America embusweni yegunyazwe.
Yini Amasheke Nokulinganisela?
Isisekelo: Ukuhlukana Kwamandla
Ukuhlukanisa kwemibuso kuhlukanisa igunya likahulumeni phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu ahlukene, ngalinye nemithwalo yalo yemfanelo:
[[Umthetho:0] Igatsha elinomthetho (Icala)[[Umthetho:1]:
- Ikha imithetho kahulumeni
- Ilawula ukusetshenziswa kwemali kahulumeni
- Imemezela impi
- Ithuthukisa ezohwebo zamazwe aphakathi
- Izikhulu zikahulumeni zisebenzisa i - “Impeach ”
- Yenza izivumelwano zokugodla (I - Senate)
- Iqinisekisa ukumiswa (Isakhathi)
[[Igatsha:0] Igatsha elisebenzayo (i-Predent):
- Iphoqelela imithetho kahulumeni
- Amabutho ezempi ayala
- Uqhuba isimiso sakwelinye izwe
- Imisa amajaji kahulumeni nezikhulu
- Izikhulu zikhuluma ngezimvume zezikhulu
- UGrant uyathethelela
- Izivumelwano eziqhubekayo
[[[I] `Igatsha' (Izinkantolo ze-Jibhere):
- Ukuhumusha imithetho Nomthetho - sisekelo
- Kubukezwa izenzo zezikhulu
- Ukuxazulula izingxabano phakathi kwezifundazwe
- Ivikela amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo
- Imisa Umthetho - sisekelo Wemithetho
- Izinqumo zenkantolo ephansi zibukezwa
Indlela Okuhluke Ngayo Ekuhlukaneni Kwamandla
Nakuba kuvame ukudideka, [[QUL:0] ukwahlukanisa kwe-union u-vs nokulinganisela kumelela imiqondo ehlukile:
[ Ukuhlukanisa amagunya [ kuhlukanisa imisebenzi kahulumeni phakathi kwamagatsha", njengokuhlukanisa inkampani ibe iminyango. Igatsha ngalinye linombuso walo.
Isikhonkwane kanye nezilinganiso nikeza igatsha ngalinye amathuluzi akhethekile okulinganisela amanye, njengokungathi unika umnyango ngamunye iveto amandla phezu kwezinqumo ezithile kweminye iminyango. Yinqubo eyenza ukwahlukana kube nengqondo.
Lomehluko ubalulekile ngoba ukwehlukana kukodwa ngeke kuvimbele ubushiqela. Izibonelo ezingokomlando njenge-Rome Republic zibonisa ukuthi amandla ahlukene ngaphandle kokuhlola agcina eqinile. Ukusungulwa kwemiklamo yaseMelika kwakuhlanganisa ukuhlukana namandla alinganayo adinga ukubambisana.
Imvelaphi Ewufilosofi
Abasunguli babedweba ongqondongqondo bokuKhanyiselwa, ikakhulukazi inkolelo - mbono kaMontesquieu yokuhlukanisa imibuso nemibono kaJohn Locke ngohulumeni olinganiselwe. UJames Madison, umklami oyinhloko womthetho-sisekelo, waphikisa ku-Federal No. 51 ukuthi "impumelelo kumelwe yenziwe ukulwa nokufuna ukuvelela""----------sholokuqaphela ukuthi amandla ngokwemvelo afuna ukwandisa futhi amandla kuphela angalinganisela amandla ngokuphumelelayo.
Ukuqonda kukaMadison kwakuwusizo, hhayi iphupho: "Uma abantu babeyizingelosi, bekungeke kube yimfuneko. Uma izingelosi zazingabusa abantu, kungadingeka ukulawulwa kwangaphandle nangaphakathi kuhulumeni." Lo mbono ongokoqobo wesimo somuntu owabumba isimiso esifuna abaholi befuna amandla nokuklama izinqubo zokulawula izifiso ngokufeza okuthile.
Izazi Zomthetho Ngamandla Aphethe: Izingqungquthela Ezivimbela Omongameli
Amandla Entengo: Ukulawula Izinto Eziza Kuqala Kumongameli
Ukulawula okungalawuleki kokusebenzisa imali [ kumelela enye yezindlela zokuhlola ezinamandla kakhulu kubaphathi abaphethe. UMongameli akanakusebenzisa idollar elilodwa ngaphandle komthetho wombuso we-Congress, enikeza i-arhente enkulu kakhulu kunezimiso zobumongameli.
Isibonelo sezwe sangempela: Ummeli wemali exhasa udonga lomngcele wempi (207-2019) ubonisa le tsheke. Naphezu kokwenza udonga lube yindawo yokuqala yokusayina, uTrump wayengenakuqiniseka ngemali evela kuKhongolo. Isimemezelo sakhe sokuphuthuma kwesizwe sokuqondisa izimali zezempi sabekelwa inselele ezinkantolo naseSishaya-Congresspala ukuba kunqandwe isimo esiphuthumayo.)
[ Isibonelo sobuProto: ISichibiyelo seBoland (1998984) sayenqabela ukuxhaswa kwe-Reagan ngokwezimali yeNicaragua. Uma i-abaphathi bethengisa izikhali ngemfihlakatho e-Iran ukuze baxhase ama-Contra, ihlazo elalethwa yi-Iran-Contatra lacishe labhubhisa isikhundla sika-Reagan, libonisa ukuthi amongameli owephula umthetho osebenzisa i-Congressionation uhulumeni ubhekene nemiphumela enzima.
Amandla Empi: Umzabalazo Womthetho - sisekelo Oqhubeka
Nakuba uMongameli eyala amabutho ezempi, Conrest iphethe amandla okumemezela impi [ [1] ukushukuma komnyombo okuye kwachaza isimiso samazwe angaphandle aseMelika amashumi amaningi eminyaka.
Izibonelo ezibonisa inkathi yempi zihlola[
- IRight Powers Resolution (1973): Idlula phezu kwe-Nixon's joto ngemva kweVietnam, idinga amongameli ukwazisa iSishaya-Mkhandlu phakathi namahora angu-48 empi futhi ihlenga amabutho ngemva kwezinsuku ezingu-60 ngaphandle kwemvume
- Ukungenela kwe-Libya (201): Isikhongozeli sagxeka i-Obama ngemisebenzi eqhubekayo yezinsuku ezingaphezulu kwezingu-60 ngaphandle kwemvume
- Syria igada (2018): Umkhandlu waphikisana ngegunya likaTrump lokuhlasela izindawo zezikhali zamakhemikhali zase-Siriya ngaphandle kokugunyaza
- [ Ukuxabana okungathiwa okungalawuleki (20): Ngemva kokuba uTrump ebulale uSolemani uSolemani wase-Iran, uMkhandlu wadlulisa isinqumo esinqabela ukuthatha isinyathelo sezempi ne-Iran (ehlotshiswe ngu-Trump)
Kuseyimpikiswano ukuthi imibuso yempi yeCongress isinamandla. Omongameli baye baqala impi izikhathi ezingaphezu kwezingu - 200 kusukela ngeMpi Yezwe II, kodwa uMkhandlu uye wamemezela impi izikhathi ezinhlanu kuphela emlandweni. Lokhu kumelela indawo lapho ukuhlolwa nencazelo yokulinganisela kuhlangana khona nezombangazwe eziwusizo, futhi omongameli ngokuvamile benza umsebenzi wokuqala noMkhandlu olwela ukubuyisela igunya.
Ukuzikhohlisa: Ikhambi Elikhulu
[ Amandla okungagunyazi asebenza njengendlela yenuzi yoMthetho-sisekelo, i-ecodec compression (]i-eyester comforts)] ukuhlola kokugcina ukuziphatha okubi kwesikhulu nokwahlulelwa.
[ Imithetho efundisayo:
- Andrew Johnson (1868): Wayehlongoza ngokwephula umthetho we-OFT, engenacala ngevoti eyodwa yeSigele
- Richard Nixon (1974): Wayisayina phambi kwecala elithile lobugebengu bamanzi
- Bil Clinton (1998: Ihloselwe ukufihla nokuvimbela, ikhululiwe yiSigele
- Donald Trump (2029): Wayehlose ukusebenzisa kabi amandla nokuvimbela, ekhululiwe yiSigele
- Uvumed Trump (201): Wahlongoza ukuvuselelwa kokuvukela, wakhululwa yiSigele
Imithetho ye-judicial : UKhongolo-mthetho luye lwafundisa abahluleli abangu-15 bezwe, lususa abahluleli abangu-8, muva nje, uMahluleli Thomas Portinty wasuswa ngo-2010 ngenxa yenkohlakalo. Lokhu kukhumbuza abahluleli ukuthi abazimele ngokuphelele ekuzilandiseni kwezombangazwe.
Ibhande eliphezulu lokuvota (izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zezigele) liqinisekisa ukuyenga, kodwa ukuba khona kwalo kuthonya ukuziphatha. Ukuyeka kukaNixon kwabonisa ukuthi usongo lokungahloniphi lulodwa lungahlola amandla kamongameli.
Ukuqinisekisa Kwesigele: Ukuqeda Igatsha Eliphethe
Igunya leSigele [[QUL:0] lokuqinisekisa ukumiswa [ livumela iziKhongolo ukuba zithonye ukwakhiwa kwegatsha eliphethe kanye nefilosofi yokwahlulela ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane.
Akwazi ukuqinisekiswa kwezimpi:
- Robert Bork (1987): iNkantolo ePhakeme kakhulu kaReagan yenqaba 58-42, iguqula inqubo yokuqinisekisa
- Clarence Thomas (1991): yaqinisekiswa 52-48 ngemva kwezindlebe eziphikisanayo ezihilela ukumangalelwa okungokobulili
- Merrick Garland (2016[[FL:1]]: i-Obamminee yaphika noma ikuphi ukuzwa kweSigele saseRepublican
- Brett Kavanaugh (2088): Iqinisekisiwe 50-48 ngemva kokuhlasela nangemva kwempi yokuhlasela
- Ukwenqaba kwe-cabinet: uJohn Tower (Unobhala we-Defense, 1989) kanye no-Trump nones-evermines babuye noma benqabe
Ukuqinisekiswa kwamandla kudlulela ngalé kwezikhundla eziphakeme. ISigele siqinisekisa izikhundla ezingaba ngu-1,200, sivumela ukuba iSishaya-mthetho simise ukumiswa kwezimiso kuhulumeni.
Abaqondisi Abaphethe Bahlola Amandla Okulawula: Iziphakamiso Zomongameli Ezisemkhandlwini
Amandla E - Veto: Ukunqanda Ukuhlasela Kwezingqungquthela
i-vetile iphoqelela uKhongolose ukuba lufinyelele ukuvumelana okubanzi kwemithetho ephikiswa umphathi.
Izimpawu ze-vetoe emlandweni[:
- Andrew Jackson’s Bank Veto (1832): ukubhubhisa iSecond National Bank, ukuphinde usebenzise imali yaseMelika
- Truman's Taft-Hartley Veto (1947)]: ibambe kabi amandla enyunyana anqanyuliwe naphezu kokuphikiswa ngumongameli
- Ford's 61 vetoes (1974-197): Isebenzise iveto ukulwa neDemocratic Congress ngemva kweWatergate
- Oma's Keystone XL Pirline Veto (2015)]: isithiyo esiphambili samandla eRepublic
- 'uDeclarate Emergency Veto (2029): Ulondolozo lwezimali zomngcele naphezu kokuphikiswa kwe-Congress Congregation
[[Umthetho:0] Izibalo zembula imiklamo:
- Amavetoe angu - 2 5884 avamile emlandweni waseU.S.
- Amaveto ephakethe angu - 1 518 (ukuvumela izikweleti zife ngaphandle kokusayina)
- Izinga lempumelelo levetoes ezingu - 112 kuphela
- I - FDR iqopha umlando onamavetoe angu - 635 eminyakeni engu - 12
- Engajobeli idinga ama-250 emagumbini womabili
Iziqondiso Eziphethe: Iziphathimandla Ngaphandle Komhlangano
Izindawo zokulawula [ ivumela abaqondisi ukuba basebenzise uhlelo ngaphandle komthetho, nakuba bengaphansi kwemingcele engokomthetho.
Izivumelwano zezikhulu kanye nezinqumo zazo:
- I-Emancip Proclation (18563): Izigqila ze-Lincoln ezikhululiwe ezizweni zezihlubuki ngegunya eliphethe
- [[NTL:0] Isijapani (1942): Uhlelo lwe FDR ' 9066' kamuva olubhekwa njengolungavumelani nemithetho
- Isithembu se-Truman (1952)]: INkantolo ePhakeme yashaya phansi njengegunya elikhulu kakhulu
- DACA (202)]: vikela intsha efudukayo, ibhekene nenselele kodwa isekele kakhulu
- Trump's Travement Barn (2017): izinguqulo eziningi phambi kwemvume yeNkantolo Ephakeme
- Ibhadin's Vaccine Mandate (2021): Ihlonishwe yiNkantolo Ephakeme yabaqashi abakhulu
Iziqondiso eziphethe zihlala zinamandla kodwa zilinganiselwe. Izinkantolo zingawagumbuqela, uMkhandlu ungawakhipha imithetho ewujuqu, futhi omongameli besikhathi esizayo bangawaqeda ngokushesha — njengoba kwenza uBiden ngeziqondiso eziningi zeTrump ngosuku lokuqala.
Amandla Okumisa Omongameli: Uhulumeni Ocekela Phansi
Nakuba iSigele siqinisekisa ukumiswa, abasunguli bakha uhulumeni ngemifantu :
Ihlela ukumiswa: Abameli bangagcwalisa izikhundla okwesikhashana lapho izikhawu zeSigele zidlula isiqinisekiso. Ukumisa isikhashana kwe-Obama eNational Labor Relations Board kwabuswa ngaphandle kwe-constitution lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme ithola iSigele singaphazamisi ngempela.
Izikhulu ezisebenzayo: UTrump wasebenzisa kakhulu izikhulu ezisebenza ukuze zigweme izimpi zokuqinisekisa, nakuba izinkantolo zawulinganisela lomkhuba uma "izenzo" zithatha isikhathi eside kakhulu.
Ukumisa kobujudi [: abameli bakha umthetho wezizukulwane ngemvume yokwahlulela. Trump wamisa amajaji angokomthetho angu 234 kuhlanganise namajaji amathathu eNkantolo Ephakeme, ukushintshwa kwezinkantolo amashumi eminyaka.
Ama - archy Okwahlulela Kuwo Womabili Amagatsha: Izinkantolo Njengabagadi Bomthetho - sisekelo
Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela: Amandla Okuthi Cha
Ukubukeza kwe-judicial] ``Igunya lezinkantolo lokumemezela imithetho engavumelani nemithetho-mthetho'] akuzange kucaciswe kumthetho-sisekelo kodwa kwamiswa eMarbury v. Madison (103). Lokhu kwadala i-jadiary ye-'ihlolo eliyinhloko kwamanye amagatsha.
Amacala ezwe okuhlola amandla omthetho :
- McCulloch v Maryland (1819): ukumiswa kobukhulu bukahulumeni phezu kwezifundazwe
- Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857): Ukuhlehla eMissouri kwehlehliswa (kamuva kwagumbuqelwa yiSichibiyelo se 14)
- Lochner v. New York (11905)]: imithetho yezisebenzi (kamuva yaguqulwa)
- Schechtry poultry v. U.S. (1935)]: I-Stucked wirect accel New Developt
- United States v. Lopez (1995): Ikhomu yezentengiselwano ye-corress elinganiselwe amandla entengiselwano
- Citizens United v. FEC (2010): Kuvinjelwe umkhankaso wezimali
- NFIB v. Sebelius (202)[FLT:[1]: I-ACA kodwa i-Medicaid elinganiselwe igunyaza ukunwetshwa kwe-ACA
Amabhokisi okuhlola amandla omphathi [:
- Intsha ye-town Comment Comment short v. Sawyer (1952): Ukuqubuka kwensimbi ye-Truman
- United States v. Nixon (1974): Kudingeka iNixon ukuze kukhululwe amakhasethi eWatergate
- HAmdi v. Rumsfeld (2004): Ukuvalelwa kwemigqa yejele lobuBush kulinganiselwe kwamabutho esitha
- Boumediene v. Bush (2008): I-habeas corpus ku-Guantanamo depansie
- Trump v. Hawaii (2088): Ukuvinjelwa kokuhamba okukhona kodwa kuqinisekisa ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kokufuduka
- Trump v. Vance (20): wenqatshwa ngokuphelele ukuvikeleka ekuphathweni ubugebengu obungaphansi kwezwe
Amandla Okuchaza Umthetho - sisekelo
Izinkantolo zimisa inqubo ngencazelo ye- ye-, ngokuvamile eshintsha umphakathi waseMelika ngokuphawulekayo:
Ushintsho olungokwendawo ngokubukeza kokwahlulela [[QUL:1]:
- Brown v. hoard (1954): kuphele ubandlululo lwesikole
- Gideon v. Wainwright (1963): ukumelelwa okuqinisekisiwe okungokomthetho
- Miranda v. Arizona (1966): Izixwayiso zamalungelo ezifunekayo
- Roe v. Wade (1973): kusungulwe amalungelo okukhipha isisu (adlule angamashumi amabili22)
- Obergefell v. Hodges (2015): ukushada okusemthethweni oku-expression
- Dobbs v. Jackson (202): umthetho obuye wakhipha isisu obuye wasetshenziswa ezizweni
Lezi zinqumo zibonisa indlela izinkantolo ezingakuhlola ngayo ukubusa ngentando yeningi lapho ziphula amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo — nakuba lokhu kuphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nokufaneleka kwentando yeningi.
Ukuzibusa Kokwahlulela Nemingcele Yako
Nakuba amajaji kahulumeni esebenzisa [[QL:0] ukumiswa kwesikhathi sokuphila ukuqinisekisa inkululeko, babhekene nezinhlokwana eziningana:
[[IQUMT:0] Icala lomthetho ezinkantolo[[QUL:1]:
- Amandla okuzilawula (asetshenziswa ngokunenzuzo kodwa akhona)
- Ukulungisa uMthetho - sisekelo kunganqoba izinqumo
- Ukukhishwa kwecala (ukulinganisela lokho izinkantolo ezingakubukeza)
- Ukusongela okufakwa ezinkantolo (ukushintsha inani labahluleli)
- Ukulawula indlela yokusebenzisa imali ngokusebenza enkantolo
- Ukuqinisekiswa kwamajaji amasha esigele
[[[Umthetho:0] Ukuhlola okusebenzayo ezinkantolo[[Umthetho:1]:
- Ukumisa amandla kumisa isiqalo senkantolo
- Ukuncika ngokuphoqelelwa (izinkantolo zidinga isikhulu ukuze kusetshenziswe izinqumo)
- Amandla okuphanga angaqeda izinkolelo zobugebengu
Ukungezwani phakathi kokuzimela kokwahlulela nokulandisa ngentando yeningi akukaphenduli. Izinkantolo zidinga ukugunyazwa ukuze zivikele amalungelo, kodwa ukuzimela okuphelele kungasiza ukuba ubudlova bokwahlulela bukwazi.
Ama - ex - vond Nokulinganisela Enkingeni: Lapho Isimiso Sivivinywa
Impi Yombango: Lapho Amakhambi Ehluleka
IMpi Yombango yayimelela ukuwohloka kokuphela kokuhlola nokulinganisela.
- Ama - habeas anqunyiwe ngaphandle kwemvume yeKhongolo
- Amatheku aseningizimu avinjelwe ngaphandle kokumemezela impi
- Ungayisebenzisi imali ngaphandle kokushaywa indiva
- Izakhiwo zezempi ezadalelwa izakhamuzi
IJaji eliyinhloko uTaney lamemezela izenzo zikaLincoln ezingavumelani nemithetho e-Ex partee Merryman, kodwa uLincoln akasinaki isinqumo. Lokhu kwabonisa ukuthi ukuhlola nokulinganisela kuxhomeke ekuthobeleni ngokuzithandela, kungasebenzi uma isimiso ngokwaso siwohloka.
Inqubo Entsha: Ukuwohloka Kwezinhlangano
I-FDR’s New Deal yabangela inkinga yomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme ikhipha umthetho oyinhloko. Icebo lenkantolo elijezisayo likaRoosevelt lalizonezela amajaji kuze kube yilapho enabaningi. Nakuba leli cebo lihlulekile, iNkantolo yaqala ukusekela uhlelo lwe-New Deal jqqqqh "ukubhunga ngesikhathi okwasindisa isishiyagalo qhaza."
Lenhlekelele yabonisa ukuthi ukuhlolwa nokulinganisela akuhileli nje kuphela amandla angokomthetho kodwa ukucindezela kwezombangazwe nokufaneleka kwezinhlangano.
I - watergate: Isimiso Semvelo Siyasebenza
Watergate yayibonisa izinhlolo - vo nezinga elihamba kahle ngaphansi kokucindezela okukhulu:
- Izinkantolo zaphoqelela uNixon ukuba akhiphe amakhasethi
- UCongress wahlola futhi walungiselela ukungezwani
- Ukucindezela komphakathi kwakhula ngezindaba ezikhululekile
- UNixon wasula esikhundleni sokubhekana nokususwa okuthile
Lenhlekelele yabonisa ukuthi ngisho nomongameli onamandla wayengenakukunqoba ukuphikiswa okunobunye kwamanye amagatsha lapho ebanjwa esebenzisa kabi amandla.
Post-9/11: Ukulondeka v. Liberty
IMpi Yephekula yavivinya imingcele phakathi kwamagatsha:
- Bush wathi uhulumeni omkhulu uyakwazi ukuqapha nokubopha
- UKhongolose wasekelwa ekuqaleni, wabe esemelana namandla anwetshiwe
- Izinkantolo kancane kancane zalinganisela igunya lezikhulu
- U - Obama waqhubeka nezimiso eziningi naphezu kokugxekwa komkhankaso
Lenkathi yabonisa indlela usongo lwangaphandle olungashintsha ngayo ukulingana okwesikhashana ngamandla okubusa, kodwa ekugcineni ukuhlola kuyazivuselela.
Izinselele Zanamuhla Zokuhlola Nokulinganisela
I - partisan Polaryation
I-Extreme polacation isongela itshekezo nezilinganiso ezingokwesiko:
- Ukwethembeka kweqembu kuthatha indawo yokwethembeka egatsheni
- UKhongolose ngeke ahlole abameli beqembu elifanayo
- Ukuqinisekisa kuba okuhlukanisayo kuphela
- Ukulwela ukufaneleka kwe - bipartisia
- Izinkantolo zivela zishukunyiswa kwezombangazwe
Uma amagatsha ehlelwa yiqembu kunokuba abe yisithakazelo sokuhlela, ahlola buthaka. I-Republican Congress ngeke ihlole umongameli weRepublic, kanti i-eye-i.
Ukungasebenzi Kwe - Corress Deys
[ Ubuthakathaka bokwehla komthetho buye basusa amandla baya kwamanye amagatsha:
- I-Gridlock ivimbela ukumiswa kwemithetho
- Ukunikezwa igunya ezinhlanganweni eziphethe
- Izinkinga Zemali Nokuvinjelwa Kwayo
- Ukungakwazi ukuvuselela imithetho emidala
- I - filibuster ivimbela ukubusa kweningi
Uma iSishaya - mthetho singakwazi ukuhlanganisa, abaphathi benza izinto ngaphandle kokukhetha ngeziqondiso zezikhulu nezinkantolo benza isimiso ngokuchaza () futhi abakwazi ukukhomba idemokrasi.
Ukukhathazeka Okubi Kokwahlulela
Ezinye izinkantolo eziphikisayo ziye zathi zinamandla amakhulu kakhulu:
- Owokugcina uthi incazelo yomthetho - sisekelo
- Izindlela zokulandisa ezilinganiselwe
- Ukuphila okuvikelekile embonweni womphakathi
- Ukuqeda umthetho othandwayo
- Ukwenza izinqumo eziyisisekelo zemithetho
Ukuphikisa kugcizelela izinkantolo ezivikela amaphaphu ekucindezeleni iningi futhi kuphoqelele ukuba kubekwe imingcele engokomthetho abanye abangayishaya indiva.
Amandla Aphuthumayo Ayanda
Ukukhathazeka kwandisa amandla okubusa:
- Izimpi zandisa igunya lomongameli
- Izinkinga zezomnotho zithethelela izinyathelo eziphuthumayo
- Izimo eziphuthumayo zempilo zinikeza iziqondiso ezingakaze zibonwe ngaphambili
- Ukusongelwa kwokulondeka kunciphisa inkululeko yomphakathi
- Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kungase kubangele ukwanda kwesikhathi esizayo
Umphumela we - ratchet usho amandla ashiwo lapho kuphuthuma akuvamile ukuncipha ngokuphelele, kancane kancane kushintshe ukulinganisela egatsheni eliphethe.
Iziphetho Zesilinganiso Sikahulumeni: Umphakathi Nezinye Izingozi
Ohulumeni BoMbuso Balingisa Izakhiwo Ezizimele
Bonke 50 ohulumeni bezwe [ balondoloza ukuhlukanisa kwabo amagunya:
Amagatsha eSime somthetho weSizwe:
- Imithetho kazwelonke edlulisiweyo
- Uhlelo lokuhlela lokulawula imali
- Xhuma izikhulu zikahulumeni ezilandelana
- Dlova ivetoes
- Qinisekisa ukumiswa kwesimo (abanye basho)
Igatsha lesifunda sesifundazwe:
- Abalawuli bamisa imithetho kahulumeni
- Izikhungo zezikhulu zezindaba
- Umthetho weVeto
- Yenza izicaba
- Umyalo Wesizwe Sasegatsheni (ohlangene nomongameli)
Igatsha lokwahlulela lesifunda[:
- Ulimi lomthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni
- Imithetho yesifundazwe ebukeziwe
- Hlola izenzo zikahulumeni wendawo nezezwe
- Ngokuvamile kukhethwa kunokuba kumiswe
Ama - United States Njengezisebenzi Zombuso Wentando Yeningi
Elase - United States lizama izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuhlola nokulinganisela:
- Ingxenye-yomugqa witto: 44 izifundazwe zivumela abalawuli ukuba bafake izinto ezithile ezikhethekile ezihlelelwe uhlelo lwemali
- yenza ukhetho: 19 iminyango ivumela abavoti ukuba basuse izikhulu ngaphambi kokuba kuphele izinketho
- I-interum kanye ne-headerendum: izifunda 24 zivumela ngokuqondile ukudlula kwesishaya-mthetho sentando yeningi
- Imingcele esemkhawulweni [: 15 izifunda ezilinganisela imithetho yemithetho
- vs. Isikhulu esihlukene: Ezinye zisho izikhulu zekhabethe ezikhethwe ngokwehlukana
Lezi zinguquko zinikeza ukuhlola kwangempela emklamweni kahulumeni, zitshela izimpikiswano zesizwe ngoshintsho lwamaqembu.
Federal v. Amandla Kahulumeni: Esinye Isindlali samasheke
I-Federalis [ yenza izihlolo eziqondile nezilinganisi phakathi kohulumeni bakahulumeni bakahulumeni nombuso:
Isimo sokuhlola amandla kahulumeni:
- Imithetho ibekela izenzo zikahulumeni inselele
- Ukwenqaba ukuphoqelela imithetho kahulumeni (i - marijuana, nokufuduka)
- Izingxenye ezihlanganisa uhulumeni kahulumeni ohlangene
- Izihlongozo Zokulungisa Umthetho - sisekelo
- Izinhlangano zokwakha (zenqatshwa ngokomthetho)
Ukuhlola uhulumeni wezesifunda [:
- U Claus oweqisayo umisa imithetho kahulumeni
- Ukubukeza izenzo zikahulumeni enkantolo kaFederal
- Izimfuneko zokusebenzisa imali ezifanele
- Ukugcinwa Kwamalungelo Omphakathi
- Umthetho wezentengiselwano zangaphandle
Izibonelo zamuva nje zihlanganisa ukumangalelwa kwemithetho yokufuduka, ukugunyazwa kwempilo nemithetho yendawo ezungezile, kuyilapho uhulumeni kahulumeni eye wabekela imithetho yokuvota inselele nobandlululo.
Imiphumela Yansuku Zonke: Indlela Izinhlolo Ezithinta Ngayo Izakhamuzi Nokulinganisela
Isimiso Sokunakekelwa Kwempilo
UMthetho Wokunakekela Ongalawuleki ubonisa zonke lezi zingxenye ezintathu ezilawula isimiso esithinta izigidi:
- [[QUL:0] Icala [[[QUL:1] lidlulise umthetho ngo-2010
- OMA wasetshenziswa ngezinhlangano eziphethe
- Inkantolo yezenyuke kakhulu yayisekela kodwa yenza i-Medicaid yanwetshwa ngokuzithandela
- Trump wazama ukubuyisela i-pal (I-Conret yehlulekile) futhi walulaza ngesenzo sokuqondisa
- BEN yasiqinisa ngemiyalo yezikhulu nangoMkhandlu onwetshiwe wezezimali zokusekela imali
Ukutholakala kwempilo yaseMelika ngakunye kubonisa lendawo ehlangeneyo yamandla enhlangano.
Ukufuduka
Isimiso sokuhlola ukunqanda ukushisa sibonisa izikhungo eziqhubekayo:
- I-Cortal ayizange idlulise inguquko ebanzi kusukela ngo- 1986
- Abaholi basebenzisa izioda zezikhulu (DACA, ukuvinjelwa kokuhamba, izimiso zomngcele)
- [ Courts ukubukeza izenzo zokuphathwa kweziphathimandla nezimiso zobuhlanga
- Izimo zidlulisa eyazo imithetho ehlobene nokufuduka
- Ohulumeni bendawo bamemezela isimo sengcwele
Lo msebenzi owenziwayo uthinta izigidi zabafuduki nemiphakathi ezweni lonke.
Ubulungisa Bobugebengu
Ukwahlulela ngokulunga kobugebengu kuhilela wonke amazinga namagatsha kahulumeni:
- I-Curt ihlela ubugebengu nesigwebo sikahulumeni
- President umisa abashushisi bakahulumeni futhi angathethelela
- [[I] Courts ichaza izivikelo zomthetho-sisekelo
- Izimo ziphatha ukushushisa okuningi kobugebengu
- Ohulumeni bendawo basebenzisa iminyango yamaphoyisa
Icala ngalinye lobugebengu lihilela ukuhlola okuningi ngohulumeni ukuze kuvikelwe amalungelo abantu ngabanye.
Imfundo
Isimiso semfundo sibonisa ukusebenzelana okuyinkimbinkimbi kwezinhlangano:
- [[Umthetho:0] I-Creat inikeza izimali zikahulumeni ngezimo
- Isebe semfundo isebenzisa izinhlelo zikahulumeni
- [[I-FLT:0] Courts iphoqelela isivikelo esilinganayo nenkululeko yokukhuluma
- Izimo ngokuyinhloko zilawula uhlelo lwemfundo
- amabhodi ezikole asendaweni lapho enza izinqumo zosuku lwenyanga kuya-yosuku
Okuhlangenwe nakho kwemfundo yabafundi kubonisa izinqumo kuwo wonke amazwe kahulumeni.
Umbono Wezizwe Zonke: Indlela Ezinye Izikhundla Ezilinganisela Ngayo Amandla
Izimiso Zasephalamende
Amazwe anjenge [[QUT:0]UK, Canada, neAustralia ahlanganisa amagatsha aphethe ne-propatitis:
- UNdunankulu uhola kokubili iqembu likahulumeni neningi
- Awukho umbuso kusukela ekulawuleni isishaya - mthetho esiphethe
- Ukuqiniseka kungawulimaza uhulumeni
- Izinkantolo zinamandla alinganiselwe okubukeza umthetho - sisekelo
- Ukusetshenziswa kwenqubo ngokushesha kodwa kunciphe izinketho
Izimiso Ze - hybrid
Amazwe anjenge [[QUT:0] France ne Russia[ ahlanganisa izakhi:
- Umongameli nephalamende okukhethwe ngokuhlukene
- Umongameli usingatha isimiso sakwamanye amazwe, undunankulu
- Ukuhlangana lapho umongameli nephalamende kungafani
- Imikhandlu yoMthetho - sisekelo ibukeza imithetho
- Ukulinganisela okuhlukile kwamandla kune - U.S.
Izimiso Zokuxhumana
Amazwe anjenge [[QUL:0] German kanye neNdiya[ anezela ubunkimbinkimbi be-constalism:
- Uhulumeni wombuso nowezwe onamandla ahlukene
- Izinkantolo zisakaza izimpikiswano zomthetho - sisekelo
- Izimiso ezihlukene zokukhetha zithinta ukulinganisela
- Ohulumeni abasekela izinkolelo zombango badinga ukuhlehla
- Amaqembu ezifunda ahlola umbuso wezwe
Ikusasa Lamasheya Nokulinganisela
Izinguquko Ezisikiselwayo
Izinguquko ezihlukahlukene zingashintsha izinhlolo - vo nezilinganiso:
Izinguquko zomthetho [:
- Khipha umthetho weningi
- Imingcele yesilinganiso semithetho yeSishaya - mthetho
- Inguquko yezimali engokwezimali
- Ukulungiswa kwesinqumo okuzenzakalelayo okuqhubekayo
- Imibuso yempi ichazwa ngokucacile
[[Umthetho:0] Izinguquko ezisebenzayo[[[QUL:1]:
- Kulinganiselwe ukuhleleka kweziphathimandla
- Cela ukuvunyelwa kwezinhlangano ngezimo eziphuthumayo
- Ojenene abaqinisayo
- Isivumelwano sokuzimela eMnyangweni Wezobulungisa
- Ukuchaza ngokucacile ubugebengu obungabaphathi
[[UMTL:0] Izinguquko ze-Judicial[:
- Imingcele yenkathi yeNkantolo Ephakeme
- Izihlongozo zokwandisa inkantolo
- Izimfuneko zezimiso eziyisisekelo ziqinisa
- Ukusola izinto ngenxa yezindaba ezithile
- Ukushelela koMthetho - sisekelo
Ubuchwepheshe Nokulinganisela
Ukukhula kwamanani kudala izinselele ezintsha:
- Ikhono lokuqapha eliqondiswe ngokuqondisisa
- Ukwengamela kwemithetho yeKhomishane
- Izinkantolo ezilwa namacala obuchwepheshe
- Ithonya lezokuxhumana zomphakathi kuwo wonke amagatsha
- Ukulondeka njengesivikelo sesizwe
- Imibuzo elawulayo
Izinhloli zakudala zingase zingawasebenzisi ngokwanele amandla obuchwepheshe.
Ukushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu Namandla Aphuthumayo
Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kungase kushintshe ukulinganisela:
- Izimemezelo eziphuthumayo ezithé xaxa
- Isinyathelo sokuphatha ngaphandle kwesishaya - mthetho
- Izinkantolo zibhekisela ebuchwephesheni bokuphatha
- Izivumelwano zomhlaba Wonke Ezidlula Izigele
- Izingxabano zegunya likahulumeni
- Ukushintsha kwezomnotho kudinga isinyathelo esisheshayo
Inqubo esheshayo yokuzinqumela ingase ingafinyeleli ukuphuthuma okubucayi, okungase kushintshe ngokuphelele ukuba kube namandla okuqondisa.
Isiphetho: Kusho Ukuthini Ukulinganisela Nokulinganisela?
Isimiso sezokuhlola nokulinganisela kwe-American siye sasinda iminyaka engu- 235 yezinselele , izimpi zezwe, ukucindezeleka, ushintsho lwezenhlalo, nokushintsha kwezobuchwepheshe. Nakuba lesi simiso singaphelele futhi ngezinye izikhathi sikhungathekisa, siye savimbela ubushiqela obabesatshwa ngabasunguli benkolo nakuba bengazivumelani nezinselele ababengazicabangi.
Izibonelo zezwe langempela ezisuka ku ipresidential trans ku [[FLT:] izinqumo zeNkantolo yeNkantolo [, kusukela [[FLT:]] ekuhloleni [[FLT]] uphatho [] ku-[FLT]] ku- ku-'umquba wemithelela'inqumo [[, kubonisa ukuthi ukuhlola nokulinganisela akuyona nje imikhankaso kodwa inqubo yokuphila iguqula ukuphila kwaseMelika nsuku zonke.
Lesimiso sibhekene nezinselele ezinkulu zesimanje: ukuhlanganisa okuhlukanisayo okubeka phambili iqembu phezu kwegatsha, ukungasebenzi kahle kwe-Congregational amandla adlulela kubaphathi nasemacaleni, futhi okuphuthumayo okugxilisa igunya. Nokho umlando ubonisa ukuqina kwesimiso. Lapho uNixon ethi akalawulwa, isimiso samsusa. Lapho uRoosevelt ezama ukupakisha iNkantolo, isimiso sammisa. Uma noma iliphi igatsha liphamba, abanye ekugcineni liphindisela emuva.
Ukuqonda amasethi nokulinganisela ngezibonelo eziqinile kwembula kokubili ubuhlakani besimiso nokulinganiselwa kwaso. Kwaklanyelwa ukwenza ukubusa kube nzima, kufune ukuba ushintsho olukhulu luvumelane. Enkathini edinga ukuthatha isinyathelo esisheshayo ezinkingeni eziyinkimbinkimbi, lokhu kusheshayo kukhungathekisa abaningi. Kodwa amandla asetshenziswayo ngamabomu asheshayo ngaphandle kokuzibamba.
Ikusasa lokuhlola nokulinganisela kuxhomeke ekuqondeni nasekuzivikeleni kwezakhamuzi. Lapho siqaphela ukuthi kanjani ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kuvikela inkululeko yethu, indlela [ ephindaphindwa ngayo [[[FLT:]] inikeza izilinganiso eziningi ze-um, ukuthi kungani abasunguli bedalile lesi simiso esiyinkimbinkimbi.
Ukuhlola nokulinganisela akupheli. Isinqumo seNkantolo yanamuhla siba ukulungisa umthetho-mthetho wekusasa. Umyalo wanamuhla waba umthetho wesikhulu wakusasa we-Congress. Ikhomishane yanamuhla iwukuhlola kwakusasa. Lomzabalazo oqhubekayo wenhlangano, wokonakala noxabanisayo, nanjengoba kungenzeka, uhlala ungcono kakhulu ekuhlaziyweni kwamandla angalawuli. Uma nje isifiso siqhubeka ukulwa nesifiso sokuvelela, njengoba u-Masdison ehloselwe, ulawulo lwentando yeningi lwaseMelika luhlala njalo.
Ukuze uthole ezinye izindlela zokuhlola nokulinganisela emsebenzini, hlola imithombo yezindawo zesizwe ezigciniwe zesizwe [ kanye ne i-Cualitugateal quessication Center[.
