Olukiiko Olukola ku Kkooti Ekola ku Kkomera

Ekiragiro kino kyasibuka mu kkooti ezifuga nnamba tekyetongodde. Amateeka III ag'omu Amerika, agaateekawo amateeka agafuga enfuga ya Amereka era ne galaga engeri gye gayinza okutuukibwako. Akatundu III, Ekitundu 2 kigaziya amaanyi mu kusala emisango gyonna egijjawo wansi w'amateeka, amateeka g'eggwanga, n'endagaano. Era kazingiramu n'amateeka agamenyesebwa mu byalo, empaka wakati w'eby'amateeka era n'eby'obutuuze ab'amawanga ab'enjawulo.

Enkola eno ekola mu ngeri ya mugaso: ekakasa nti ensonga enkulu ezikwata ku ggwanga ziteekebwa mu nkola eya yunifoomu mu kifo ky'okuziikirirwa enzivuunula za kkooti 50 ez'enjawulo. Etteeka bwe likwata ku mateeka ga gavumenti, gavumenti, oba ebitongole okuva mu bitundu bingi, kkooti z'ensi zissaawo olukalala olunywevu n'abalamuzi abalondebwa obulamu bwabwe bwonna era abakuumibwa okuva mu kupikirizibwa kw'eby'obufuzi.

Okutegeera omusingi guno kiyamba abatuuze okutegeera nti okuba n’obuyinza ku kuteeba kkooti ey'ekika ekyo si kye kikulu, wabula ku kuwangula nsonga eziba zikoleddwa okusinziira ku nkola y’okusala emisango.

Ebika by’Enkumemu y’Ekkooti

Omukolo gw’Okusalira Omusango

Buli kiragiro ky'ekiragiro kifuga nsonga. Singa olukalala terubaako, olusobola okusala omusango ogumu, ne bwe kiba nga kibuuzizza bunnaagwo. Entegeka y'ensonga efuga ebitundu bibiri ebikulu: enfuga y'ensonga era tesobola kufuga mu ngeri za njawulo.

[[[NT:0]] Obukulembeze bw'enkuudo obufuga en'awunzi bujjawo singa endowooza ya k'awuluti esinziira ku mateeka ga U.S., etteeka oba endagaano. Kkomyusa ku mateeka nti gavumenti emenya amateeka agafuga ekika kya Amereka tegakkiriza mu mutemwa gwa Mmereeji wasooka kubanga endowooza y'okutaputa tteeka lirina kukwata ku kukyusa lukalala lw'amateeka.

Obukulembeze bw'eggwanga bwe buba n'obutuuze bw'ensi ez'enjawulo era n'omuwendo gw'enjawukana gusukka $75,000. Ekigendererwa kwe kuziyiza etteeka okusosoomoozebwa mu biwayi bya ssemasaza okuggyamu ebiti bibiri. Munnamutundu ow'omu Texaniya okusinziza evvuunulibwa ku kitongole kya California nga awakolerwa ebisale doola 1000,000 mu lukalala lw'ebyawuka olw'ensi ez'enjawulo.

Okusalawo Kwaffe

Obwetwaze bwa kkooti butegeeza obuyinza bw'abantu kinnoomu ku bibatu, naddala oyo awandiikiddwa. Kkooti ya gavumenti eteekwa okuba n'obuyinza ku muwawawaanyi, nga kino kisinziira ku nkolagana y'oyo awandiikirwa gy'aba ayimiridde mu kkooti. Kino kyesigamye ku mutemwa gwa Claus ow'okutaano n'ogw'ekkumina.

Kkooti enkulu ey'omu Amerika ekiraze nti omuwawaabirwa ateekwa okuba n'ensonga entono ennyo eri mu mateeka ne kiba nti okusala omusango tekunyiiza ndowooza z'enlombolombo ez'okuzannya n'obwenkanya obwa bulijjo. Singa omuwawawaatiribwa abeera mu Oregon era nga takolerangako bizineesi mu Florida, kkooti ey'omu Florida eyinza okuba nga tesobola kwesalirawo muntu oyo avunaanibwa omusango, ne bwe kiba nga kino kizingiramu ensonga y'omu gavumenti.

Okuvumirira Ebikwata ku Buziba

Federal Question Jurisdiction (28 Amerika Ş 1331)

Etteeka ekkulu erifuga obunene bw'ebibuuzo mu Amerika kiri 28 C.C. chita 1331, erigamba: "Emisango gyamasaza ga disiturikiti ginaafuganga buli nkola yonna ekolebwa wansi w'amateeka oba endagaano zonna ezikolebwa mu ttuluba lya Amerika." Kino kye lulimi olugazi naye kkooti zigezesezza okulaba ddi omusango lwe guba nga guyimiriziddwa wansi w'amateeka g'ensi.

Ekiragiro ekikulu kiri nti ekibuuzo mu ggwanga kirina okulabika ku maaso g'omuwolereza aggumiziddwa bulungi. Tekimala omuwawayibwa okuteekawo oludda olumu olw'okwetaaza entebe ya gavumenti. Ng'ekyokulabirako, singa omuwawaabi aguggula olukusa lw'endagaano wansi w'amateeka ga gavumenti, era omuwawaabi awakana endagaano eyo tekkirizibwa wansi w'amateeka g'eggwanga, ekyo nga tekiteekawo mateeka ga gavumenti.

Ebyokulabirako ebitera okubuuzibwa abantu bye bino:

  • Kye bagamba nti kiri wansi w’amateeka agakwata ku ddembe ly’abantu (mu ngeri y’emu, 42 U.S.C. . 1983)
  • Ensonga ezikwata ku mateeka agafuga okutereka obubenje mu ggwanga
  • ebigobererwa n'ebikolebwako nga obwa nnannyini b'obwa nayingiza
  • Okusasula Ssente
  • Ensonga wansi w’Akakiiko Akakola ku Bukulembeze bwa Federal Tort

Abantu ab’Engeri Embi (28 U.S.C. נ 1332)

Ebika by’abantu eby’enjawulo ebiri wansi w’omwaka 28 C.E. ↑ 1332 byetaagisa ebintu bibiri: obutuuze obw’enjawulo n’omuwendo gw’ensimbi ezisukka mu doola z’Amerika 75,000.

[[NKULA] Enjawukana ez'enkola zonna kitegeeza nti tewali mutuuze wa mu ggwanga lye limu n'omuwayiri. Singa omuwayirwa mu New York atwala omuwayirwa oba omuwayirwa mu New York, obusosoze bwonna busaanyizibwawo olw'okuba abatuuze n'omuwayibwa bamu n'omusigire wa New York baba n'obutuuze bwa njawulo.

Obunene bw'enkalo [ bwe businga okuba obw'omuwendo mu kisobozo. Bizingiramu ebisaze, obuweerero, n'engeri endala ez'okuddawo. Okulabirako okw'enzikiriza ennungi kukkirizibwa okuggyako nga mu mateeka bukakafu nti kye boogera kirimu obusinga doola z'Amerika nga 75,000. Mu kunoonya obuweerero obw'omukitundu, kkooti zipima obungi bw'obubonero bw'ekiwandise eky'ekitongole ekyo nga kiwandikiro.

Okunokolayo Ebimu ku Biri mu Kibiina

Ekiragiro kino kikkirizibwa okutongoza gavumenti mu 28C.C. nga kiwa abajulirwa ba gavumenti ewa gavumenti ewa olukiiko olukulu olw'okusala emirimu nga basinziira ku mateeka ga gavumenti 28 31: 1367, era ne kisobozesa kkooti z'ensi yonna okukakala nti ensonga ze zimu oba okukaayana mu nsonga y'emu nga z'eggwanga. Kino kiziyiza okukkirizisa.Ng'ekyokulabirako, singa omukungu atwalibwa mu mateeka ga gavumenti okusalirwa olukunkumulirwa mu busososoze era n'okuleeta etteeka eriwawawawa ekiragiro olw'okutta abantu olw'ensonga ze zimu, kkooti y'ensi eyo eyinza okwongerako obuyinza ku nsonga z'eggwanga.

Kyokka, kkooti eyinza okugaana obuyinza obulala singa:

  • Etteeka lya gavumenti lireetawo ensonga enkulu ekwata ku mateeka ga gavumenti
  • Etteeka lya gavumenti lyeyongera amaanyi okusinga ekitongole kya gavumenti
  • Kkooti ya disitulikiti egaanye ebyo byonna ebigambibwa gavumenti

Obuyinza obw’okufuga bwa magezi, so si bwa kyokka.

Concurrection

Okulangirira Obubonerevu

Obumu ku bwo busobola kusalirwa mu kkooti ya gavumenti. Obubonero obwo bwe businga okubaamu ebitundu by'eggwanga oba eby'ebiwandiiko bya kompyuta. Bwe kityo, ensonga ezimu zitegekebwa nga gavumenti enzijjuvu olw'obwetaavu bw'okugatta awamu, obukugu obw'enjawulo oba olw'ensonga ez'eggwanga.

Ebitundu ebyalina entegeka ya buli ggwanga bitwaliramu:

  • Ebimenyedwa mu Patent n'ebiragiro ebireetebwa obwa nnamba
  • Okusasula Ssente
  • Obukwasi bw'amaato n'amatoba
  • Emisango gavumenti ya Amerika gye yavunaana
  • N’olwekyo, bye boogera bikontana n'obwesige obuva eri Katonda
  • Abasinga okusiba emisango

Singa omutuuze asawo omusango mu kkooti ya gavumenti, kkooti ya gavumenti eteekwa okugwesamba olw'obutaba na buyinza ku nsonga yonna, wadde nga kino kibadde tekisuubirwa okumala emyaka mingi.

Enkola ya Consticiction

Obubonero bungi buyimirizibwa mu[[NKULA] obuyinza obwa bulijjo, nga kitegeeza nti kkooti za gavumenti zombi zirina obuyinza okuziwulira. Omukkusi wa gavumenti ne gavumenti ziyinza okulonda ekifo eky'okumpi. Kino kitera okubaawo mu misango egifuga enfuga ez'enjawulo n'obutundu ebigwa ku kakiiko akafuga kika kya gavumenti gye kitalina budde kufuga kika kya nviiri.

Ng'ekyokulabirako, kkooti z'eggwanga ziyinza okutongoza omusango wansi w'etteeka lya Fair Labor Standard Act (FLSA) mu kkooti ya gavumenti oba mu gavumenti. Okulondebwa kw'olukiiko olwo kuyinza okubaako eky'amaanyi kye kukwata ku kye kikola. Abalamuzi abalamuzi abafuga ekitundu III kye kiba kisalawo okulondebwa obulamu bwabwe bwonna, ate abalamuzi ba gavumenti bayinza okulondebwa oba okuweebwa ebiragiro ebiteereddwawo.

Singa wabaawo amateeka agafuga enfuga y'ekitongole, omukkosi y'enkola y'ekitongole kino afuga ekitongole nga asooka okuwandiika ebiba bisaliddwawo. Kyokka, oyo avunaanibwa ayinza okuba n'obuyinza okuggya omusango mu kkooti ya gavumenti, eyogerwako wammanga.

Okuggibwawo

Ekiragiro eky'okuggyawo kisobozesa omuwawaabirwa okusiikiriza omusango mu kkooti ya gavumenti singa kkooti y'ensi yonna yandibadde n'obuyinza obwasooka. Enkola eno efugibwa 28 761 1455.

Amateeka agatasobola kuggibwawo mwe muli:

  • Abawayiri bokka be bayinza okuggyawo; abatereevu tebasobola kuggyawo omusango gwe basazeewo okuyingiza mu kkooti ya gavumenti
  • Okukomyawo kuteekwa okubaawo mu nnaku 30 ng'omuwawawaanyi asoose okuweebwa okumwegayirira
  • Abawawaayiriza bonna balina okukkiriza okuggibwawo (“amateeka agafuga empalana")
  • Emisango egiggiddwawo ku nsonga ez'enjawulo tegiyinza kuggibwawo singa omuwawaayi afuuka mutuuze mu ssaza (obuwandiisi obwaweebwa omuwawaatwa")
  • Omusango teguyinza kuggibwawo nga waakayita omwaka gumu bukya gusibibwa, bwe kiba nti okuguggyawo gwesigamiziddwa ku mawanga ag’enjawulo

Okukomyawo kintu kya bukuumi ekisobozesa abawawaayirizibwa okwewala embeera ezigwana mu kkooti z’amateeka, okukozesa amateeka g’ensi, oba okuwa ensonga eyo mu maaso g’omulamuzi wa gavumenti.

Engeri Omusango Gwo gye Gukwata ku Batuuze

Wa w’Oyinza Okukomya Obulwadde Bwo?

Ekibuuzo ekisooka eky'omuganyulo eri buli muntu yenna alina enkaayana mu mateeka kye kino: Lukiiko ki olulina obuyinza? Obwenyinyiikivu mu kkooti ey'obulimba buyinza okugobererwa, okufiirwa ebiseera, n'okufiirwa ssente ezisabibwa. Mu milala, etteeka ery'okukugira ekkomo liyinza kusalibwa mu kkooti entuufu.

Abatuuze basaanidde okulowooza ku bino nga balonda fayiro gye bakuŋŋaanira:

  • [[Act:0]] Kkooti [[[FULT:1]]: eteeka amateeka agafaanagana, abalamuzi abalina obumanyirivu, n'okuteesebwa amangu. Amateeka aga Discovery gategekebwa bulungi, era n'okusala emisango mu bufunze kya bulijjo.
  • [[Akabonero:0] Ekitongole eky'omu ssaza[]: k'oba ng'omanyidde ddala amateeka ag'omu kitundu era enzivvuunuzi ya kizimbe kitera okubeera okumpi. Kkooti z'e gavumenti zifuga amateeka g'amaka, probate, ebime, n'empalana nga zikolagana buzibu obutaliwo okuggyako nga waliwo obusokefu bw'ebibuuzo eby'enjawulo oba amateeka aga gavumenti.

Bw'oba nga tomanyi bulungi nsonga yo mu kkooti ya gavumenti, genda ku kooti z'omu Amerika eziwa obulagirizi eri entegeka y'eggwanga lya Amerika osobole okufuna obubaka obutuufu.

Endowooza Ennuŋŋamu Ekwata ku Gavumenti

Mu kkooti ya gavumenti, bannamateeka bateekwa okugoberera etteeka erikwata ku ngeri gye bagobereramu enkola y'amateeka mu bitundu gamba nga, okunoonyereza ku mateeka, n'okunoonyereza.

Kkooti ezikola ku budde era zikozesa Enjigiriza erina okukolebwako , ekyetaagisa kkooti z'ensi mu ntegeka ez'enjawulo okusobola okugoberera etteeka lya gavumenti naye erifuga enkola. Kino kitegeeza kkooti mu California ewuliriza omusango ogw'enjawulo gulina okuyisa kookolo wa California naye nga egoberera etteeka eriri mu Federal Lission of Civil Procedure. Erie ekakasa nti ekinaavaamu omusango ogw'enjawulo teguyawukana olw'okuba gulina kuba nga guyisibwa mu kkooti ya gavumenti.

Eri abatuuze, kino kitegeeza nti okulonda olukiiko lw’ensi okuwozesebwa ensonga ez’enjawulo tekikyusa tteeka erikwata ku bantu, naye likyusa amateeka agafuga enzikiriza n’omulamuzi.

Engeri y’Okukwatamu Apulogulamu

Emisango egijulirwa mu kkooti ya ssaza mu Amerika gijulirwa mu kkooti ez'Akajulirwamu, era nga gigabanyizibwamu ebitundu 13. Alipoota zikwatibwa nga balamuzi basatu, era singa tezitera kubaawo, abo abasala emisango giba bajjuuliriza omusango ogwo nga bagusiba ku kkooti enkulu.

Emisango egizingiramu ebibuuzo mu gavumenti gisobola okutuuka ku kkooti enkulu. Oluvannyuma lw'amateeka ga kkooti esingirayo ddala obukulu, akakiiko kayinza okweegayirira kkooti ey'oku ntikko singa ensonga eyo ezingiramu ensonga enkulu mu ggwanga.

Enjawulo enkulu eri nti, ensala ya kkooti ya gavumenti ku nsonga z’amateeka ga gavumenti yokka emalirizibwa ku mutendera gwa gavumenti era tegiyinza kutwalibwa mu kkooti z’ensi, wadde ng’emigatte giba giva mu bitundu bya njawulo.

Ebirowoozo Ebikyamu Ebikwata ku Kkooti Ekola ku Bulambo

Abantu n’abamu ku bannamateeka bakyafuna obutategeeragana ku mateeka ga gavumenti.

Enkola eya Misccoption 1: Kkooti ezikola ku misango egya bulijjo bulijjo ziba n'obuyinza ku gavumenti. Wadde ng'ebiwandiiko bya gavumenti ebifuga bisingisa emisango gy'abamenyi b'amateeka egisinga obungi mu kkooti z'eggwanga, obumenyi bw'amateeka obumu busobola okusalirwa omusango mu kkooti z'eggwanga singa n'ekyakulagibwa kimenya amateeka ga gavumenti. Enjigiriza y'obufuzi ey'emirundi ebiri ekkiriza kkooti z'ensi n'etteeka okutongoza ekikolwa kye kimu naye nga teyesembye misango ebiri.

'BSVC':' - 'SVP' - 'SVF' -' Kino kitegeeza nti entegeka ey'ebiva mu bitundu eby'enjawulo erina okukolebwako abatuuze abatuuze mu nsi ez'enjawulo.' Omuwendo gw'abatuuze abangi guteekwa okusukka doola 55,000 nga buli kimu kyereere wakati w'obutundu bwa ddoola ez'enjawulo. Omuwayinzi wa New York ne California eyasalibwako omuwaaze doola z'omuddoola 500,000 tegutuukiriza ebisaanyizo.

[[AKMENT:0] Enkola ey'ekika kya 3: Kkooti ezikola ku budde bulijjo nnungi.[[FULT:1] Kkooti ezifuga ebibiina birina obuyinza butono era tezisobola kuwulira nsonga ezikwatibwako mu kkooti z'amateeka, gamba ng'okugattulula obufumbo, okukuza abaana n'ensonga ezisinga obungi. Mu nsonga ezo, kkooti y'ensi kye kikola ku nsonga zokka.

[[NT:0] 'Ekintu ekirabika nga ekitali kituufu] Enkyukakyuka 4: Omuwayitirwa bulijjo ayinza okuggyawo ensonga mu kkooti ya gavumenti. Okuziikako kwetaagisa omusingi gwa gavumenti okwawulibwawo. Singa okwemulugunya kwa ttuluba lya mu ggwanga tekuleetawo kibuuzo era nga waliwo okusalagana tekuzzewo, tewabaawo.

Ekiragiro kino kimenya amateeka gano nga kiwandika n'empandika eya . Ekitongole ekikola ku by'enjigiriza ekikola ku by'obwannannyini kizuukusa engeri ebifuga amateeka gye bitegeeramu amateeka oba ebirengo ebifuga ', ekiyamba okunnyonnyola emitindo gy'amateeka mu lulimi olutuufu.

Engeri Ennungi Abatuuze gye Bayinza Okuyitamu

Bw’oba okkiriza ensonga yo ng’erina okuzingiramu enfuga ya kkooti, baako ky’okola kino:

  1. [[NKULULA]] Okireetera okumanyisa ekifa ku bye oyogera[[[:1]. Weebuuze: K'otaddewo amateeka aga gavumenti, Constitution, oba amateeka aga gavumenti ga gavumenti? Singa empandika ziva mu bitundu eby'enjawulo? Singa eky'okuddamu kiba yee ne kimu ku ebyo, enfuga y'ensi eyinza okubaawo.
  2. [[NKULULA] Kebera obungi bw'enjawukana[. Bw'oba oyagala okumanya entegeka z'ebifo mu nsi ez'enjawulo, kakasa nti endowooza yo esukka doola z'Amerika 75,000 eza buli kawyiro n'ebbeeyi. Bwe kiba nti ebikukolako bisingako awo nakito, enviro z'amawanga tezisangibwawo.
  3. [[NKULA] Ekiragiro kino kikebera oba nga amateeka agafuga enfuga ez'obufuzi oba nga gagobererwa. Bw'obaako gwe kikebera, onoonyereze oba ng'etteeka eryo lyesigamye ku nkola yo yokka. Obubambo bwa gavumenti bulina kuweebwa mu kkooti ya gavumenti.
  4. [[NKULA] Lowooza ku makulu gaakyo. Gezaako okutegeera engeri gye kiyinza okuganyulamu gavumenti era n'ebifo byayo. Lowooza ku kidiba ky'obulamuzi, amateeka agafuga amateeka, obuwangwa bw'omu kkooti, n'obusobozi bw'oyo avunaanibwa okuggyawo.
  5. [[NKULULA] KKOMITI [[[NKULA]] Ebibuuzo ebivunaanibwa kiyinza okuba ebizibu. Ebiva mu kuteeka ensonga mu kkooti ey'obukyamu biyinza okuba ebizibu. Singa okkiriza nti ensonga zo ziwandiikiddwa, ensonga zo ziyinza okuba nga mbi nnyo.

Abatuuze abeetwala okubeera abafuzi mu kkooti z'ensi eyo balina okubeera abeegendereza ennyo. Kkooti ezikola ku disitulikiti zirina ebyetaago eby'amaanyi era amateeka agakwata ku nkola za gavumenti tegeeyisa bulungi. U.S. mikutu gya mukutu giwa obulagirizi eriko obugobererwa obusobola okuyamba abo abeetwala bokka mu bifo ebyo naye nga mu mateeka gagobererwa buli nsonga ezikwata ku butongole.

Okuduulira Omusango mu Kiseera eky’Okuti

Tekinologiya ow’omu kiseera kino ataddewo ebibuuzo ebippya ebikwata ku nkola ya kkooti y’ensi, singa wabaawo obutategeeragana okuva ku nsaasaanya za Internet, oba ku bizineesi eziba ku Internet, tewaba nsonga ntuufu ku siteego eyo gy’eyinza okuggulwako.

Kkooti zikozese obukankano ku mikutu gya Internet. Emikutu gya Intaneeti egisinga okubaamu obubaka obuteesigamizibwa ku bantu bokka, so ng'ate mikutu gya Intaneeti egiyamba mu kukola bizineesi n'abantu ab'omu ddwaliro. Kkooti enkulu ey'omu Amerika tennaba kugonjoola buli bibuuzo ebikwata ku nkozesa ya Internet, n'olwekyo kooti ntono ze zeeyongera okuteekawo amateeka ku nsonga ezizikwata ku musingi.

Abatuuze abeenyigira mu butakkaanya obuba ku Intaneeti basaanidde okukimanya nti emisango egiba gisaliddwako gigenda gyeyongera:

  • Ebiriwo biraga nti ebintu tebyali byabuseera
  • Erinnya ly'etterekero lye litakyidwa
  • Ebyakabukkulibwa n'ebigambo eby'enjawulo ebikozesebwa ku Internet tebigobererwa
  • Okukakasa nti Kooti Ekolebwa ku Mukutu gwa kompyuta
  • Omusaalaba gukuusa koppi

Era kaweefube oyo yateekawo amateeka agamu agafuga gavumenti mu bintu ebizingirwa ku Internet, gamba ng'obulimba n'Akakiiko akakozesa kompyuta (Abusenyu) n'Akatego akayitibwa Anti-Cybersquating Consumer Protection Act.

fundikira

Ekiragiro kino kisalawo kkooti z'ensi yonna ezisobola okuwuliriza omusango oba amateeka mu Amerika.

Abanoonyi b'obutuuze baweebwa ebigambo bino: kkooti z'ensi ziwuliriza emisango egizingiramu amateeka ga gavumenti, Amateeka, oba enkaayana wakati w'abantu ab'amawanga agasukka mu doola z'Amerika 75,000.Misango egimu, gamba ng'ensonga ezikwata ku kubuliya n'okufiirwa, girina okutwalibwa mu kkooti y'ensi yonna.

Bw'obaako by'obuusabuusa, kebera ebifa ku nnukuta ez'esigika. Empandiika zonna ez'amateeka zisobola okufunibwa okuyitira mu lukalala lw'Amerika era omukutu gwa kkooti ziwa obulagirizi mu ngeri entegeke obulungi mu kkooti n'obuyinza. Amagezi g'omu mateeka okuva ku munnamateeka alina ebisaanyizo gabeera ga bukuumi bw'oteekako eddembe lyo n'obuzibu bwo ku kiyinza okuba nga kisobedde ku siteeso.

Nga bategeera bulungi obuyinza bwa kkooti y’ensi, abantu bayinza okukozesa obulungi enkola y’amateeka, ne basalawo nga bamanyi wa gye balina okuyita okuligata, era ne beewala ensobi ey’amaanyi ey’okuyingira mu kkooti.