Omusingi gw’Eddembe ly’Abamerika

Constitution y'Amerika etongoza entegeka ya gavumenti y'ensi eyo, naye enkyukakyuka zikyongera zikireetera enkolagana wakati w'eggwanga n'omuntu. Okuva ku kumanyibwa kw'amateeka agafuga eddembe erya nukuta mu 1791, Amateeka gaakyusibwa emirundi amakumi abiri mu musanvu, nga buli emu ku bwongezi bwoleka engeri y'okukwata ku nkyukakyuka mu by'obufuzi ne mu nkyukakyuka z'abantu mu Amereka. Omuntu yenna ayagala okutegeera obulungi eddembe ly'abantu, okutegeera obulungi obutereevu bw'enkyukakyuka ezo tekukwata ku buyigirize obwa bulijjo okusobola okubeera obutuuze. Ekitundu kino kiwandisizza obutunzi ku nsonga enkulu mu mateeka ga Amereka. Ekitundu kino okusobola okukebera obutundu bwa Amereka obutuufu, n'okumanyisa ennyinyonyo, era n'okumanyisa mu mateeka mu Amereka.

Ebiwandiiko eby’Eddembe: Ekkumi Eryasooka

Mu 1789 era ne bawaanyisa mu 1791 etteeka erikwata ku ddembe ly'obuntu, ebbaluwa y'amateeka ewandiisibwa mu 1791 nga yeesigama ku Abalabe ba gavumenti z'Amerika abawaanyisa entinti nga ye nsonga lwaki amateeka amapya geemalira nnyo ku gavumenti y'eggwanga.

Okugattika Ekinyusi Ekisooka: Ekitabo Ekinnyonnyola Endowooza Ezaavu

Ekitongole kino kikuuma eddembe ttaano ery'enkomeredde okusobola okutandikawo eddiini, olulimi, okukuba empapula z'amawulire, n'eddembe ery'okusaba gavumenti ewangule ebyamaguzi. Amakulu g'eddiini n'okutongoza ebya Claus ne Free Econf Expresse(forbid Congress) okuva ku ku sizzaawo eddiini entongole era ne kikuuma eddembe ery'okugoberera enzikiriza yonna. Obubaka n'obw'okuteeka mu mitwe gy'ebigambo bya gavumenti kwe musingi gwa gavumenti, ogukkiriza abantu okuvumirira gavumenti awatali kutya kuwoolera eggwanga. Kkooti enkulu ebategeeza obukuumibwa ennyo, okuteeka mu kampeefube, n'okukubagattira ku n'enkola enkola z'enkola. [FLD:0] Coluname.[F1][F1][5][5]

Emisingi Egyasembayo: Eddembe ly’Okukuuma n’Okutambulanga emikono

Ekitongole eky'okubiri ekifuga enkola ya Amereka kigamba: "Espeed Militia, nga kya mugaso nnyo mu kukuuma eggwanga eryetongoozebwa, eddembe ly'abantu ery'okukuuma n'okusitula emmundu zaamu terijja kumenyebwa." mu byafaayo bya Amerika ebisinga obungi, kaweefube guno kyatwalibwa ng'ekirabo eky'okuwagira obuweereza bw'abajaasi. Naye mu Direcutity of Columbia v. Heller[FLT][200:1] [2001] [200], kkooti enkulu yatwala nti okukomya okuwanirira eddembe likuuma eddembe ly'okwerinamu n'okweriisaamu wakati w'enkujjufu. [c5].[FLT][FFFFOL]][20]

Omuteende ogw’Okuna: Okwegayirira n’Obukuumi

Olukalala olw'okuna lukuuma abantu obutasengusebwa gavumenti. Kwetaaga abakwasi b'amateeka okufuna obukwasi nga basinziira ku nsonga eziyinza okuba nga ze ziviirako okunoonyereza oba okusiba omuntu. Kino kye kisobozese okumanyisa obusobozi obwama ku nkyukakyuka z'abantu mu kiseera eky'ennamba. Carmer v. United States[FLD:1][2018] Kkooti enkulu yakkiriza nti gavumenti erina okufuna obukwasimu obw'okuzuula ebikwata ku bulamu bw'omuntu mu nnukuta, era n'ensonga eyo ekakasa nti tekinologiya asobola okumanyisa oba okukebera ebifa ku muntu mu bulamu bwe. Kkomyuka n'ekyuma ekina eky'ekyuma ekisookerwako kikebera gavumenti, naddala nga yeeyongedde okukebera ebiba mu nkola y'okukebera.

Okutereezebwa kw'okutaano: Kiruubirirwa n'obuteefuga

Ekitongole ekitegeka Amereka eky'okutaano kiwa abantu abeetaaga okubonerezebwa olw'okubonerezebwa mu mateeka. Kikakasa nti tewali muntu n'omu ajja kutwalibwa mu kkooti ey'amaanyi nga talina musango ogugivunaana, era aziyiza obubenje obw'emirundi ebiri, era n'akuuma obutakakibwa mu nkola y'ekitongole ekya Cetassistem Claus, etegeeza nti tewali muntu n'asaanidde okuba nga "yafugibwako obulamu, oba obuvunaanyizibwa, nga talina mateeka. Ekiragiro kino kitegeeza nti enkola y'omutikko (amakubo g'awirirano) era n'empandika enkola esembayo (ekitego ekyendwawo ekya bulijjo (ekiteekuusibwa enzibwa mu n'empala). [[FLDY:0] [FFF:] era.[FF1][6] Ennago .[6] Enkola y'okutumbula y'ensonga ekkirizibwa mu kifo ekya waggulu ku kugamba nti ]

Okuweerera Omunaana: Obukambwe n’Okubonerezebwa okw’Enjawulo

Ekiweerwawo eky'okukyusaamu eky'omunaana kigaana gavumenti okuteekawo ebbaasalbira eno okukaluubirira, okusasula enzivuvu oba ekibonerezo ekitakolebwa mu ngeri ey'enjawulo. Kino kiviiriddeko okusoomoozebwa kw'ekibonerezo eky'okutta, naddala ku ngeri ez'okutta abaana abato n'abalina obulema. Mu Fulman v. Georgia[19][19]], olukongozzi lw'amakomera, olukyayirizibwamu ekibonerezo eky'okutuutikira ddala mu ggwanga lyonna olw'enkomerero, nga kikugaana n'okubonerezebwa n'okubonerezebwa okw'ensonga eyo.

Entegeka ey’Okuzza Obuggya: Ekireetera Okukendeeza Ekisingi

Oluvannyuma lwa Ssematalo Afuga Omunda, enkyukakyuka ssatu zaakkirizibwa okwogera ku mbeera y'omu mateeka ey’abantu abaali abaddu era n'okutandikawo enteekateeka empya ey’okubeera obutuuze mu ggwanga.

Ekiwandiiko eky’okusatu (1865)

Olukalala olw'ekkumi n'okusatu lwavaawo okukozesebwa ng'abaddu mu Amerika. Olukalala luno lwasooka mu mitendo gy'okugonjoolerako ebitongole bya Amereka era ne lukiikirira enkyukakyuka ey'amaanyi mu Amerika. Okutereezebwa okwo kuzingiramu okukyuka okw'amaanyi. Obuddu obwabanga bukkirizibwa bukkirizibwa okukkirizibwa nga okubonerezebwa olw'omusango gavumenti gye zirina okusalirwa omusango. Etteeka lino liteekeddwa okugaana okutongoza obusosoze mu mateeka mu kiseera kino mu Kkommenti y'amateeka era n'empeempeereze ey'ekkumi n'okusatu eyongera okugobereza abamenyi b'amateeka. Era liwa gavumenti obuyinza okugoberezebwa nga gaaweebwe okuyitira mu "tteeka ektongole ekitongole ekiggumiddwawo mu bukwaze obwa nnakye mu 1966.

Ekiwandiiko ekya 14 (1868)

Oboolyawo, n'enzivvuunuzi ya mateeka esingirayo ddala obukulu oluvannyuma lwa Bill of Rights, Amereka (Enzivvuunuzi) ey'ekika ekya 14 (Dinterline of Rights) yassaawo obusika obwali busaanira, nga bukakasa enteekateeka y'obusika eyandituukiriziddwa, era nga bukakasa obukuumi obwenkana wansi w'amateeka. Omuntu we yafuze Claus yaguunika Dred Scott v. Sandford[[[[FLL:1]]] olukongojja olusooka ng'okulangirira nti abantu bonna abazaalibwa oba abaatondebwa mu United States be bantu b'eggwanga era n'eggwanga mwe babeera. [vBrow] , Empandika y'empandika y'empandika y'esinga obungi mu by'empandiikibwa, gavumenti gye yakolangalagibwa mu ggwanga lyamu. [5][5][5]

Ebiwandiiko 15 (1870)

Mu Amereka ogw'ekkumi n'enkumi oguwandisizza, gavumenti z'ensi egaana abatuuze okulonda omuntu okusinziira ku "kwaŋŋana, langi, oba embeera ey'obuddu obwaliwo". Wadde nga kyali bigambo bya maanyi, ekisuubizo kyayo kyatuukirira mu myaka nga kikumi olw'okugezesa abantu okusoma n'okuvvumba, okusasula emisolo, n'okutiisatiisa. Oluvannyuma gavumenti yagoosa okuzza obutebenkevu mu nkola y'amateeka ga Voting Rights Act(Akaadi y'obusosoze oba obwali mu buddu obw'emabega. Empalakusaamu ey'ekkumi n'ennasatuti n'ekkumi n'ebirimba zaago, erryrydering perming, era n'empakaasa enfumo za gavumenti z'eyongera okugoba amateeka ga Voting Rights Act(666666).

Emitendo gy’Ekyasa eky’Amakumi Amabiri: Okugaziya Olukiiko Olukulu

Mu kyasa eky’amakumi abiri waaliwo enkyukakyuka musanvu ezaayongerwako, nga nnyingi ku zo zaagaziya eddembe ly’okulonda era nga zikwata ku kwenyigira mu kulonda okwa demokulase.

Ekiwandiiko eky’ekkumi n’eceaabiri (1920)

Oluvannyuma lw'emyaka mingi nga basekerera enkola y'abakazi nga Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, ne Alice Paul, olukusanya olw'ekkumi n'ekkumi n'omwenda lwawa abakazi obuyinza okulonda. Enkola eno yali nkomeredde y'olutalo olwamala ekiseera kiwanvu era nga lwokka wakati wa kaweefube w'okussaawo amateeka era n'obujeemu bwa bannabyabufuzi. Okutumbulwa kwago tekwamanguwawo kusobozesa abakazi bonna okufuna langi ez'enjawulo nga [1] Naye kwateekawo omusingi gwa gavumenti eya Amereka obululu. Enteko ku Democracyerryth ya Amerika okulonda demokulasebwa nga baddoomuserosokero mu bitundu byonna eby'obulamu.

Ekiwandiiko Amakumi abiri n’ena eky’Edda (1964)

Mu kukyusa emiwendo gy'okulambula egya makumi abiri n'ena, enfeesa yagonjoolera ddala emisolo mu kulonda. Okusasula emisolo egyakolebwanga mu masaza g'ensi eyo kyakozesebwanga okugoba abannamerika mu bukiikaddyo oluvannyuma lw'okugootaanya abangi mu Amerika n'okugobererwa obutono. Mu kuggyawo ebbali lino, okumalibwawo kwava mu kulonda eddembe eryali limaze amakumi g'emyaka. Oluvannyuma Kkooti enkulu yatongoza ekiragiro eky'okutongoza obululu mu [FL:0] Harper v. Virginia State Board of EFoctions[ [1966], okukuba obululu ng'okulambula emisolo nga gimenyeddwa mu ku kitongole ekitongole ekimanyiddwa nga Claase.

Ekiwandiiko Amakumi abiri n’omukaaga (Enkyusa ey'okubiri) (1971)

Enkyukakyuka eya Amakumi abiri n'omukaaga mu kiseera ky'obuvuzi n'ekitundu yakendeeza emyaka gy'okulonda okuva ku 21 okutuuka ku 18. Mu kiseera ekyo, abavubuka baayitibwanga nga baakaweza emyaka 18 naye ne batasobola kulonda bakulembeze ababatuma mu lutalo. Ekitongole ekyo kyakkirizibwa mu kiseera nga wayise emyezi egisukka mu ena oluvannyuma lw'okuyisibwa Consell //refreation obuwagizi bwa gavumenti.

Emitendo Ebirala egy’Amakulu

Wadde ng’enkyukakyuka ezo waggulu zikuuma obusobozi bw’omuntu kinnoomu oba okulonda, waliwo abalala bangi abakutte ekifo eky’omu mateeka mu ngeri enkulu.

Omutemwa gw’ekkumi: Eddembe ly’Amerika

Obubonero obw'ekkumi obutereevu obufuga gavumenti tebwatongoza gavumenti oba abantu. Wadde nga tewayinza kusobozesa muntu kuweebwa buyinza, gubeera kkomo eriko obuyinza. Okukkusaamu okw'ekkumi n'ekkumi n'ekutaano kweyambisa mu mpaka ezikwata ku bufuzi bwa gavumenti, okufuga emmundu, n'okukwata eby'obujjanjabi. Printz v. United States[FLM] [1997]]

Omutemu ogw’ekkumi n’ogumu: Omufuzi w’Obutonde Bwonna tayinza Kugabana

Mu 1795, Ekitongole eky'Eddembe eky'ekkumi n'ekimu kiwa obukakafu nti abantu kinnoomu okuva mu ggwanga eddala oba mu nsi endala tebavunaanibwa kkooti ya gavumenti ey'ensi emu.Wadde nga tekikuuma ddembe ly'abantu kinnoomu, kinyweza obufuzi bwa gavumenti. Enzivumeera n'embirira y'obufuzi bw'ensi eyo ekendeddeko; etteeka liyinza okusalirwa omusango mu mbeera ezimu, gamba nga wansi w'Oluweesi olwaggwawo oba nga bakugira abantu abatakyafugibwa gavumenti.

Omutemu ogw’Akasanyufu: Emigaati Egikoma ku Mitindo gy’Emigaati gya Prezidenti

Ekitongole ekya 22 Amereka, ekyakkirizibwa mu 1951, kyateeka badayirekita mu mateeka abiri mu kifo kya ofiisi. Okutereeza okwo kwali kuddamu butereevu ku Franklin D. Roosevelt ey'ennanjula ez'obukulembeze. Wadde nga tekikuuma ddembe ly'omuntu kinnoomu mu ngeri ey'ekika kya bulijjo, kiziyiza omuntu omu okuteeka obuyinza mu kifo kya demokulase.

Engeri Okutereezebwa gye Kuyinza Okuziyizibwa

Kkooti enkulu terina ky'ekolawo kukyusa mu bufunze bwa gavumenti; obuwanguzi bwayo bwesigamye ku nnyinnyonnyola y'amateeka era n'enkola ya mateeka. Kkooti Supper era y'ekola kinene mu kunnyonnyola omuwendo gwa buli nsonga ekoleddwa nga etteeka. Ng'ekyokulabirako, amakulu g'okuyokusamba okwokubiri tegategeerekeka okutuusa Heller olukongobo]. Mu ngeri y'emu, Kkooti, ekiragiro eky'okukuuma Clauslea kikozesezza ek'ensonga, okuva ku bukulo, okusokebwa obwa bannaddiini okutuuka ku n'obutuuze. Congress Era ziyinza okukomyawo olukalala nga oluvalu olw'omuka olw'omwaka gwa 1965, wansi w'obuyinza obufuga amateeka.

Kkooti enkulu oluusi egaana okuwa abantu obukuumi obwa bulijjo.

Ebinaakuyamba Okumanya Entegeka Yo

Okumanya Amateeka kye gagamba, kye kimu ku bintu ebisooka. Okusobola okukuuma eddembe lyo mu bujjuvu, lowooza ku bikolwa bino wammanga:

  • [[NKULA] weebayise[[KATANDIKA:1] ng'osoma byonna ebiri mu tteeka erya tteeka n'enkyukakyuka zalyo. Kinstitution Antonome[ Kino kiyamba mu kunoonyereza mu buli kantu.
  • [[AGUMENTI:0] Gyali ng'omanyisizza[[KALULA] ku misango egisabidwa mu kkooti esinga obukulu. Goberera emirala egy'eby'amateeka gye gigoberera nga SCOUSBlog oba Ekitongole [ Ekitongole ekikola ku by'amakulu.]
  • [[AMERI] Yogera ku ddembe lyo[[[AK'AKATANDIKI]] ng'olonda, olwogeramu era nga totabaganya. Endembe ezitakozesebwa ziyinza okukomya eddembe lyo okumala ekiseera.
  • [[Act:0] Kino kiyamba mu kusisinkana ababaka bo[[NKUMBO:1] bw'okkiriza nti eddembe lyo limenyeddwa. Enkola eno era esobozesa abaami okufuna obukuumi obulala okuyitira mu nkola y'amateeka.

Ebyandiyitiddwa mu Kuzza Enteekateeka ku Nteeka ya Empisa z’Etteeka

Okulongoosebwa kw'Enzijiri z'amateeka ga Amereka si kye kintu eky'edda; bye bikozesebwa eby'omulembe ebikola ku ddembe lya buli Mumerika. Okuva ku bukakafu bwa buli mulembe gwa tteeka era obwa ddembe okukkirizibwa mu ngeri ey'obwenkanya okutuuka ku kkomo eri'enkyukakyuka ez'enkola, era okuva ku kulongoosebwa kw'obuyinza bwa prezidenzimu, buli kisokerwa kiraga obuvunaanyizibwa obwa buli muntu obwa nnamaddala eri obwenkanya mu bantu. Ng'eggwanga ligenda liyolekagana n'ebizibu ebippya, obujulizi obwa bulijjo, obukyungi obuva ku n'okumanyibwa, n'okukyukakyuka mu ngeri gye kiyinza okumanyibwa mu mateeka, n'okumanyibwa n'okunnyonnyola ensonga ez'ensonga ez'enjawulo. Okutegeera ensonga zino tekusobola kukuuma n'obusoboobwenya; ekyo tekikoma ku kumanya obutuufu bw'obusobo obutuufu bw'obusobobo obukyeeko.