Table of Contents
Constitution y'Amerika y'emu ku biwandiiko by'amateeka ebikyasinze okukwatibwako mu byafaayo by'ensi, ebitongoza enkola ya demokulase ne obufuzi bwa Amereka. Okuva lwe yafumbibwa mu 1788, ekiwandiiko ky'amateeka kilongoosebwa emirundi 27 okuva ku Bikolwa bya Ddemokrati nga bitandikira ku Bikolwa eby'Eddembe, ebisatu ebisooka, ebiwandiikiddwako, ebiwandiikiddwako nga 15/1791. Ebyo bye biwandiikiddwawo mu mateeka, bibadde bikola ku ddembe lya Amereka, ne byeyongera eddembe ly'abantu, era bituukanyanyisa ebiwandiiko kya ggwanga ekiba kyamatandikirwawo okusobola okugonjoola ebyetaago by'abantu. Okutegeera ensonga enkulu ereeteendwawo mu Amerika kusobozesa okutegeera enkolagana y'obutebenkenkevu n'enkola y'obutebenkenkenke.
Wadde nga okulongoosebwa kwa mateeka kutuukiriza ekigendererwa ekikulu, enkyukakyuka ezimu zikutte nnyo ku bulamu bw'Amerika. Okuva ku bukuumi obw'enkomeredde ya Centre decurements okutuuka ku bukomyawo obukyusaamu obwaddirira walwanyikiina, era okuva ku kweyongera kw'okulonda n'okukuuma obusobozi obutuufu obw'okuyisibwa mu mateeka, enkyukakyuka zino zikiikirira okufuba okw'okuleetawo obumu obutuukiridde. Ekitabo kino kinoonyereza ku ngeri esingayo okuba ey'amaanyi eyinza okugonjoosebwamu tteeka lya Kisa, era n'ensonga ez'ebyafaayo, n'ensonga ez'enkyukakyuka mu byafaayo, n'enkola ku bantu b'ensi.
Okutegeera Enkyukakyuka
Nga tonnakebera nkyukakyuka zinnaazo, kikulu okutegeera engeri ekiwandiiko kino gye kiyinza okukyusibwamu. Akawayiro akataano ak'amateeka aga United States kannyonnyola ebigere bibiri ebisobola okukomya enteekateeka y'eggwanga ya gavumenti. Ebimenyesebwa biteekwa okukolebwa obulungi era ne bikkirizibwa nga tewannabaawo kakolerwa kisoboze. Ekiragiro kino kyakolebwa okulaba nti enkyuuka y'enkyukakyuka ez'enkalakkalira n'obutakaluubinda teyinza kukyuka.
Ekiragiro kino kiyinza okukolebwawo ekinaasindikibwa mu magatte agagizza, era ne kisindikibwa mu lukiiko olukulu olw'abakiikirira oba mu lukuŋŋaana olw'eggwanga oluyitibwa Consert ku kutandika kwa mavumenti g'ebiro nga ebibiri mu ttaano. Okusobola okubeera ekitundu ky'amateeka, ekiva mu bitundu bisatu eby'ensi ebisatu ebisatu ebisookerwako kirina okukkirizibwako n'ebimenyesebwa ebisatu ebisatu ebisatu eby'omu masaza.
Ebiteeso nga 11,985 eby'okukyusa etteeka lino byatandikibwawo mu lukiiko lw'eggwanga okuva mu 1789, kyokka 27 bokka be basobodde okuwangula. Kino kiraga ekikongo eky'omutindo ekya waggulu ekyateekebwawo mu bugenderevu abawandiisi okukakasa nti enkola zonna ez'okuwagira obugazi ze ziyinza okubeera ekitundu ky'amateeka agasinga obukulu ag'eggwanga.
Ekiwandiiko ekiraga eddembe ly’obuntu: ebiteeso 1 - 10
Ebisooto ekkumi ebisooka byakkirizibwa era ne biweerezebwa mu masaza agayitibwa Congress okwegatta awamu, era oluvannyuma ne bikkirizibwa wamu; bino byonna biyitibwa Bill of Rights. Ekiragiro kino bwe kyakkirizibwa mu 1789, abantu abamu baalowooza nti tekisobola kukuuma ddembe ly'envuma era nti tteeka lya Ssekukkulu lyalina okukyusibwa okusobola okukuuma eddembe eryo. Ku Ddaaka 15, 1791, enkyukakyuka zino ezisooka zikolebwa ku Mateeka. Enkyukakyuka zino zino 10 ezisooka, zikakasa eddembe n'eddembe ebizirina okukkirizibwa; era zonna awamu ziyitibwa Bill of Rights.
Palamenti ekola ku ddembe ly'obuntu yayamba nnyo mu kunyweza eddembe ly'ensigalira y'eggwanga.
Omuteende Ogutasooka: Enteekateeka y’Eddembe
Ekikolwa eky'okukyusaamu mu mateeka ga Amerika kiziyiza okussaawo amateeka agakwata ku kutandikawo eddiini; okukugira eddembe ly'eddiini; oba okukendeeza eddembe ly'okwogera, eddembe ly'eby'amamawulire, eddembe ly'ekibiina, oba eddembe ery'okusaba gavumenti okutereeza ebyamaguzi.
Eddembe ly’Eddiini
Mu nteekateeka eno ey'okukyusaamu, gavumenti bwe zaatandikawo Omuteesi Ogusooka, ne gutandika okuteekawo etteeka lya Claus ne gulyoka gumanyisa nti gavumenti teyazimbibwa. Obukuumi buno bwava ku bannabyabufuzi, abakulembeze b'eddiini gye baagezaako okukakaatika endowooza z'abakungu ba gavumenti. Abakulembeze b'eddiini baavunaanibwanga emisolo okuva ku bannabyabufuzi ab'omu kitundu ekyo.
Mu 1776, Amerika we yagambira nti waaliwo obwetwaze mu 1776, Continental Congress yakkiriza nti okukaka abantu okusinza mu kkanisa eyali ewabaganye ennyo kyali tekikkirizibwa ku ddembe lye baali bagezaako okuteekawo.
Eddembe ly’Okwogera n’Okuggumiza
Ekitongole ekiweereza eddembe okukulembera abantu mu mateeka kiwa eddembe ery'okwogera. eddembe ly'okwogera liwa abantu b'omu Amerika eddembe ery'okwogera nga tebatya nti gavumenti ejja kubateeseteese. Eno ye nsonga enkulu esobozesa abantu okutegeeza abalala eddembe lyabwe.
Kkooti enkulu ey'omu Amerika yateranga okuzibuwalirwa okumanya engeri z'okwogeramu ezikuumibwa. mu mateeka, ebintu ebitwalibwa ng'ebiweezo obutakuumibwa mu kiseera kino, naye ng'eraga ekisaanyiziddwawo ekibadde eky'okugattika obuweerero mu kkooti eyasooka, kye kibadde ekizibu. Ebikolwa ebyoleka obuweerero obwa nnamaddala ebiyinza okuviirako abalala okufuna obuzibu.
Ddembe ly'eby'okukuba empapula z'amawulire likuuma okusobola okutunda obubaka. Mu Semberere ne Minnesota (1931) ne New York Times Co. United States (1971), kkooti enkulu yasalawo nti Omutemwa gw'okusumulula ebimenyese gwe gwasooka okusumulula tegubako. Wadde kyali kityo, ebigambo ebya buli omu ku bo yabiyita bukozi bukyamu oba eby'obulimba.
Eddembe ly’Enkuŋŋaana Ennene n’Okwegayirira
Ekitongole ekiweereza amateeka kikuuma eddembe okukuŋŋaana awamu oba okukuŋŋaana awamu n'ekibiina ky'abantu mu ngeri y'enkola, ey’eby’enfuna, ey'obufuzi oba ey'eddiini. era kikuuma eddembe ly'okuwakanya gavumenti.
Ekibiina ky'eby'obufuzi kikozese eddembe ly'okukuŋŋaana awamu okusobola okukyogerako.
Ensonga Lwaki Omulongo gw’Ensi Gusooka Guli Mukulu
Eddembe ettaano lyonna lirina ekigendererwa kimu: okukuuma obutakkaanya, okuleetawo okukaayana, n'okukakasa nti ebibiina eby'amaanyi bivunaanyizibwa.
Kikulu okutegeera nti Omutemwa gw'okusooka gukukuuma obutabaako kye guddira mu buyinza. Teguziyiza kampuni yabwe oba mukama wo okubaako ky'akugamba, era teguziyiza yunivasite kuteeka ku mateeka agakwata ku mpisa. Kyokka kitegeeza nti abakungu ba gavumenti, nga ba poliisi, abakulu ba ssomero, ne bannabyabufuzi ab'omu kitundu bwe babadde nga bagoberera eddembe lyo ery’okwogera, okusinza, oba okwegattika.
Emisingi Egyasembayo: Eddembe ly’Okutambula n’Eggye
Ekitongole eky'okubiri ekiweerera ddala ebiwandiikiddwa kigamba: "Etteeka eriteekeddwawo obulungi ery'obuwanguzi, nga lyetaagisa eriwa eddembe ly'eggwanga, eddembe ly'abantu ery'okukuuma n'okusitula ebyokulwanyisa teriyitibwawo. Kino kye kivaako okukubagana ennyo mu byafaayo byonna bya Amerika, naddala ku ntegeka y'entebe y'abantu kinnoomu n'etteeka ery'okwerinda.
Ekikoomi ekyo kiraga nti Omuwandiisi w'amagye alina ebyokulwanyisa eby'okwerinda era n'okulwanirira amagye. Mu kiseera kyaffe, kkooti enkulu enzikirizizza ensonga eyo okusobola okukuuma omuntu omu n'obusobozi bwe okuba n'emmundu okusobola okuzikwata mu mateeka, ate era n'okuteekawo amateeka agasaanira. Omuteeso ogw'okubiri gwe gumu ku nteekateeka ezikyasinze okuba ez'obukuubagavu mu mateeka, nga buli kiseera wabaawo okukaayanaabya obuwaguzi n'okuteeka mu nkola yaazo mu nsi.
Okuweweerera okw’Okuna: Okwekuuma Abantu Abanoonyereza mu Ngeri Etaliimu Muyanjo
Ekitongole ekyo kiyamba abantu obutakwatibwa kawumpuli ow'okubiri, kubanga gavumenti ekyetaagisa okusemba abantu n'okunnyonnyola ekifo ekinaanoonyezebwa era n'ebintu ebinaakwatibwa.
Ekirabo ekyo eky'okuna kikwata ku nkola y'amateeka agaba gategekeddwa mu kiseera kino, enkolagana wakati w'abatuuze n'okugobererwa kw'amateeka. Kkooti zitaddewo okusala emisango ku nsonga ezikwata ku ‘ kunoonya mu ngeri esaanira,'eb'ebbeeyi, era ebireetebwawo mu kiseera kino biwandiikiddwawo. Mu kiseera kino, okuteebwa kw'amateeka okw'okubiri kugobererwa ne ku nnyimba, wadde nga enkola eya tekinologiya ekya 18 egenda mu maaso okugobererwa.
Okutereezebwa kw'okutaano: Enkola y’Okusalawo n’obukuumi mu Kwewala Okwefuga
Mu Amereka ey'okutaano mulimu eby'obukuumi ebikulu ebiweebwa abo abavunaanibwa omusango ogw'amaanyi ogwakolebwa gavumenti, egaana okuteeka obulamu bwabwe mu kabi ak'emirundi ebiri (okuwozesebwa olw'ekibi kye kimu), era ekuuma amateeka nga gagobererwa nga tebannafiirwa bulamu, eddembe, oba ebintu, era nga kyetaagisa okusasulwa ng'ebintu byabwe bitwalibwa mu lujjudde.
Obukuumi obusobola okwekuuma obutayombesebwa bwo businga obungi ku mitemereko egyataano, nga buwa ebigambo "Okwambala omulundi ogw'okutaano". Obukuumi buno bukakasa nti abantu tebasobola kwewayiriza mu misango egy'obumenyi obw'amateeka. Ekiragiro Century Claus kitwalibwa nga kikuuma eddembe ly'enkomeredde n'okukakasa enkola ez'obwenkanya mu kutongoza enkola z'amateeka. Okutwala Claus kukakasa nti gavumenti bw'ewandiisa ekifo ekya waggulu, abantu baweebwa ensawo.
Omuteeso ogw’omukaaga: Obwesigwa obw’Okuwozesebwa mu Butuufu
Olukiiko olw’omukaaga olw’Emitendo mukaaga luwa obukakafu nti abamenyi b’amateeka balina okuwozesebwa amangu abantu, okutegeezebwa omusango ogubavunaanibwa, okutuukirira abajulizi, okuwaliriza abajulizi okuwa obujulizi ku lwabwe, n’okufuna obuyambi ku kuwabula okusobola okubalwanirira.
Eddembe ly'okuwabula kizuuliddwa nga kyetaagisa abawawaabirwa okuweebwa bannamateeka ku nsonga za gavumenti ez'amaanyi. Etteeka eriragira ddala nti abawawaabibwa basobola okusala abawaabibwa empalana. Bino byonna biba byokka ebisinzidde ku nkola y'amateeka ga Amerika ey'okwekwasa obusongasonga obutuufu n'okugamba nti tebalina musango.
Okuweerera Omunaana: Okuggyawo Okutulugunyizibwa okw’Enjawulo n’Obukambwe
Okulongoosebwa kuno kulaga nti abo abasibibwako ekibonerezo eky'okubonerezebwa n'okuyisibwa mu ngeri etali ya bulijjo, era nti waliwo ekibonerezo ekibavunaanibwa, naye nga tekuli kubonerezebwa kwa maanyi.
Kkooti zirowoozezza nti enkyukakyuka eno ekoleddwa nga zigoberera emitindo gy'empisa egy'abantu, ekitegeeza nti ekibonerezo ekikkirizibwa mu biseera ebyayita kiyinza okutwalibwa ng'ekitakkirizibwa mu mateeka leero. Enzikkiriza y'emu ekola ng'ekebera obuyinza bwa gavumenti okubonereza, nga bakakasa nti ebibonerezo by'abamenyi b'amateeka bisigala nga bisaanira era nga bikola ng'abantu.
Emitendo Egy’Omulundi ogw’Omwenda n’Eggwina Ekkumi: Ennimi n’Amaanyi Ebiriwo
Ekiragiro ekyo kinnyonnyola engeri embalirira y'okuwandiika n'okusengeka eddembe ly'omuntu ekiyinza okutaasa eddembe ly’abantu abalala nga ligaana oba nga libaawulamu eddembe eddala eriri mu Mateeka, naye nga bwe kiragibwa nti embalirira y'enkwaso teririna kutwalibwa ng'ey'okugaana oba okusosola abalala abagirina.
Empeereze ey'ekkumi ereetebwa gavumenti z'ensi oba abantu bonna obutaweebwa gavumenti oba gavumenti eziremereddwa.
Ebigambo eby’Okuzza Obuggya: Okukyusa Sosayate ya Amerika
Ebisobozo eby'ekinaana, eby'ekkumi n'ekinaana, n'eby 15 ebigonjoolebwa bigonjoola obuddu, obukuumi obw'engeri ze zimu n'entegeka za mateeka ezimu; byonna awamu bimanyiddwa nga Amereka agakola ebiba bigonjooleddwawo. Bino ebisatu ebisatu ebikoleddwa, ebikyuliddwamu, ebiwagirwa oluvannyuma lwa Ssematalo wa Kitundu kya Amerika, byakyuka nnyo era n'enkolagana wakati w'obufuzi n'amawanga. Bikiikirira okufuba kw'eggwanga okubaako olukalala lw'obuddu era n'okuteekawo omusingi gwa n'enkola eyagoobuntu.
Okuteegera Obuddu okw’Akasatu: Okubunyisa
K'enkola y'okukyusaamu ey'ekkumi n'etaano k'ekyasatu k'eba nga kye kimu ku ebyo ebinaakolebwa mu byafaayo bya Amerika. Ekyasooka kukolebwa ku`'Reconstruction' kye kyasooka okukomyawo oluvannyuma lwa Ssematalo ow'omu Buwangwa'. Ekitongole ekivaako entebe enzivuunula eyo kigamba: "Singa obuddu oba obusibe obuddu obwa buli muntu okuggyako nga kibonerezo kya musango ogwali gulina okusingisibwa, ekitongole ekyo ekirina okusalirwa omusango mu ggwanga eryo, kijja kubeera mu Amerika oba mu kifo kyonna gye kiri ekifugibwa gavumenti.
Abaddu bangi baali baasumululwa dda Omukulembeze wa Lincoln, naye mu kiseera ekyo, Amereka g’omulundi 13 gaanyweza obuwanguzi bwabwe mu mateeka ng’abasajja n’abakazi ab’eddembe.Etteeka ery’okutumbula abaddu lyayisibwa mu biseera by’olutalo mu kiseera ky’obufuzi era lyali lisobola kuggibwawo oluvannyuma lw’olutalo.
Okutereeza okuggyako okubonerezebwa kw'obumenyi bw'amateeka kwalina amakulu ag'olubeerera, nga kino kyaviirako okuwakana ku kuteeba bamenyi b'amateeka, n'okusibibwa mu bibinja. Wadde nga kkooti tezimanyi kye zakolawo, ekyo tekireetebwawo nnyo mu Amerika. Kyalaga nti eddiini yali emaze ebyasa bibiri nga ewagirwa mu Amereka era ne kisobozesa okulwanirira emitindo gy'enjawukana mu langi n'entegeka z'abantu.
Omuteende ogw’Akakkumi n’Ana: Okukuumibwa n’Engeri Esaanira
K'okawmyenti ak'okuna, ekyakkirizibwa mu 1868, kye kimu ku bikyuukanyo ebyasinga okugobererwa era ebyakkirizibwanga mu Mateeka. Kalonda ono akwata ku Eddembe eringa Claus, Claus, Centuryclassia, n'ebigambo ebikwata ku Kkomyunizimu ne bakungu baayo. Andementment yakolawo okukuuma eddembe ly'abaddu abaakamala okuteebwa era n'okukakasa nti gavumenti teziyinza kugaana ddembe omuntu yenna ly'alina.
OBUtuuze bwa Claus
Abantu bonna abazaalibwa mu Amerika oba abo abaakulira mu nsi zaabwe, era nga bafugibwa obufuzi bwayo, batuuze ba Amerika ne gavumenti mwe babeera. ebigambo bino byagaana okusalawo kwa Scourt Scott okwaliwo mu kkooti enkulu ey'omu Afirika, okwali kutwala nti abantu ba mu Amerika tebaali batuuze.
Engeri gy’Oyinza Okukuumamu Enkyukakyuka
Ekitongole eky'ekkumi n'ena eky'Ekiwandiiko ekiwerezaamu ekiyitibwa Sset Process Claus ekifuga enkola ya Claus eky'ekkumi n'ena, kigaana omuntu yenna obutakkirizibwa mu bulamu, eddembe oba ekintu nga tekiteekeddwa mu mateeka. Ebigambo bino bitegeeza "mutemwa" ebisinga obungi ku Bikolwa eby'Eddembe, ebiwa obukuumi ebyo bibeere nga bituukana ne gavumenti awamu ne gavumenti. Okutandikira ku Gitrow v. New York (1925), kkooti ey'oku ntik'oku ntikko , olukiiko olusooka lwatandika ne l'okukyusaamu mu mateeka, era nga bye bitegeeza ebitongole ebiyitibwa 'Cystemmentation Reference'.
Ekiragiro kino kiwaliriza etteeka okuteekawo amateeka okusobola okukuuma abantu bonna abali mu buyinza bwabwe. Ekiragiro kino kye kisinziirwako okusalawo ku nsonga ezikwata ku ddembe ly'abantu, nga mw'otwalidde ne Brown v. Board of Education (ewakolanga okussaawo olukalala olw'amateeka mu masomero), Loving Virginia (ekirwadde okuwera obufumbo bw'aw'ebika eby'enjawulo), ne Obergefell v. Hodges (ewrited - lukalala olw'omugattiro). Enzikkiriza obusososoze bw'ekika obuva mu langi, obusosoze, n'ensonga endala zikyekirwawo mu nsonga ezizingiramu okusosoozebwa okwesigamye ku langi, obuva mu mawanga, n'ensonga endala.
Okuteegera okw’Ekkumi n’Etaano: Okuwa Abasajja Abafirika ab’Omu Amereka Eddembe
Mu 1870, Amereka ag'eky'ekkumi n'ettaano gaawera gavumenti era gagaana abantu okulonda nga basinziira ku "lock" oba mu ngeri y'obuddu obwali businze. Ewawa abatuuze eddembe eryo k'obe langi ki oba ettwale lya baddu ba ngeri ki.
Kyokka, ekisuubizo eky'okukyusaamu okw'ekkumi n'entaano kyabuusibwabuusibwa okumala ekiseera nga kituuse ekikumi n'ekyasa nga wafukebwa enkola ez'enjawulo ez'okukyusa endowooza z'abantu nga mw'otwalidde n'okukebera okunoonyereza, okusasula emisolo, enzivuunula za bajjajja, ettemu n'okutiisatiisa. Enkyukakyuka zino zaagonjola ddala abantu abasinga obungi mu Amerika mu bukiikaddiriŋŋanwa wadde nga wabaddewo amateeka ga mateeka. Sayaliti eyo yasobozesa ekisuubizo kya Voing Rights Act mu 1965 okugobererwa, okulaga nti eddembe erya tteeka erya liteekeddwa okugobererwa mu mateeka ne mu byobufuzi okusobola okutuukirizibwa.
Okugaziya Demokulase: Okugaba Empeera Ezikwata ku Ddemokulase
Nga wayiseewo emyaka egisukka mu kkumi na nnusu, enkyukakyuka endala ezikoleddwa zigaziyizza eddembe ly'okulonda era ne zisobozesa demokulase ya Amereka okweyongera okugatta awamu.
Emisingi 19: Etteeka erikugira abakazi
Ekitongole ekyo kyatongozebwa nga Agusito 18, 1920.
Ekitongole ky'abakazi eky'ekkumi n'ekkumi n'eceemwesa kyayisa olutalo olw'abasibe abaateekawo, ne basambajja, era ne basibibwa mu makomera okusobola okufunira abakazi eddembe ery'okulonda. Ekibiina ky'abakazi kyateekamu omuwendo nga Susan B.Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Alice Paul, n'abalala bangi abaawaayo obulamu bwabwe ku nsonga eno. Ekibiina kyakozesa obukodyo obutali bumu, okuva mu ku kulwondebwawo n'okujeemera gavumenti, era ne kizimba ebika by'enkola mu bitundu eby'enjawulo.
Okutongozebwa kw'Emitemere ey'ekkumi n'ekkumi n'emwenda kwalaga nti mu Amereka wabaddewo okugaziwa kwa demokulase, era nga kyeyoleka emirundi nga ebiri emirundi ebiri omuwendo gwa demokulase esaanira okulondebwa.
Omutemwa ogw’Amakumi abiri n’Ataano: Emirimu egy’Okusaasaanyizibwawo
Mu 1964, Empuliziganya ey'Amakumi abiri mu Ttaano ereetera gavumenti obutakkiriza gavumenti okukuba akalulu mu kulonda okusasula omusolo oba omusolo. Okusasula emisolo egya poosa kwakozesebwa mu bitundu by'obukiikaddyo, naddala mu Amerika ow'omu Afirika. Amateeka gaalagira okusasula omusolo ogw'okuvvuwa obululu, ne kiremesa abo abaalina obusente obutono mu by'ensimu.
Ekitongole ekya Amakumi abiri n'ekitundu eky'okukyusa ebiwandiiko bya 1960 ebyali biwandiikiddwa ku kutwala eddembe ly'obuntu nga 1960, ekyali kinoonya okusaanyawo amateeka agakwata ku langi ez'enjawulo n'obusosoze. Wadde nga okutereeza kwagoberebwa kwa dewo kwa gavumenti, oluvannyuma kkooti enkulu yasala essomero mu kakiiko akayitibwa Harper v. Virginia Board of Ecomputions (19666) ewandiikiddwawo emisolo mu kulonda, era ne ku nsonga y'okulonda obululu kwagobereberye Ecustom Claus Claus of the 1450 Amerekation. Kino kyayongera ku musingi ogugamba nti okulonda gwe gulina okuba tteeka ekkulu eritasaanidde okuweebwa ku bugagga oba ku bya nfuna ssente.
Etteeka ery’Amakumi abiri n’Essatu: Emyaka egy’Okugaba Obuwagizi Gikendeezebwa ku 18
Olukiiko olwa Amakumi abiri n'ekitundu olw'emyaka ekkumi n'agasatu, olwakkirizibwa mu 1971, lwakendeeza emyaka gy'okulonda okuva ku 21 okutuuka ku 18 mu ggwanga lyonna, mu kifo kyonna, ne mu kulonda okwa bulijjo. Olupapula lwagamba: "Eddembe ly'abantu mu Amerika, abali mu myaka ekkumi n'omunaana egy'obukulu, obutakkirizibwa oba okuvvuunulibwa gavumenti yonna olw'emyaka egy'obukulu.
Ekkumbula kino kyava nnyo mu kiseera kya Ssematalo Vietnam, abavubuka bwe baagamba nti bwe baba nga bakulu ekimala okuyitibwa era n'okulwanirira ensi yaabwe nga bawezezza emyaka 18, bandibadde bakulu ekimala okukuba obululu. Enjogera egamba nti "bakulu ekimala okulwana, nga bakulu ekimala okukuba obululu" baakwata enneewulira eno. Consementssion yateegibwawo nga Maaki 23, 1971, era n'ewandisibwa mu biseera nga [“emyezi esatu] bwe gyandikkiriziddwa okukkirizibwa mu byafaayo by'Amerika.
Ekiweefube eky'amakumi abiri n'agasatu eky'okukuba obululu mu Amerika. Kyakitegeera nti abantu abaweza emyaka 18 batuuse ku bukulu era ne beetaba mu kusalawo kwa demokulase. Enkyukakyuka erina kinene nnyo kye yakola ku by'obufuzi bwa Amerika, era ekitongole ekikuba obululu ekya buli mwana ne ky'alina okukola mu kaweefube era ne mu bifo awateekebwa amateeka.
Emitendo Ebirala egy’Amakulu
Wadde ng’enkyukakyuka ezo ze zimu ku nkyukakyuka ezikyasinzeeyo okukolebwa, enkyukakyuka endala nnyingi zikutte nnyo ku gavumenti y’Amerika ne ku bantu.
Okuteeba Omutemu ogw’Ekkumi n’Esatu: Okusasula Omusolo
Mu 1913, olukalala lw'abateesiteesi olukulu olw'ebiwandiiko 16 olw'okukyusa empandiika, oluwa gavumenti obuyinza ku kusasula omusolo gwa levy nga tegugabanyizidwa mu mawanga agatali gamu. Ekiwandiiko ekya 16 eky'okukyusaamu mu kkooti ey'ensi yonna kyali mu 1894, Pollock ne. farmers Loan & Trust Co., ekyagamba nti omusolo ku bintu gusasula gwa muwendo nga gulina omusolo ogwali gwe gulina okugattirwa wansi w'Akaaw'amateeka I, ekitundu 9 ekya Kkaawunziko. Kkodkko bwe kyatongozebwa mu 1909, kyaleetawo enkaayaana. Mu butuufu, kyatwala emyaka mingi n'enkyukakyuka mu by'ebyenfuna by'ensi n'ebyobufuzi mu nsi yonna nga tennakkirizibwa mu 1913.
Omusolo ogukozesebwa gavumenti gufuuse ensibuko y'essente, ewansi embalirira buli kimu okuva ku kwetaasa eggwanga n'okudda mu kampuni. Enkyukakyuka eyo yakyusa enkolagana wakati w'abantu ne gavumenti era ne kisobozesa enteekateeka za gavumenti okweyongera mu kyasa ekya 20. Wadde nga kyali kikontana, okusasula omusolo kibeera kitundu kikulu mu mateeka ga Amerika.
Okuteegera Enkyukakyuka ey’Ekkumi n’Ekkumi n’Esanvu: Okulonda Obutereevu Abagaba Obulagizi
Mu 1913, abateesiteesi baatongoza enkola y'okulonda ab'obuyinza mu Seventeenth Amereka nga bayitira mu kulonda okwa bulijjo, ne badda mu kifo kya sisitemu eyasooka abakwasiddwawo ab'obuyinza mu mapeesa g'eggwanga. Mu 1913 nga tegannaba kufuulibwa ba nkyukakyuka eno, abakwasisa gavumenti baalondebwa nga bavudde mu mapeesa g'eby'obufuzi, ekyaviirako abantu okulonda ababeera mu gavumenti obulyi b'enkola eya bulijjo. Okutereeza okwo kwayisibwa kwagobererwawo na bannaakyewa naye kwavaamu okusoosa abakungu ba gavumenti okuva mu magye nga tebannamaliriza misango gyabwe.
Okulongoosebwa kwali kitundu kya demokulase era nga kye kimu ku ebyo ebyakolebwa okuleetawo enkyukakyuka mu nkola ya demokulase era n'okufuga gavumenti. Byakwatibwako nnyo bwe wajjawo obulyi bw'enguzi, amacaawe ga gavumenti agaakwasiddwa emitwe eg'enfuumu, era n'endowooza nti abakungu ba gavumenti baagobebwa nnyo mu bantu be baali bakiikirira. Okulonda obululu okwa nnamba okwa nnamba kwaleetera Olukiiko olukulu okukkiriza endowooza ya gavumenti era ne kyongera okuvunaana gavumenti mu nkola eya demokulase.
Ebigambo nga munaana n'Amakumi abiri ebiva mu kuwummuzibwa: Okuvunaanibwa ne Okubonerezebwa
Olukiiko olwa Semite olunaana olwayisa Consert nga Ddesemba 18, 1917 era ne lukkiriza Jjanwali 16, 1919, lwagaana okukola, okutunda, n'okutambuza omwenge mu Amerika. Kino kye kyava mu kufuba kw'ekibiina okugonjoola ebizibu ebiva ku mwenge okuyitira mu mateeka ga gavumenti.
Kyokka, okubonerezebwa kwajjawo okusobola okugobererwa era ne kuvaamu emitawaana egyali tegwetaagisa, obumenyi bw'amateeka okugattika, okutyoboola amateeka, n'okufiirwa omusolo. Okutereeza okwo, kwasaasaanyizibwa mu 1933, ne kuddamu okuzza enzivuunula y'amateeka mu 1920. Kwagonjola amateeka g'ensi agawera omwenge era ne gaddayo mu masaza amaanyi okuteekawo amateeka gaabwe agaabwe ku bwabwe.
Ekiweezo eky'Okutangiza Amakumi abiri n'ekitundu eky'okusooka, ekyakkirizibwa mu 1933, kya njawulo mu byafaayo bya Amereka kubanga kye kyokka ekiyinza okutereezebwa n'okutereezebwa kw'amateeka. Kyongera ku bukulu obulaga nti enzivuunula y'amateeka eyinza okukyuka singa tegikola oba singa tegiwagirwa bantu. Ebiwandiiko ebikwata ku kubonerezebwa kw'amateeka biwa eby'omugaso ku kkomo erivaako okusobola okugonjoola enkyuka z'empisa z'abantu era n'ensonga lwaki kikulu okugobererwa mu mateeka.
Okuweererako Amakumi abiri n’Essanyu: Emigambo Egifuga Omukulembeze w’Ekibiina
Oluvannyuma lw’okuwuliriza Congress Maaki 21, 1947 n’akakasa Febwali 27, 1951, tewali muntu n’omu ajja kulondebwa okuba Prezidenti emirundi egisukka mu ebiri, era n’omuntu yenna abadde Prezidenti, oba abadde Mukulembeze w’ekibiina okumala emyaka egisukka mu ebiri, ng’omuntu omu alondeddwa okuba Pulezidenti wa gavumenti alondebwe okuddizibwa ku ofiisi ya Pulezidenti emirundi egisukka mu gumu.
Kino kyakyusiza akalombolombo ak'emirundi ebiri akaateekebwawo George Washington era ne kigobererwa ba pulezidenti abasinga obungi okutuusa Franklin D. Roosevelt, eyalondebwa okuba n'ebigambo bina. Assembly Republican Congress yakubawo eyeeyanjulwa oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Roosevelt era n'ateekamu ensobiro ekwata ku kuteeka obuyinza bw'omuntu omu mu kifo eky'omuddiringi.
Okuyisa Omuteegezo ogw'Amakumi abiri n'ekitundu: Okutuukiriza obukulembeze n'Okutaavaamu
Mu 1967, Amereka agaawebwako amakumi abiri n'ekitundu mu 1967, gawa kalonda ayoleka enkola y'okussaawo olukalala lwa prezidenti era gatandikawo enkola ez'okukwata ku bulema bwa pulezidenti.
Enkyukakyuka eyo yaleetebwawo olw'okweraliikirira oluvannyuma lw'okutemulwa kwa Pulezidenti Kennedy era n'enkyukakyuka ezaakolebwako emabegako. Yasembezebwa emirundi mingi, nga mw'otwalidde ne ba Prezida ba Prezida bwe baatwala obukulembeze era ne ba pulezidenti bwe baatwala obuyinza obw'ekiseera ekitono mu nkola z'obujjanjabi. Enzijijira eyo esobozesa okumanyika era n'okunyweza gavumenti mu biseera bya bapresidenti.
Ekiragiro Ekiramu: Okunnyonnyola n’Okukwata ku Bulagirizi
Enkyuuka tekiri mu mateeka wabula etteeka ery'obulamu eririna okutaputa n'okugobererwa mu mbeera ezikyuse. Kkooti, naddala kkooti esinga obukulu, zirina kinene kye zikola mu kusalawo enkyuuka kw'amateeka kye gategeeza. Okunnyonnyola kw'amateeka kizingiramu okutegeerera ddala engeri gye gayinza okulongoosebwamu n'ebyetaago ebiriwo mu kiseera kye kimu.
Waliwo enkola ez'enjawulo ezitategeerekeka, okuva ku njigiriza egamba nti ebintu byasooka biteekwa okukozesebwa mu kukozesa amakulu g'empandiika y'amateeka n'okugoberera amateeka n'okussa mu nkola amateeka (agatwala tteeka okuba nga likwatagana n'abantu). Empaka zino ezikwata ku kutaputa amakulu tezikoma ku kuyiga buyigirize naye zireetawo ebya nnamaddala ku ddembe ly'abantu kinnoomu, obuyinza bwa gavumenti, ne ku nkola y'enfuga.
Enjigiriza eyo, nga kw'otaddeko kkooti enkulu ekozesa obukuumi bwonna obwa Bill of Rights mu gavumenti nga ziyitira mu muteegeezo ogwa 14th Amerekation’s Signal Claus, eraga engeri okuvvuunula kw'amateeka gye kuyinza okugaziya ekifo eky'enkyukakyuka mu nteekateeka y'amateeka. Okugatta kwa Amereka eyasooka kwatandika n'eddembe ery'okwogera n'okukuba ebiwandike mu Gitlow v. New York (125), obweyamo bw'enkola obw'eddiini mu Hamilton v.C. (1934), eddembe ery'okukuŋŋaana oba ery'okusabira ekiv. Oregod Oregon (1934) n'okugataaganya ebiva mu ggwanga lya Clangeriode n'okuyimba.
Enkyukakyuka Egenda Eyitawo mu Mateeka
N'okutuusa leero, enkyukakyuka ezikoleddwa ku Mateeka ga Amerika zikyakola nnyo.Ebbeetwayo Obuweerero obwasooka busaba okuteekebwako mu mpaka ezikwata ku ddembe ery'okwogera ku mikutu gy'empuliziganya, ku ddembe ly'eddiini, ne ku kuwakanya ebiba bitegekebwa. Obukuumi obw'okuna obugattiddwa mu Amereka bugezesebwa olw'enkola empya eza tekinologiya n'obukwasiro bwa data. Ebiwandiiko ebya Kyerocument Protection Claus ey'oku Amerekadment kiri mu kifo ekikulu mu kusosola mu langi, eby'okwetaba, n'engeri endala ez'okwegatta.
Okukyusa eddembe ly'obuntu kusoomooza okuppya okuyinza okukolebwa gavumenti nga zigoberera amateeka agakwata ku kulonda agatali gamu n'enkola eziyinza okulemesa abantu okufuna olukusa.Eddengu lya ntegeka wakati w'eddembe ly'abantu n'ab'obuyinza, omutwe omukulu ogw'enkyukakyuka mu nkyukakyuka, kyeyongera okuwakanyizibwa mu bifo okuva ku kufuga emmundu okutuuka ku bamenyi b'amateeka abazze balongoosebwa ne bafuuka enkola ez'amaanyi.
Okutegeera enkyukyuka ezaakolebwa mu mateeka kiyamba nnyo mu kuleetawo obutuuze nga bumanyi bulungi. Okutereezebwa kuno kulaga eddembe Amerika ly'alina, ekkomo eriri ku buyinza bwa gavumenti, n'emitindo gy'eggwanga gye lyagala okunywerera. Bikiikirira ebyo bye batuuseeko n'okufuba okukyeyongera, nga bawa obukakafu nti eggwanga lituuse ku biruubirirwa byalyo eby'okutandikawo ate nga bakkirizisa nti omulimu gw'okutandikawo obufumbo obutuukiridde tegukoma.
Entegeka Embi n’Enkyukakyuka ez’Omu Biseera eby’Omu Maaso
Okusobola okugonjoola ensonga eyo, abamu bataddewo enkaayana ez’amaanyi, gamba ng’Ekiwandiiko eky’Eddembe Ekireetera abantu obutasosola bantu olw’okuba balina okwetaba n’abakazi, okuzza obuggya ssente eziba zikoleddwa, okukendeeza ku nsaasaanya n’enkyukakyuka eziba zikoleddwa okuzza obulabe ku nsala ya kkooti esinga obukulu, n’okuzza obutebenkevu mu kaweefube ow’okuzza obutebenkevu ssente oba ku Electoral College.
Obuzibu bw'okukyusa enzivuunula y'amateeka kitegeeza nti enkyukakyuka eziteeberezebwa ziteekwa okubeera n'obuwagizi obw'enkalakkalira mu bitundu ebitali bimu era ne mu nkyukakyuka mu by'obufuzi.
Enkyukakyuka mu nkola y'okukyusaamu ku ngeri y'okwolesebwa kw'Awandiisi obuyinza mu bantu naye nga yategekebwa okuziyiza ebikulu eby'ekiseera obutakola nkyukakyuka ez'amaanyi. Ebinaakyusa ebiseera eby'omu maaso bijja kweyongera okugonjoola ebibuuzo ebikulu ebikwata ku ddembe, obukwasiddwako obukwasiddwa, n'ekifo gavumenti ky'esaanidde okukola mu Amerika.
Empeera: Kikulu Nnyo Okunywerera ku Mateeka agawandiikiddwawo
Enkyukakyuka mu mateeka ga Amerika zikiikirira okufuba kw'eggwanga okutereeza n'okulongoosa engeri z'enkola ya gavumenti yaalyo n'okugaziya ekisuubizo eky'okwenkanankana ne Amerika zonna. Okuva ku bukuumi obw'entegeka za ddembe enzivuunvuunvu okutuusa ku nkyukakyuka mu Amereka ez'okulonda, okuva ku kweyongera kw'entegeka z'okulonda okutuuka ku nkyukakyuka mu ntegeka ya gavumenti, okulongoosebwa kuno kukyusizza nnyo ekyokulabirako kya Amereka mu ngeri ez'amaanyi.
Nkola y'okukyusaamu esinga obukulu eya projects percentations okusobola okukuuma eddembe ery'enkulu, okumalirizibwa kw'obuddu, okumalirizibwa kw'obuddu okw'ekkumi n'ensatu, obuwagizi bw'ebyuma bw'okuwerezebwa kw'obuddu obwa 14 obw'obukuumi awamu n'obugerekebedde, okuwerezebwa kw'enkwa kw'enkwaso n'ekkumi n'ekkumi n'etaano n'ekkumi n'essatu okugattika obudde ku ddembe ery'okukubalibwa, era n'ebirala ebyannyonnyonnyonnyonnyolebwa mu kitabo kino nga byogera ku kiragiro kino. Nkola enfuzeeko enzivumbo ezo zombi ezifuga enkola ya Amereka obwa Amereka obukola ne ku Amerika.
Okutegeera enkyukakyuka zino tekikoma ku kumanyira ddala ebyafaayo, naye kyetaagisa eri buli muntu ayagala okutegeera eddembe lye balina, okwenyigira mu nkola ya demokulase era n'okuleetawo enkaayana ku makulu n'enkola y'emisingi gya teyokulase.
Ng'abantu beenyigidde mu bizibu ebiriwo mu kiseera kino .Ebibuuzo ebyo bwe bitandika ku ddembe ery'okwogera mu kiseera kino, okubuuza ebibuuzo ebikwata ku kutandika kw'okulonda, okuva ku kusala emisango okulongoosebwa okusobola okuzza obusobozi bw'en ddembe z'abantu, birina kye bikolawo mu kutereeza enzivuunula y'amateeka era nga bijjukiza emitindo gy'empisa egiyambye eggwanga okuyita mu nkyukakyuka n'okuleetawo obutakaanya. Enzikkiriza okukolebwa okwo ku mateeka kulaga nti Amateeka ga Katonda gayinza okweyambisibwa mu mbeera empya ate nga gye ganywerereza mu ku misingi emikulu.
Abo abaagala okwongera okutegeera amateeka n'ebya gavumenti ya Amereka, bakebera mu bugazi obwabangawo nga basoma ebiwandiikiddwa mu bugazi “‘ beekenneenya ebiwandike ebiva ku kiwandiiko, era ne beekenneenya ennyiriri eziriraanyewo (*kabonero] ka muwendo. Obusobozi ng'obwo obwa Kitebe kya 'LY' enkalu][, [[FLT]]]], [[FLT]]]]], ne Constitution Confective ] buwanjula ebitegeeza ebikwata ku nnyinyo n'ennyinyo zaabyo.
Ebyakolebwa ku kulongoosa kw'amateeka ga ssemateeka kikolwa eky'okumanyisa nti abantu b'omu Amereka basobola okwefuga bokka era n'obumalirivu bwabwe obw'okuteekawo abantu ab'obwenkanya n'eddembe. Buli luvannyuma lw'okutereeza kusinziira ku ebyo ebyakolebwa mu mirembe egyayita ebikwata ku ggwanga mwe baali baagala okuzimbira n'entegeka ze baali baagala okuteeka. Okutegeera enkyukakyuka zino ziyamba nnyo mu milembe egyakayita okukola kino, era kiyamba okumanyisa emisingi gya amateeka ne gigobeetaaganya n'okusoomooza okuggya mu buwanguzi obw'ennongoofu, kyokka nga banyweesigamya ku mitindo gya demokulalsenti, n'enkyukakyuka mu ngeri gye baatwalamu enkola ya demokula edda.