Okutandika

Enkyukakyuka ey'ekkumi n'ena mu kkumi na kimu ku nteekateeka z'amateeka ga Amerika ebadde y'ekola enkyukakyuka mu byafaayo by'amateeka. Yakomezebwa nga Jjulaayi 9, 1868, mu kiseera eky'okuddanyusibwa kw'amateeka, enzivuunula eyo yazzaawo enkolagana wakati w'obutuuze n'enkolagana wakati wa gavumenti y'ensi n'eggwanga. Ebigambo byayo eby'amaanyi . "Clauscle, ne Actal Programme Proviment Claus, ne Acustom Clausle-waverate ewa 'gractom' erry' er''empandika zonna ez'envanyunzi ez'ennuk'eyambidde mu myaka 150 egiyise. Okuva ku ku kuggya n'eggwanga n'okugatta omuwendo , okuteempala n'obwenkanya mu mateeka ga Amerekanican.

Enkola eno yakolebwa okusiguukulula obutuuze obubi [FLT] Dred Scott v. Sandford mu 1857 mu kusalawo okwo, kkooti enkulu eya Sayansi gye yalangirira nti abantu b'omu Afirika tebaali ba ggwanga lya Amerika era nti tebasobola kufuuka batuuze ab'eggwanga lya Amerika. nga batandikawo obusika obw'enkan'enkan'awo nga n'obukuumi obw'engeri eyo, okuteeyisa ekiragiro ekyaweera mu mateeka ekyasobozesa Bill of Rights eri abantu bonna okukkirizibwa okukkirizibwa okulwana ka kibeere na buli ggwanga.

Ebyafaayo ku Mweefube ogw’Okufuga Emyaka 14

Okusobola okutegeera obulungi amakulu g'Emitemere ey'ekkumi n'ena, kikulu okutegeera ebyafaayo ebyaviirako okukolebwa kwa Ssematalo II. American Civil War (1861-1865) yakomya okutandikawo obwaddu okuyitira mu nteekateeka ey'okuwerezebwawo okw'ekkumi n'okusatu, naye embeera y'obukadde obuna abannamerika abaali baakateebwa mu ddembe teyinza kumanyibwa.

Mu 1866, ekitongole ekigaba obuvunaanyizibwa bwa gavumenti kyagezaako okukomya okujooza okukugira okunyigiriza kuno okwakolebwa Congress nga kirala nti abantu bonna abaazaalibwa mu Amerika baali batuuze era nga bagwanidde okukuumibwa mu mateeka. Kyokka, nga baasooberwa olw'amateeka era n'okutya nti Consert ejja kuddamu okugobererwa, kyenkana oluvanyuma lw'okuyingiza emisingi gino mu Mateeka. Enzijiji z'amateeka eza 14 ezaawebwa mu Amerika zaavaawo nga zisobola okugonjoola ensonga zonna ez'eby'obutuuze, nga zisobola okuggyawo obutebenkenkenkevu olw'enkola ya gavumenti.

Enkyukakyuka mu Bufuzi n’Obuwagguzi

Okutereeza kwateekebwawo Akakiiko aka Joint on Reconstruction, akakiiko ak'enjawulo akaateekebwawo okutereeza obuzibu bw'okusomera ebitundu by'ensi eby'omu bukiikaddyo mu kibiina kya gavumenti. Okuteesa okwo kwali kwa bya bufuzi nnyo, nga kulimu okukaayana ku buyinza bwa gavumenti, eddembe ly'ensi, n'amakulu g'obwenkanankana. Era Religion Republics zaagezaako okukakasa nti eddembe ly'abantu k'obwannannyini liba lyalinamu eddembe lya maanyi ate nga mu kiseera kitono, mu Lipabuliki ne Democrates baas bagezaako okukuuma obwetwaze.

Ekiwandiiko ekyasembayo ku nkyukakyuka eyo kyali kyolekera awo okukyusiza ddala emisingi gya tteeka empya. Kyali kyetaagisa okukkirizibwa okuva mu bitundu bisatu mu bina eby'eggwanga, enkola eyabangamu ennyo enkaayana. Ettuttuluba ez'obukiikaddyo kyali kyetaagisa okuzza obuggya enkyukakyuka mu nteekateeka y'obufuzi eyakyusiza mu kiwandiiko eky'okuzzaawo entenga ez'emyaka egyaddirira.

Okukolera ku Bulaaya w’Abalaguzi

Empandika z'amateeka amala ku nkola eya 1885-1866 zaayamba nnyo mu kukyusa ebiva ku mateeka 14 (Emitego 14) naye amateeka gano gaawukana okuva ku gavumenti okutuuka ku yindi nga gazingiramu enteekateeka zino:

  • Abafirika baasabibwa okufuna amayumba gaabwe ku bwazo
  • Abaddugavu abakaka abantu okukola endagaano ezisobozesa abantu okuddamu okuba abaddu
  • Abafirika abaawebwa eddembe okuwa obujulizi mu kkooti, okuweereza ku b'ekangasa, oba okulonda mu kulonda
  • Abaddugavu baasasulwanga ebibonerezo eby’amaanyi nga bawalirizibwa okuddukanya omulimu gwabwe

Okusingira ddala, The Ecume Execle Protection Claus, yakolebwa okuziyiza gavumenti okuteekawo amateeka agaba gatuukirizibwa okuyisa obubi obubinja obw'enjawulo.

Ebisinga Obulungi mu Kukyusa Ebiri mu Kkomera Erya 14

Omuteende ogw'ekkumi n’ena gulimu ebitundu bitaano, naye ekitundu ekisooka kirimu ebitundu bisatu ebikyasinze okubaako eky’amaanyi kye bikola ku mateeka ga Amereka.

OBUTUUKIRIVU bwa Claus

Ekitundu ekiyitibwa Citity visity Claus ekisangibwa mu Kitundu 1, kigamba: "Abantu bonna abazaalibwa oba abaatondebwawo mu Amerika, era nga bafugibwa amateeka gaayo, batuuze ba Amerika ne gavumenti mwe babeera. Akaweefube kano kaagootaanya butereevu Ddowd Scott[ okusalawo n'okuteekawo obusika ng'omusingi gwa steeka steeka mu Amereka.

Olubala luno lwabikkulirwa okuwa obutuuze kumpi buli muntu yenna eyazaalibwa mu Amerika, ka kibe nti bazadde be bali mu mbeera ki. Omusango oguva ku kiwandiiko United States v. Wong Kim Ark (1898) gukkirize nti omwana eyazaalibwa mu Amerika eri bazadde Abakyayina abava mu ggwanga, yali mu ggwanga lya U.S., wadde ng'amateeka g'ensi mu kiseera ky'eggwanga gakugira obutuuze n'obutuuze. Omusingi guno ogw'obusika, ogumanyiddwa nga [[FLT:]], obutuuze bw'Abatuuze , gusigala nga gukyaliwo mu mateeka agafuga Amerika agava mu Amerika era nga gakyalimu okukannyiikiriza.

Claus Knowlee Access

Ekiragiro kino kiwa ekiragiro ekya "teede derect'." Ekiragiro kino kirimu ennyiriri bbiri ez'enjawulo: engeri omuntu gy'alina okussaawo awatali mateeka, eddembe oba ekintu kyonna ky'alina okussaawo.

Tekisobose omulimu ogubindabinda

Okusobola okunnyonnyola obulungi ensonga ezizingirwamu, kyetaagisa gavumenti okusobola okukola ku ddembe ly'abantu kinnoomu nga wateekebwawo enkola ennungi. Kino kizingiramu eddembe ery'okwawulawo, empuliziganya, omuntu alonde by'asazeewo mu ngeri etali ya bwenkanya, n'obujulizi obulaga nti by'abadde ayagala bikolebwe mu ngeri ez'enjawulo.

Engeri Enkola gy'Eteetera Okukolebwa

Omulimu ogukolebwa guleetawo okuleetawo okukaayana kungi era n'ennyinnyonnyola nnene ekuuma eddembe ly'abantu okuva ku nguyi za gavumenti ne bwe kiba nti gavumenti egoberera enkola eziragiddwa mu bwenkanya. Kkooti enkulu ekozesezza enkola egwanira okukuuma eddembe ly'obufumbo, eddembe ery'okukuza abaana, eddembe ery'okuziyiza obusigi, n'ery'okwefuga. Empandika zino ez'enkola zibaddeko n'ebiragiro nga . Rae v. Wade[FLD][12][777]] era [FL:2]]

Okukuuma Claus nga Bwe Yakolanga

Applite device Claus ewa ekiragiro nti tewali ggwanga eririna "kugaana muntu yenna mu buyinza bwalyo okukuuma amateeka nga genkana." Ekiragiro kino kye musingi gwa ssemateeka era kikozeseddwa okuyisa obulungi abantu mu langi, ekikula, ekikula, okwetaba, n'engeri endala.

Kkooti Enkulu ekoze enteekateeka okunoonyereza ku nsonga ezikwata ku Assembly Protection:

  • [[Act:0]Sturt enoonyezesebwa kwe kubaako enjawulo ezeesigamiziddwa ku langi, ensibuko, n'obusobozi obusookerwako. Wansi w'omusingi guno, gavumenti eteekwa okulaga nti esobola okulaga nti ebigendererwa byayo bitono okutuuka ku biruubirirwa ebyo.
  • Ekiragiro kino kiteekwa okulaga nti nnamba ey'ekika ekimu eky'ekika kya [ kweyambula mu ngeri etegeereka abantu nga be kiwandika oba nga okiwadde obutuuti oba ng'obw'okumenya amateeka. Gavumenti eteekwa okulaga nti olukalala lwa gavumenti lutuukiriza ekigendererwa kyayo eky'amaanyi era nga n'ensonga eyo y'ensonga eyo ereetebwawo.
  • [[[NKUMBO]] Obuwayiro obukozesebwa bulaga nti enkalala ezo zigendera ku nkola eya gavumenti emu.

Enteekateeka eno egobererwa mu ngeri ez’enjawulo, okuva ku langi ez’ekika ekimu okutuuka ku nkola y’eby’enfuna, era nga y’emu ku nteekateeka ezisinga okukolebwa mu Mateeka.

Enjigiriza Ekwata ku Kintu

Ekimu ku bintu 14 ebiweebwayo mu Amereka okusobola okuzuula amateeka ga Amerika kwe kugagatta. Okuyitira mu Status Process Claus, kkooti enkulu ekozese enteekateeka ezisinga obungi eza Bill of Rights mu masaza, era nga n'ekyusa ku ntegeka y'obuyinza wakati wa gavumenti ne gavumenti.

Mu kifo ky'ekkumi n'ena, Bill of Rights yamanyibwa nga ekoma ku gavumenti y'eggwanga. Omusango ogwali guteekeddwawo Barron v. Baltimore (133) yali akkiriza nti Bill of Rights yali tessa nga y'akola nga gavumenti. Entegeka eya 14 ekyusa amateeka gakireetera eddembe lino nga tewali mateeka gaagikkiriza kutwala muntu yenna kutwala muntu oba ekintu nga "bulamu, oba oba oba oba oba obusagwagwa, nga tewalina mateeka gaagifuga. ”

Mu misango egyatandika ng'ekyasa ekya 20, kkooti enkulu yatandika okunnyonnyola nti etteeka erya Century Claus lirina kakwate ka Bbaagila enzivuunula y'amateeka agamenya amateeka agakwata ku ddembe. Kino kyakolebwa mpolampola era nga buli luvannyuma lwa ssaawa, nga kooti egagattawo:

  • [-FLT:0] Gitlow v v[ (1925) n'ebibuuzo ebiddako
  • Ekitongole ekifuga ettuluba ly'ebitundu eby'okuna kiwa obukuumi obuba busobola okwewala okusena obukyamu oba okugwa ensimbu mu [[NT] Mapp v. Ohio (1961])
  • Ekiragiro ekifuga ettuluba ly'empewo ery'okutaano kiremereddwa obutayisa bubi buyinza bwa '[[NT:0] mu kukyusa ngeri gye kikozesaamu 'malloy v'. Hogan (1964])
  • Omutemwa ogw'omukaaga ogwawerebwa gulina okubuulirirwa mu Gideon v. Wainwright[ (1963)
  • Ekitongole eky'omunaana ekifuga engeri ez'enjawulo gye kifugamu amateeka ga Katonda tekisobola kubonereza bantu mu [K'AWANDIISIRAWO:0] Robinson v. California (62)

Leero, kumpi buli bukuumi obuli mu Bill of Rights bugaaniddwa okuziyiza gavumenti, nga kino kisobozesa oku Ameezaako okw’ekkumi n’ena okuba emmotoka enkulu ekozesa eddembe ly’omu mateeka eriteekeddwa ku ggwanga oba ku ggwanga.

Ekikoze ku Ntegeka za Bannaggwanga

Okukkiriziganyizidwa okw’ekkumi n’ena kyakulwanyisa eky’omu mateeka mu buli kibiina ekikulu eky’eby’eddembe ly’obuntu mu byafaayo bya Amerika.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Oboolyawo enkola emanyiddwa ennyo ey'okukwata ku Kukuuma Claus yajjira mu BrowN v. Bukiiko bw'Essomero. Kkooti enkulu mwe yagattira nti okusosola okw'ekika kya langi mu masomero ga gavumenti tekwali kwa njawulo. Kkooti eyo egaana enjawukana mu b'amawanga naye yenkanankana". Py v. Ferguson[ [186], era yamenya obusosoze bwa Clausleas'okukibwa mu matendekero gaayo obwa bulijjo.

Long v. Virginia (1967)

Mu mu v. Virginia, kkooti enkulu efuga essiraamu amateeka agaagaana obufumbo obw'enjawulo, nga egamba nti amateeka ng'ago gaamenya amateeka ga Actal Procession Claus ne Claus. Omukulu omulamuzi Earl Warren yawandiika nti "Eddembe ly'okuwasa oba obutawasa oba obutafumbirwa, omuntu ow'eggwanga eddala abeera mu bantu bokka ate nga tayinza kumenyebwawo gavumenti." Kino kyasalawo kyamenya amateeka a'okuziyiza enkola ya Cempat-miscegement procegement Clasal Clasal Clasade mu mateeka 16 era kyakakasa nti Omuteesiteesi w'ekinaana kikuuma eddembe ery'okuwasa oba ery'okufumbirwa.

Reed v. Reed (1971)

Omulundi ogusooka, mu Reed v. Ret, kkooti enkulu yagoberera etteeka erifuga enkola ya Claus okutta abaami olw'okulaga obukaba. Omusango gwali guzingiramu etteeka eryaleetera abasajja okwagala abakazi okukulembera ettaka. Kkooti yali egamba nti etteeka eryo libakugira okutuukiriza ekiteeso eky'okukifuga ekitongole kya Claus, ekiggulawo omusingisa obusosoze mu ku bakazi.

Enkyukakyuka mu Kiwandiiko Ekya 14,

Mu kyasa kino ekya 21, abantu bakitwala nga kikulu nnyo okuba nti Amateeka gaayo gafuga enkola y’obufumbo, okuba nti obufumbo bulina okusasulibwa, okuba nti abantu balina eddembe ery’okulonda, n’okuleka abaana okugenda mu nsi endala.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Mu [[NKK:0] Obergefell v. Hodges, kkooti enkulu yagamba nti Kkooti enkulu efuga ekitundu kino ekkiriza nti okugattidwa kw'e 144 okw'ebiwandiiko era n'okugatta abafumbo ab'obukaba. Kkooti yakizuula nti eddembe ery'okufumbiriganwa likuumibwa ne Claus era n'abafumbo abayinza okukkirizibwa okukkirizibwa okukkirizibwa mu nkola y'emu ey'obufumbo tekkirizibwa mu kitongole kya Clauslease ekimanyiddwa mu ngeri esinziirwako. Ku nsonga eno, ekitongole ekyo kyalaga nti eddembe ly'okufumbiriganwa lirina kunywerera ku ddembe ly'okuyisa oba okusosola abalala mu ngeri empya ez'okusosolagana.

Okukkiriza Eddembe n’Okugattulula Ekkumi n’Ebiri

Ekigaba gabambye ku nnyimba ez'ekkumi n'ena ez'okutaano ezireetebwawo okulwanirira eddembe ly'okulonda. Ekitundu 2 eky'okukyusa kiwa obukakafu nti singa gavumenti egaana eddembe ly'okulonda omusajja yenna asukka mu myaka 21, obukiikizo obwo bulina okukendeezebwa ku bukulu bwaakyo mu Congress. Wadde nga tekitera kukolebwa, enteekateeka eno egeraageranyiziddwa okusoomooza amateeka ga Classium agabana obululu, okugoba obusosoze obunene bw'eggwanga, n'etteeka erikwata ku ku ku kulonda ekibanja. Maayinja ng'awe [[FL:0] County. Shel County.[[FLT:] (2013]), ekikyungibwamu enkakaluwalizo enkulu ku mateeka agakwata ku ddembe lya Vol Leantment of Trect, ekikosogoosezza ek'obukwakkulembebwa 1965, kizza okuwakanya eddembe ery'okulonda obwa 'ogo.

Eddembe ly’Okuzaala n’Eky’Okuzaala

Kkooti enkulu eyitibwa Claus ey'ebitundu 14 eby'oku Amereka ebadde n'ensonga enkulu ekwataganyizibwa n'enkola ey'okuzaala. Roe v. Wade [173]], kkooti enkulu yagamba nti obwannannyini, obwa nkozesa mu nkola y'enkola ya Cesiteesi, bukuuma okusalawo kw'omukazi okukomya okuzaala omwana. Gye buvuddeko awo, mu [[FLT:]]] Dobbs v. Jackson 'Akazi 'Sawoossaged'[[FL:] [202], Kkooti, Kkooti eririkiti ekitongole ekivunagibwa [[[FL:]]] [FL:]] era nga kye kikwata ku nsonga enkulu. era nga kigamba nti amateeka tegattira ku kuggyawo, ekigo ekigo ekigobenyizza ku nsonga eziddirimu. [Ft][5]

Okulondawo Obutuuze era n’Okuzaala

Omuntu okubeera Citiizi ya Amereka ku Kiendereza eky'ekkumi n'ena, akyakola nga kkomo mu mpaka z'okuyingira olukuŋŋaana. Ab'obuyinza abamu baasemba okukomya obusika eri abaana b'abatuuze abatali ba nfudu, nga bagamba nti ebigambo "bagondera obuyinza bwabwe" biremesa abaana abo. Kyokka, ennyinnyonnyola z'amateeka ezicaase, eziwagirwa United States v. Wong Kim Ark era nga n'enteekateeka ezaatandikibwawo, zigamba nti kumpi buli muntu eyazaalibwa mu U.S. ettaka liba mutuuze nti obutuuze.

Ebizibu n’Okweraliikirira

Wadde nga mu mateeka ga Amereka mwe gasimbye omusingi, mu Amereka ak’okuna temubaddemu kukkaanya.

Okutandikira ku njigiriza n'obuwandike

Wabaawo enjawulo enkulu wakati w'oyo eyatandikawo n'oyo agoberera amateeka agaamugoberera ng'agoberera olukalala lw'amateeka agafuga enkola eya 14 mu kifo ekya bulijjo. Abayivu ab'edda bagamba nti okutereezebwa okwo kulina kuvvuunulwa okusinziira ku makulu gaalyo mu kusooka ag'okuwandiika ebyawandiikibwa nga mu kiseera eky'okubikyusizaamu. Mu ndowooza eno, ekikola ng'enkola ya Cempanoloji eriko ekigendererwa eky'okugonjoola obusosoze mu langi mu mawanga eri bannafirika naye ng'etatuukana na ngeri endala ez'okusosolamu, gamba ng'okwesigamya obukaba oba endowooza y'okwetaba. Enzikkiriza tteeka erya , okusinziira ku ndowooza eno, ereeteetibwawo, emitindo gy'obusosoze obw'obusosoze mu ngeri empya n'obutalimu. Empakaawumbambambambamba zino zirina amakulu amakulu ag'engeri enko ennuŋŋanya z'enkola mu kkooti ze zigoberera ensonga.

Ekikolwa eky’Obukuumi era n’Obukuumi Obwenkanankana

Okutandika kwa Kooti Enkola ya qualiminal Claus ey'okusemba programu kwaleetawo okukaayana. Erats eza University of California v. Bakke (188), kkooti enkulu yagamba nti omuwendo gw'enkula mu bannaddiini mu yunivasite gukkirizibwa guvudde ku bugattini naye nti empandika z'enkula ziyinza okutwalibwa ng'emu ku bangi. Gye buvuddeko awo, Ziraga nti mu Fair Adgicts v. Harvard[FLT:] (20), kkooti yaggulawo ebiteesiteesi n'enjigiriza za yuniversiteesi y'omummu, era n'eraga nti okugobererwa mu ngeri y'okwegatta enjawulo mu ggwanga. Okukubaganya ebirowoozo ku nsonga ezikwata ku kyenkanankanankanankanankanankanankanankanankana mu ggwanga mu ggwanga. Harvard[FLT: 23], kkooti yatandikawo mu kkooti mu malwamu mu malwamu ne University of Americariyoomu Macale, ekiwandikiromenti,

Enkyukakyuka mu by’Enfuna n’Omuteendezo ogw’Ekkumi n’Ekkumi n’Ebiri

Mu matandika g'ekyasa ekya 20, kkooti enkulu yakozesa enkola y'eby'enfuna okusattulula amateeka g'eby'enfuna nga mu ddomola z'ebipimo, nga mw'otwalidde n'amateeka agagobererwa abasaala n'amateeka agawerako, mu kiseera ekimanyiddwa nga Lochner. Oluvannyuma kkooti yalekayo enkola eno mu myaka gya 1930 ne 1940, okussaawo enkyusiza mu ku mateeka g'eby'enfuna. Kyokka, abawakanyi abamu bagamba nti bye kkooti ya gye buvuddeko okusala kukuuma eddembe ly'eby'obugagga n'eddembe mu by'ebyenfuna byayo, byandibadde nga bitegeeza nti enkola ya Clausle ezza obuggya obwa bulijjo mu mitendera egiva mu mateeka egitali gimu mu gavumenti.

fundikira

Entegeka ey'ekkumi n'ena, ekyalina amaanyi mu lutalo olw'okwenkanankana n'obwenkanya mu Amerika.

Ng'eggwanga bwe ligenda ligonjoola ensonga ez'amaanyi ezikwata ku bantu, akakiiko akagabane ak'okukyusaamu mu mateeka kajja kukola kinene nnyo mu kukyusa ebizingirwa mu mateeka. Bwe kiba nga okuyitira mu muteesiteesi ekikola ku by'amateeka, ekiragiro kya Claus kikuuma eddembe ly'eggwanga okusobola okuzaala abaana ab'enkanamba mu ngeri y'emu. Ekiragiro Adminimenti Claus kye kiwa abantu bonna obuyinza okukkirizibwa okukkirizibwa okukkirizibwa mu mateeka okusobola okukuuma etteeka eryo. Ekiragiro ekya 1450th Amereka tekirimu bukakafu bulaga nti abantu bonna balina okuba abasika obusika obw'enjawulo.