Eddembe ly'okunenya abo ababawawaayiriza lyafuuka nsibuko y'obwenkanya obwava mu byasa ebizze bidda mu maaso, nga likyusa enkola y'amateeka aga bulijjo era nga likubiriza enkola z'abamenyi b'amateeka mu nsi yonna. Ddaala lino likakasa nti abo abavunaanibwa omusango balina omukisa okutuukirira abo ababawa obujulizi, okusoomooza obujulizi obuweereddwa, n'okulwanirira amazima agakwata ku nsonga. Ek'empandiro kiyamba okumanyisa enzivu mu ku nzikiriza ez'amateeka, okukakasiza mu ku kweyatula, okutegeeza obujulizi, obutuufu bw'eby'amateeka, n'obujulizi obwakwekeberezebwa. Ekitundu kino kikebera ebikusinze mu byafaayo, ebikulembedde, n'obujulizi obw'obukusibe.

Ebyafaayo Ebiraga nti Omwesigwa Gwa Katonda

Ensibuko y'eddembe ly'okutuukirira abajulizi esangibwa mu lukalala lw'amateeka ag'edda, naye olunyiriri lwalyo olw'obuzaale lwasibuka mu Malani. Nga tewannabaawo kulamula musango mu Blaaya, obwenkanya obwasooka bwesigama ku nkola gamba ng'okugezesa, okuwozesebwa, n'okubuwandiisa. Enkola zino tezirimu bujulizi bwa mazima, so si buwaanyi bwonna. Eddembe teryasooka kubanga omujulizi teyabanga na mukisa gwonna kubuuza bawaabi.

Okukyusa kwatandika n'ekyasa eky'omu kkooti eky'omukiko Clarendon (1116) era n'okukolebwa kwa enkola y'abalamuzi wansi wa Henry II. Abakungubazi mu kusooka baali bajulizi abawa obukakafu okusinziira ku kumanya okw'omu kitundu. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, abalamuzi baatwala obukiiko bw'abajulizi obwaweebwa mu kkooti. Naye, abawaayiriza baatwalibwanga nga bajulizi ab'amannya abataliiko baani, naddala mu kugezesa oba mu kusekerezebwa kwa bannabyabufuzi. [FL:] Amateeka gaateeka omusingi mu ssuula 45 nga tegaalagira ddala nti “teewa muntu wa ddembe anaabeeranga . . . .

Mu kyasa ekya 14 ne 15, Paalimenti yayisawo amateeka (ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 15, 1352, 1367,) geetaagisa abajulizi okufulumya omusango ogw'okusekeerera obulyi bw'enguzi n'emisango. Kyokka, ekikolwa ekyo kyasigala nga tekikwatagana. Etteeka erya bulijjo lyagenda libaamu endowooza nti omuwayitiddwa yalina eddembe okubaawo era n'okuwulira obujulizi ku bajulizi obubavunaanibwa. Ekyasa ekya 15 we kyatuukira mu ku nkomerero y'ekyasa, Sir John Fortescue, mu mulimu gwe [[FLL:0] Deudi Bus Legam[[FLGria:1], lyatendereza enkola y'Olungereza ey'okubaawo mu maaso n'abajulirwa mu maaso g'abo abajulirwa. Mu kiseera kino kyalagira okutambula okutambula okumanyisa ekibiina ekipya ekigobenyinyinyiikiriza.

Okukulaakulana mu Byafaayo by’Eby’Amateeka

Ebikumi 16 n’Ekya kkumi n’Ekkumi n’Ekkumi n’Ebitaano: From Secreecerings to Cross hẽrancation

Mu kyasa ekya 16 ne 17, omulamuzi yagezaako okulumiriza omumenyi w'amateeka mu Bungereza.

Stuart yakozesa bubi olukiiko olukulu olw'embaga y'amateeka era nga beesigama nnyo ku kuwandiika obulango obwali buteekeddwamu okulongoosebwa. Oluvannyuma lwa Ssematalo w'Ekibiina ne Eddawo, Parliamenti yasaanyawo ekibiina ky'eby'obufuzi mu 1641. Ku nkomerero ya 1600, etteeka lya bonna lyassaawo omusingi ogugamba nti obujulizi bulina okuweebwa mu kamwa n'okuweebwa mu lukiiko olugguka olw'okusala omusango.

Amereka ng’Omukago n’Okukulaakulana kwa Claus

Obulombolombo bw'amateeka mu Bungereza bwagendanga mu matwale ga Amerika gye baateranga okukomya obusosoze mu mateeka n'amateeka agafuga enfuga za Rooma. Ng'ekyokulabirako, akakiiko k'obukwasiro aka Massachusetts of Liberates (1641) kaakakasa nti “buli muntu yenna oba ekika oba erinnya oba ekintu oba ekintu tekirina kutwalibwa ... naye nga... takkirizibwa kuwulira, mu ngeri y'emu, mu ngeri y'emu, Plansylvania Frame of Gavumenti (1682) ne New York Charter of Liberes (1683) birina misingi egigobeetaa.

Ebyakolebwanga abafuzi mu ggwanga lya Bungereza n'enkola y'enkiiko z'abatemu (basebaawerdralty) awamu ne “bajulizi mu nsi endala” byaviirako enkyukakyuka mu nsi. Ekiwandiiko ekyo kyawaayiriza abalamuzi okugaana omusango. Naye era kyabawa obuyambi. Oluvannyuma lw'okwetongoza obwa obwannannyini, Bill of Rights, eyateekebwawo mu 17899 era n'ekkirizibwa mu 1791, kyalimu ne Amereka ey'Obufuzi obw'omukaaga, ng'egamba: “Mu mbuga z'abamenyi b'amateeka zonna, omusango gujja kusanyukira obwa bulijjo... okuyimirira n'abajulizi b'abajulizi be." Etteeka lino lyafuuka kkootikko, era lyalaga abagoba amateeka mu nsi ya Amerika okuziyiza okugezesebwa okweyambisa ebigezo mu 17911, era n'enkola ey'obutalimu.

Ebirungi Ebikulu mu by’Omu Mateeka

Ekitabo ekiyitibwa Ekiwandiiko Ekikola ku Ddembe (1689)

Wadde nga kyali kisinga kukwata ku bufuzi bwa bakabaka era n'obw'Olukiiko lw'ensi enfuumu lw'eggwanga, mu Lungereza Lufulumya olufuluma lwalina enteekateeka eziwagira eddembe ly'obuntu okusobola okukolagana n'abamenyi b'amateeka. Akatundu 10 kaavumirira “empaka ekyetaagisa okusasula abantu abakoleddwa mu misango nga bawanyisiddwa enzijalabudde oba ebisuubizo ebibagwanaamu ssente n'okusasula ssente omuntu omu n'abantu abamu nga tannatongozebwa.” Era, Bill eyagiwandiisanga ebiwandiiko eby'enkomerero yakkirizibwako okulaga nti abo abaali bateekeddwa okusabira kabaka era n'okugaana ‘ ekibonerezo eky'enjawulo.” Abeekenneenya eby'amateeka batera okusonga obugerekeberezebwa nga banna bannaawerebwa, nga mw'akajulizi.

Ekiwandiiko eky’omukaaga ekitongozeddwa ku Ssande lya Amerika (1791)

Olukalala olw'omukaaga lwe luwa obukakafu obw'enkomeredde obwa nnamaddala obw'okutuukirira abajulizi mu nsi y'Olungereza. Luwa olugamba: “Mu kuwaabirwa kwonna okw'amateeka, omuwayirwa ajja kufuna obweyamo obwa ddyo . Ekiragiro kino kikwata ku gavumenti y'ensi, era okuyitira mu kiragiro eky'ebiwandiiko 144 eky'Emperamyamyad'Enkambi ya Claus, kiteekeddwawo okukitabaganya n'amasaza (okulaba [[[FL:0]] Pointer v. Texas, 380. U.[65]). Kkooti ey'okugo mu kifo ekya waggulu kinnyonnyonnyonnyolebwa, kinnyonnyonnyoleddwa bulungi: [FLD [FF] era nga n'ekimuvuuzi ekizuuliddwamu ekyo ekizuuliddwamu.[4][4][4]

Okumanyibwa mu Nsi Yonna

Eddembe ly'okutuukirira abo abawaayiriza teriri mu Amereka yokka. Gavumenti ez'enjawulo zikkirizibwa mu masaza nga zigattika ezo ez'omu United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, ne Bulaaya. International Paratinant on Civil and Political Rights (ICPR)[FL:1], Akaawumba 14(3), (e), kakakasa abajulizi “okukebereberye, oba okwekebeesa, era n'okufuna abajulizi ku bujulizi ku ludda olumu mu mbeera y'emu.” [[FLT:], Olukiiko lw'empeerengo (EN) ku ddembe lya abantu [FLT)[FL:3], olukalala mu bujulizi obutuufu, olumu olumu olusobola okukebera oba okukebera ebitongole ebiwandisibwa mu mawanga eby'ensi yonna. Kyokka, endagaano olw'ensonga ennywevu, olwo lwokkaakula mu mateeka olw'omukibwa mu ngeri ey'enjawulo.

Amakulu agaliwo mu Kiseera Kino

Leero, eddembe ery'okunenya abo ababa babawaayiriza likyali kintu kikulu nnyo mu nkola z'amateeka okwetooloola ensi yonna. Bisobozesa promostal okwetegereza engeri abajulizi gye beeyisaamu, okwanika obujulizi obw'obulimba okuyitira mu musalaasa. Era buwagira obujulizi obw'obulimba n'obukyamu bw'oyo avunaanibwa okusobola okwerwanako. Awatali kuteesa, okukeberebwa ku kkooti kuyinza okubaamu omusango gwa nnanga avunaanibwa so si buwaabi.

Mu Amerika, okugaana mu kunoonyereza kwa Claus y'emu ku njigiriza enkulu ennyo. [[FLT:][0][FLT]], obujulizi buteekwa okwawulawo wakati wa “kampala” ne“atali mujulirwa. Ebigambo. Bitwalibwa nga okubuuliriza kwa poliisi, affidavits, ne mu kusooka okukemebwa. [FON], ebigambo ebijuliziddwa mu bya mukwano, ebitegekeddwa ku bigendererwa ebya bulijjo, tebikontana na mateeka. [F][200][5]

Eddembe era lirina amakulu agayamba mu mateeka agaliwo mu kiseera kino. Amateeka agakwata ku mateeka aga bulijjo gategekebwa okuziyiza abalamuzi okwesigama ku mpandiika eza balamuzi ezitannaba kukeberebwa. Ensonga ereetaagibwa ziwa obulambe obw'okweyongerayo obutuufu, obujulizi busobole okusobozesa omusaze okukubawulibwawo. Mu mateeka, wadde eddembe erya bulijjo okubunaawula liyinza obutategeerekeka bulungi, abawaayiriziddwa balina obuyinza okububuuza ebibuuzo okuyitira mu mulamuzi oba butereevu, era n'obujulizi obubuleetawo okuwakanya obujulizi obwa nnamba.

Ebizibu n’Okweraliikirira

Okukwata Ebirungi mu Ngeri Etagudde Lubege

Wadde nga kikulu nnyo, eddembe ly'okutuukirira abajulizi si lya nkomeredde. Ssaze zirina okugasa mu ngeri ennuŋŋamu ku bintu ebirala ebikakasibwa, gamba ng'okukuuma abajulizi (abaana, abo ababa bakoseddwa obusago, abantu abalina obulema mu birowoozo), okukuuma obukuumi bw'eggwanga era n'okukakasa obukuumi bw'abajulizi abatya okwesasuza. Amagatte mangi gakozese enkola ez'enjawulo okusobozesa abajulizi okuwa obujulirwa nga bafunvuuniddwa ku ttivi oba vidiyo ebifissiddwa, kasita omuwayiti bw'agibwa asigazza omukisa gwa mu muwandikibwawo [FLCUL:]. [[FLT], U.[FLT]][1990].

Ebigambo Ebiteetaagisa era Ebiba Bikyamu

Wabula, okusinziira ku mateeka ga lusatu, nga biringa ebirangibwa ku kufa, ebigambo ebinyuma, n'ebigambo ebivumirira, nga", biyinza okusobozesa okutandikawo ebigambo ebikakasa obujulizi obutabuwanyisibwa singa a declarant tabufuna. Kyokka, post , kkooti z'etaagisa abajulizi okulaga nti omujulizi taliiko kye yakola era nti omuwawaabiro alina omukisa ogwasooka okusalako obujulizi obw'okuvaako talinamu. [[FLT:][FLT:] [FFLT]]] [FLT:] Kino kitegeeza nti omuwabuzi alemedde omujulizi aleme okutegeeza nti obujulizi tebuyinza okukkirizibwa. Ekyo kiragibwa mu mateeka. Ekyo kimanyiddwa mu mateeka. [FFFT], [5], California 35],[200], , obujulizimu okukima okukima okugaana obujulizitoosebwa mujulizito.[5]

Obukuumi bw’Eggwanga n’Obujulizi Obw’Emitendera

Mu nsonga ezizingiramu bannalukalala, bannalukalala, oba ensonga endala ezitwalibwa ng'enneekusifu, gavumenti emirundi egimu zigezaako okwesiga obujulizi obutasobola kumanyibwa mu bujjuvu mu muwawaabi. Kino kireetawo okukaluubirizibwa okutuufu. Amawanga mangi gakoze enkola ez'enjawulo ez'okuwagira oba okusiiga obukwakulizo (gw'ensonga) nga galaga nti, obuvunaanyizibwa bw'eggwanga bukkirizibwa mu Bungereza, era nga buno bwe busobola okugonjoolereza obutuufu; era nga n'okukozesa obujulizi obw'ekyamako nga tebwesembye mu ku nsonga 6 eza ECH. Kyokka, entegeka z'eddembe ly'abantu zivumirira enkola ng'okussa obutuufu okusoonoona emitindo gy'okwate. Kkootikko kya Bulaaweefube eky'ensonga ez'eggwanga kikkiriza eddembe lya ggwanga okukkirizibwa.

Emyaka gy’Okukuba Emikutu gya Mirimu n’Obutamanyiddwa

Bannassaayansi bangi basobodde okuleetera abantu bangi obutamanya nti obujulizi obwogerwako oba obwawule bukyamu.

fundikira

Eddembe ly'okusisinkana abo abatulumiriza lirina ensibuko ya byafaayo, okuva mu Bungereza mu kiseera eky'edda n'okudda mu mateeka ag'ensi yonna. Olugendo lwayo lulaga nti abantu baagala obwenkanya, okulabira ddala, n'okukuuma eddembe lyabwe. Wadde nga lilongooseddwa era nga likendedde ku bizibu ebibakwatako, lisigala nga likuumibwa obutateefugibwa bukakafu obw'enkukunala. Enkola y'eby'amateeka bw'egenda egenda efuuka enkomyamyanya, tekinologiya empya, n'obujulizi obupya obw'enjjulukunyuma, obutuufu obutuufu bukyeyongera okulaga obwenkanya. Kkooti, abakwakkufu n'abakujjuzi b'ensonga endala ziteekwa okweyongera okutuuka ku kigendererwa kyayo nga bituuka ku kigendererwa eky'okuwo mu ku kugezesebwa.