Ekisibo kya Claus eky’Olubeerera

Ekipande kino ekisangibwa mu Kitundu 1 ku by'empeerezaamu 14 mu Amerika kirimu etteeka ekkulu ennyo erifuga Amereka. Liragira nti tewali ggwanga lirina “kugoberera muntu yenna alifuga okukuuma amateeka nga bwe gandigateereddewo." Ekiragiro kino eky'amaanyi era eky'amaanyi kibadde kikozesebwa ng'ekitongole ekikkirizibwa mu ggwanga okutuukiriza ekisuubizo kyalyo eky'okwenkanankanankana. Okuva nga limaze okumenya etteeka Jim Crow ek'okugatta ku buli muntu yenna mu buyinza bwe kirimu, ek'okusosokereza mu mateeka. Okutegeera ensibuko yaago, enjigiriza ez'enzikiriza ez'enzikiriza, n'okunoonyereza ku nsonga za Amerika, nakyo kye kisinziddeko omuntu yenna agezaako okutegeera ekisuubizo kyalyo.

Ensibuko y’Ebyafaayo: Okuzza Obuggya n’Okutandikawo kw’Ekisuubizo

Actal Protection Claus yazaalibwa mu 1868. Ekiragiro kino kyakolebwa mu kifo kya ssematalo ow'omunda. Ekitongole eky'ekkumi n'ena eky'okukyusa kyayisibwa mu nteekateeka eyadda mu nkyukakyuka eyakolebwa okugatta abantu abaali abaddu mu ttwale lya Amerika. Ekiragiro kino kyalaga nti amateeka gaagooleka gavumenti z'omu South South America agaakugira nnyo eddembe ly'abantu b'omu Afirika, ne gabawaliriza okukola endagaano ez'emirimu, ne gateekako eddembe lyabwe mu ntegeka z'enkola. Amateeka gaalagira bulungi nti okuggyawo obuddu (nga ku mu muteempewo eky'ekkumi n'okusatu) tegaatuukirizibwa.

Mu kiseera kya Reconstruct Era, Congress yayisawo ebikwasibwa okukakasiza ddala ebiwandiiko bino ebipya ebya tteeka lya ssemateeka, naye kkooti enkulu yasooka okunnyonnyola amakulu g'olukulu. Cases ez'Ennyumba (1873] [183]), kkooti yakugira olugendo olwatuuka ku nteekateeka y'oku Amereka eya 141 oba olugendo olwa Immunion Clausce, ne kiwaliriza abakkirizi nti buli omuteesi w'enkola y'enkola y'okutuuti oluwanvu n'esiteesi nga Classisse.

Okulyamu olukwe [[KIBE] .0] . Ferguson[[AK'AMUTANDIKA]

Nga wayiseewo amakumi g'emyaka oluvannyuma lw'okukomyawo kkooti ey'ekitongole kino, Empandika ey'okusiikiriza pulogulamu mu kisenge ekya Claus tewabaddewo. , kkooti enkulu yawagira etteeka lya Louisiana eryali ligaana abantu okusiiga empalibwa empanvu, ne litandikawo empandika z'abaguuyiye “zirimu naye nga zenkana” Enjigiriza. Kkooti eyo yagamba nti, mu butuufu, ebifo ebyaweebwa abantu mu Afirika, kumpi tebyalaga nti obusokefu mu langi zonna zenkanankana.

[[NKUMENT:0] kitujjukiza nti ebiwandiiko eby'omu mateeka byokka tebisobola kukakasa kwenkanankanankana. Ensonga ezikwata ku lukalala lwa masaza tezisobola kutuukirizibwa. Ennyiriri tezirina kye ziyinza kukola okusaawo; kyali kyetaagisa abalamuzi ab'etegese okuziwandiisamu mu ebyo bye balina. Obwetegefu obwo tebwandibadde bwa makulu okusobola okuziteeka mu bigibalibwamu okutuusa mu kyasa ekyakumi eky'amakumi abiri nga kyakaseera, olukulembeze bwe luba nga lwa 'naCP' empandika y'amateeka bwe lwakomenti eya NACP'edefiedfied Fution'.

Emisango Egikwata ku Kkooti Esingira Ddala Obukulu: Ntandise Okwenkanankana

Ebyafaayo eby'omu kiseera kyaffe ebikwata ku Aumetic Protection Claus bitegeezebwa bulungi okuyitira mu biwandiiko ebinnyonnyola engeri gye bifaananamu. okusalawo kuno kwakyusa ebigambo okuva ku bbaluwa eyabulako katono okufu okufuuka eky'okukozesa eky'amaanyi okusosolwa.

[[Akawayiro:0][Akawulubu' v.Gooti ey'Essomero[[:1] (1954)

Mu kusalawo okulala okumanyiddwa ennyo mu byafaayo bya Amereka, [FLT] Kino kyategeeza nti mu masomero ga gavumenti, enjawukana zisobola okubaamu okussaawo enjawukana mu langi. Omulamuzi Omukulu Earl Warren yawandiika nti “ebifo eby'enjigiriza tebiri ku bukulu bwa nkalakkalira,” n'egaana [[FLT:] P [[FLT:][FLT][5] siko omusingi. Kkooti yavumbula nti obusosoze mu baana mu Afirika tebwava mu by'obugagga ebya bulijjo. [FLT:]BBB''''''''ak'ak'akireetera ebizikolo okuteekawo ekigo. Entegeka y'enkulwanyisa y'enkalakkalira yavumbula nti abaana mu Amerekawo n'enkola y'enkola y'enkola y'enkola y'enkola y'enkola y'enkumbo ezigo. [FLD:6][FFLT][5][F][5][

Enkulaakulana mu Ssaayansi

Oluvannyuma [[NKULULA][[NKULA]], Kkooti yakola olukalala olwandikulembedde okusobola okwekenneenya bye ziraga nti bye bituukagana. Kino kiraga bulungi enkola etteeka gye lisobola okukozesa nga lisinziira ku ndagabuto ezaalyo (mu ngeri eno, langi, ekikula, ekikula eky'okwetaba).

  • [[Act:0]Scurity Scrutiny: Yawulirwa mu kulonda enkalala ezeesigamiziddwa ku langi, ensibuko y'eggwanga, n'enkyukakyuka. Amateeka gateekwa okuba nga “gaategekebwa mangu” okutuukiriza ebbeeyi eya“ga b'obuyinza obusinga okubaamu." Lino lye tteeka erisinga okuba ery'obunene; teriba nago.
  • [[NKULA]] Entermetermeta Scurity: Kireetebwawo okulaga enkalala ezikwatagana n'ekika eky'ekika eky'ekika eky'ekikula n'eky'obuswalo. Amateeka gateekwa okuba nga gagendera ku “magatte agakulu”.” Kino kyasooka kukozesebwa mu [FLT]] Ciraig v. Boren[[[5], ekyaleetera abakazi okuwerebera wansi etteeka lya Oklama okugula 3.2% mu myaka 18 egy'okugwa mu banga abantu abaami.
  • [[NTANDIKO:0]] Obuwayiro obufuga engeri endala bulaga nti amateeka tegalina kakwate konna na malala. Amateeka galina akakwate n'ensonga ezikwatagana ne “gavumenti."

Ensonga Endala enkulu: Okwetaba, Obufumbo, n’Okweteganya

[[NKULA:0][[NKULA][[FLL:1]] . Kino kitera okwogerwako ng'ensonga ey'ekyama, naye abasinga obungi baalowooza nti [[[[FLT:]]] era ne boogera ku nsonga ezikwata ku bakazi. [FLT]] [[7]] Kino kitegeeza nti, ofell v. Hodges[[FLT:] [[5]] ([FLT:]]], Kkooseera kikakasa nti Amateeka agafuga obuterekebwa obwa ddyo okufumbiriganwa. [19] Kino kyaleetera endowooza y'okufumbiriganwa okwawukana mu ngeri y'okufuga oba okugatta.][10]

Omusango omulala ogw'amaanyi gwegwo [[[NKULULA][[FLT]] v. Virginia [1996]][[Kkooti ya '[FLT'] gye yakutulako Kkooti y'ewatuuti ey'omu Virginia Military Institute'okutongozaamu abasajja bokka. Kkooti eyo eraga nti okunoonyereza okwakolebwa ku nsonga kwalina kye kwakola okusobola okusobozesa obutuufu obwa bulijjo okukkirizibwa.

Okuwa Obuwagizi n’Okukuuma Abenkanankana ne Katonda

Ekikulu kwe kutandikibwawo kw'enjigiriza ey'ekika kya 'Fold Protection Claus' eri gavumenti. Ekiragiro mu nnukuta enkulu kikwata ku gavumenti mu lwatu . Naye, kkooti enkulu ekkiriza nti okugattika okw'okutaano okugattika enkola ya Claus kuyinza okuba n'obukuumi bwe bumu.] Bolling v. [ [1954]], kyenkanankanankana n'olunaku , olulina okusalawo olunaku lwe lumu nga [[[FLT:]], olugwa mu kkooti enzigibwa mu disitulikiti ya Columbia ng'ekozesa endowooza eno. Bwe kityo, gavumenti ekola ku nsonga eyo, gavumenti ekola omutiibwamu.

Obutebenkevu n’Emibuvu Ebigenda Bigaziwa

Ekitabo ekiyitibwa Auncial Protection Claus kikyavaamu okukaayana okw’amaanyi ng’abantu bagonjoola ensonga ezikwata ku busosoze obw’engeri endala.

Ekikolwa eky’Okukakasa

Ebitundu ebifuga amateeka agenkana ag'okukuuma birimu okugattika okugaana, nga `[FLT' oba gavumenti etwala okusosoosagana ng'ekiva mu nkyukakyuka mu nkalala za yunivasite oba mu ngeri endala.[FLT]][1]] Ebitundu ebigendera ku yunivasite y'e California. Bakke[[[[FLT:]][2]][FLT]][FLT][FF:] [FFF:]] [kawulu [-'akawukawuka] [[6]] [kawu, olukyayinza okukiikibwamu:][200][200][5], naye nga mu ngeri eno eyinza okukifuulamu ku nkyukakyuka.[10], ebibaliraawulu okikoze mu n'ensonga ezisingako: [FF][10][3]

Obutategeeragana mu Buwangwa n’Eby’Enjawulo

Ekiragiro kino era kireeseewo okusoomooza okw'amaanyi ku mateeka agakwata ku kulonda. Kkooti esinga obukulu era ekozesezza obukuumi bwe bumu okutta aba langi abangi. Ekiragiro kino kifuga ennyiriri eza disiturikiti okukendeeza ku maanyi g'okulonda agasinga obunene ([FL:1]]]SHV. [3] era [[FLT:][5]][FLT]][Alavialitis Leagitive Clate dematic v.[FLT][FL:]][FLT][FLT][FLT]][5], ekiwandikiro ekireeteecesezza ekirengo ekyo, ekiyinza okukireetera okulondawo olukalala oba okulonda oba okulonda mu n'okulonda mu ngeri eyo.[10][10][3][3]

LGBTQ+ Entegeka Esingawo ku Mufumbo

Wadde kyeyoleka bulungi nga watuusewo okwenkanankana mu bufumbo, engeri endala ez'okusosola ku LGBTQ+ abantu nga bakyawakanyizibwa. Macateshop v. Colorado Leagration Rights (2088])], kkooti yakkiriza omufumbi w'emigaati eyagaana okukola keekijjulo ky' embaga okugattirawo abafumbo, naye ennyirizo y'ababigatti, naye n'ebagirwa ku nzikiriza y'enzikiriza y'omubibiina. Kkooti ekkomera esalawo obanga nga y'ekyamatabi gaakula oba nga gaazesezza ebiziina ebizimbulukuse. Ekko kisalawo oba nga mu n'okukkulanyanisa ensonga ya Blaase.

Obwenkanya n’Eby’Eby’Eby’Enfuna Ebitenkanika

Empawa ezikwata ku kwekuuma zenkana zireetebwawo okusinziira ku nkola y'obwenkanya obuva ku nkola y'amateeka ey'okuleetawo enkyukakyuka. Abakugu bawakanya enkola eno era ne basalira abantu omusango ogw'enjawulo. Kyokka, kkooti enkulu ebadde tessa kitiibwa mu kunoonyereza ku ntegeka z'eby'obugagga, ne kiviirako ebbeeyi y'eby'enfuna okuteesigamya obunene bw'eby'enfuna. Abo abawagira emitindo gy'eby'enfuna okusobola okugonjoola ensonga.

Obuguwa bwa Doctrina: Engeri gye Tuyinza Okukuumamu Abantu mu Ngeri Egenkana

Okusobola okutegeera engeri kkooti gye zitwalamu obukuumi obw'engeri zonna, kiba kirungi okuyita mu nkalala z'amateeka agasoomooza, akakiiko akalina okusooka okulaga nti etteeka lisinziza abantu mu ngeri emu oba endala.

Ekiragiro bwe kiba nga kyategese “ekibiina” oba nga kyava ku ggwanga erimu, kibayamba okukebera ebifa ku“basociation oba days" oba okukikozesa nga kipimye. Ebifo bino bwe bibaako akawayiro aka '-', 'ekitundu' oba ekibiina kya bannaawerinto', bwe bibaako akawayiro akalaga nti ekika kya nukuta,'''eb'ewandiikibwa kiddamu kikebera. Obungi obwo bwonna businziira ku ndala y'ekika kya“quasi-suunitsce'. ”

Abalala bagamba nti okusala omusango kusinziira ku kika ki ekiba kigwana obukuumi, era nti tewabaawo kusosola kwa maanyi wakati w'ebika by'abantu abali mu mabbali.

Endowooza Abantu mu Nsi Yonna Gye Balina ku Bukuumi Obwenkanankana

Ekiragiro kino kikakasa nti ekitongole kya Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms kiwa eddembe ery'enyogereko era nti ekiwandiiko ky'amateeka ga South Africa ekiyitibwa Bill of Rights, Constitution kyalina emitindo egitafaanagana, nga mw'otwalidde n'emitindo egikwata ku langi, obukaba, obukaba, obuwangwa, obuwangwa, obuwangwa, eddiini, eddiini, eddiini, enzikiriza, obuwangwa, n'enkola z'obuwangwa, n'enkola z'abantu mu South Africa era nga biwandisizza obukuutivu mu ngeri ez'enjawulo ez'okwenkanya obusosoze, nga mw'eva n'ebifaananyi eby'obusosoze ebyawukana ku langi, obugatta, obuzaayinja, obutuufu, langi, obuva mu langi, enfu, enfu, enfu, ssaako n'okuzaalibwa.

Kkooti ez'ensi yonna, gamba nga European Court of Human Rights, nazo zimeggana n'ensonga ez'enjawulo ezikwata ku bukuumi wansi w'Akatundu 14 ak'Ekkomera lya European Convention on Human Rights. Okugeraageranya amateeka agafuga enfuga n'erina kye gayinza okutegeeza ku ngeri enjawukana ezibaawo mu nkola z'amateeka ezikwata ku kwenkanankanankanankana n'emitindo emirala, gamba ng'eddembe ly'eddiini oba enzikkiriza enkola y'obufuzi.

Obuzibu n’Okuvumirira

Wadde nga kirimu ekifo ekikulu ennyo, ekitongole eky'ekika kya FOM kye kiwandikiro. Ekitongole ekimu eky'omu mateeka kiwandikidwa . Ekitongole kino kirina ekifo eky'enjawulo mu nteekateeka ya gavumenti so si mu ngeri gye kisosolamu obwa nnannyini ku bantu. Kino kitegeeza nti singa tewali muteeyisa mu ngeri ey'enjawulo, abantu tebayinza kuba na mateeka ga kunenya mukama waabwe, nnyini fayiro oba bizineesi. Kkooti ekkiriza obutundutundu ne bwenkana wa gavumenti w'eba nga tewandikiddwa muwandikiro ne bannazo ne bafuuka bannakyewaazo, naye nga kino kitegeeza nti tewali mateeka gayinza kuba na buyinza kukolagana na mukozesa, nnyini, oba bizineesi eziba zaawula. Kkootikko ekkiriza obutundutundutundutundu ne bwe kiba nga kya b'obutundutundutundutundutundutundu obwa bulijjo.

Abalamuzi abamu ab'edda bagamba nti abalamuzi ab'edda bassawo endowooza egamba nti okusala obusosoze mu langi ne mu by'okwetaba biremesezza obusosoze mu langi ez'enjawulo, so si okusosola okwesigamiziddwa ku kwegatta, endowooza endala. Endowooza eno eyinza okukendeeza ku ngeri enjogera ku mateeka gye gamu. Kyokka, abeekenneenya b'amateeka bangi n'abalamuzi bakkiriza “Amateeka agakola nga gaagala obwannannyini”, nga bawakanya nti olulimi olugazi olw'obukuumi kwenkanankanankanankana lukkiriza obusosoze mu by'okwetaba okusobozesa abantu okuwerezebwa mu ngeri empya ez'obutali bwenkanya.

Ku nkomerero, ebigambo by'olukalala biwayiriziddwa olw'obusobozi bwabyo [. Kkooti ne bw'efuna obukyayi bwe bumu, okukola ekiyinza okugonjoolebwa kiyinza okuvaamu obuzibu. Ng'ekyokulabirako, oluvannyuma , ejjulula amateeka gaayo gaalwawo mpolampola ne beera nga emirundi mingi gaziyizibwa. Gye buvuddeko awo, kkooti zigezezzaako okugonjoola obutakkaanya bw'ebiwayi by'ebiwayi by'enjjulukuula by'enjjulukuuzi n'eby'amateeka nga zikozesa enzivvuunuzi ebiyinza okuko, ebireetebwa obutereevu n'okuzza obujulizi obwa bulijjo.

Ekirala: Omulimu Ogutaali gwa Kitundu

Enkola egwirizana ku ngeri gye kiyinza okukozesebwamu mu kugonjoola obutategeeragana wakati wa Claus ne Claus. Olulimi lwayo lwangu, naye era lukwata ku bingi. Okuva ku bulaluuzi obwa Black of Reconciliation okutuusa ku butaka obw'okukyokulabirako. Ekibuuzo kino kibadde kikozesebwa okuggyayo emitindo gy'empisa egya waggulu mu Amerika n'amateeka agafuga. Entalo ezo zireetedde abantu okuggyamu obuteekusifu, okulonda, n'okulonda abafaananyi, n'okukuuma ekitiibwa kya LGBTQ+. Kyokka omulimu guno tegumalirimalako. Wabula, obusosoze obw'enkola enfuze, n'ensonga ez'obutonde, n'okunnyonnyola ensonga ez'enjawulo ezizingirwamu mu kyasa ekya 20 ekisooka.

Amaanyi g'olukalala luno tegali mu bya kuddamu ebiteeseteese naye mu busobozi bwago obw'okukula mu mpisa. Justice Thur Good Marshall yasooka okuwandiika nti, “Etteeka terigaana kukozesa langi ez'enjawulo; ligaana entegeka ez'enjawulo mu langi okusobola okukuuma obusosoze mu langi.” Enjawulo eyo wakati wa kwenkanankana wakati w'obwenkanya n'obwenkanya ng'obwenkanya obuba nga obwenkanya obuvaako obukulembedde obuba nga obukulembedde obukulembedde. Abatuuze, abakkuuti, n'abalamuzi balina okubeera obulindaala okusobola okukakasa nti abantu bonna abali mu ggwanga erya United States bali mu bweyagala.

[[NKUMBO:0] Bw'obanga oyagala okwongera okusoma, kebera [[[NKULU:1] Conctnell Information Istitution project ereetebwawo eki'empandika y'eby'ebiwandiiko by'amateeka [, project ekuŋŋaanya emisango gya kkooti esinga obukulu[[, ne [FLT]][FLT]]