Okutandika Okukoowa

Omusingi ogukwata ku kabi ak'emirundi ebiri gusingirwa ku mateeka agakugira abantu okusalirwa omusango oba okubonerezebwa emirundi egisukka mu gumu. Nga gusiigiddwa mu buwangwa obwa Rooma okutandikira ku mateeka g'Abangereza. Njiri eyo egendererwa okuziyiza gavumenti obutayisaamu muntu lukalala, okuyisa obubi amaanyi, n'okubonereza. Mu Amerika, obubenje obw'emirundi ebiri bukuumibwa n'empeera ku Mateeka agafuga amateeka, agagamba nti tewali muntu n'omu aliba ng'asaanidde okuvunaanibwa emirundi ebiri okulumiriza omuntu, okutaanyizibwa obulamu bwe oba okubonerezebwa ku mubiri. Kino tekitegeeza bukwasiddwako bubonero bwa gavumenti ey'ensonga, ey'enkomererooka, era n'eddembe ery'abantu kinnoomu mu nteekateeka y'amateeka.

Ku nsonga enkulu, okufiirwa okw'emirundi ebiri, kukakasa nti omuntu bw'aggibwako omusango oba n'asalirwa omusango, gavumenti teyinza kugoberera muwaabirwa ow'okubiri olw'ensonga ze zimu ze zimu. Kino kiziyiza gavumenti okukozesa eby'obugagga byayo eby'amaanyi okukoowa omuwawaabi, okusiikiriza omugugu gwe, oba okusala omusango ogw'emirundi ebiri. Okutegeera obunene bw'ekigero, ekkomo, n'obuzibu obw'emirundi ebiri, kikulu eri abayizi, abakugunja mu mateeka, era n'omuntu yenna ayagala okukola omulimu gw'omusango. Ekitundu kino kikebera ebikugirwa mu nsonga enkulu, okuggyako ebiwandiiko eby'enjawulo, n'ensonga ez'emirundi ebiri ezizingirwamu okusobola okukuuma omusango ogwo ogumenyeddwawo.

Okutegeera Obunafu obw’Enjawulo

Endowooza ey'okussa obulamu mu kabi ak'emirundi ebiri yasibuka ku byafaayo. Mu Asene ey'edda, omusingi gwagaana okulumiriza omuntu oluvannyuma lw'okumuwaayiriza. Amateeka g'omu Bungereza gaateekawo okusaba kwa autirixis (yali teriiko kiwandikiro) era assiriss [[FUT]] assissission [[[FULT]]]ssssssty inference] (yakwakwaze] era n'omuntu yenna [[FLT]] ajja kubaako ensonga ez'omubiri ez'okufiirwa obulamu oba ennyingo). [5][5][5]

Jeopardy "attardy" ku nsonga eyogerwako mu kkooti. Okusala omusango, okugwa mu kabi nga gulayiddwa; mu kusaliriza olukalala, kukwata ku kkooti bwe yabanga atandise okuwulira obujulizi. Akabenje bwe kagatta ku kkooti, omuwawaabi afuna obukuumi obwa nnamaddala obwa Zeopardy Claus. Singa omusango gukoma mu kusiba omusango (ekibonerezo eky'obutabaako musango) oba nga tewannazza musango, gavumenti teyinza kuddamu kulumiriza oyo avunaanibwa olw'ekibi kye kimu, ate nga tewaliwo musingi bwe guli. Obukuumi obwo era busobozesa ekibonerezo ekiweramu: gavumenti teyinza kuzza musango gwe gumu singa akakiiko akategese tteeka akavunaanibwa.

Obukuumi Obukulu Obuweebwa olw’Okugwa mu Kabi

  • [[AKMENT:0] Kino kiyamba mu kuziyiza okupikiriza abantu omusango. Gavumenti bw'emala okuvunaanibwa oba okuvunaanibwa, tesobola kutongoza mulala musango gwe gumu ne bwe kiba nti waliwo obukakafu obuppya. Kino kiwandikidwa era ne kiziyiza gavumenti okuva ku "producance" mu lukiiko olulungi olw'abalamuzi.
  • [[AK'AMUTANDIKA]] Ekifuga okubonerezebwa okwawukana olw'ensobi emu.[[FULT:1] Ekisobyo kya Claus kisigira okubonereza abantu abasukka mu emu olw'ekibi kimu, okuggyako nga akakiiko akafuzi ka kakkiriza okugatta ekibonerezo ekiba kiragiddwa mu mateeka ag'enjawulo.
  • [[AKMENTI] Obukuumi mu mitendera egy'enjawulo egy'omu mateeka. Akabenje tekakola mu kusalirako omuwagizi omusango oba mu kusalirawo omuntu ebimwogerwako ebisooka kyokka, naye era kayinza n'okudda mu kunoonyereza oluvannyuma lw'okunoonyereza ensobi. Ng'ekyokulabirako, singa obujulizi busaze busangibwa olw'obujulizi obw'enjawulo obw'ennaku en'ennamba, gavumenti tesobola kukebera muwandiike olw'okubiri kubanga ekyo kiba kya bulijjo kugezaako okusazaamu omuntu oyo agiggyeemu.
  • Enjigiriza ey'okulabirako estopel mu nsonga z'abazzi b'amateeka. Enjigiriza ya counteral estoppel (isumululwa nga yaakafuuka kiragiro) ereetawo obubenje obw'emirundi ebiri. Singa ekiragiro kibulako akawayiro akaddawo, ensonga eyinza obutaddamu kutwalibwa mu kkooti eyo olw'ensonga ez'enjawulo. Kino kyayigibwa mu [FLT][FLT]] Asche v.[FLT:][12]]

Obukuumi buno bukakasa nti abawayirwa tebavunaanibwa enfunda n'enfunda olw'enneeyisa y'emu, eyandinyaze era n'okuyonoona ebintu ebikola ku musango.

Ebisobe ne by'empandika

Wadde nga okuteeka obulamu mu kabi emirundi ebiri kuyinza okusobozesa omuntu okufuna obukuumi obwenkanidde awo, enjigiriza eyo terina kkomo.

Enjigiriza y’Obufuzi Obumu

Ekyetaagisibwa ekisingayo obukulu ye njigiriza ey'obufuzi obw'emirundi ebiri. Wansi w'omusingi guno, enfuga ez'enjawulo nga gavumenti y'ensi n'ebitundu, oba gavumenti bbiri ez'enjawulo, “‘ buli gavumenti esobola okulumiriza omuntu omu olw'ekikolwa kye kimu singa ekikolebwa kimenya amateeka ga bannaakyewa bombi. Ng'ekyokulabirako, singa omuntu abba banka nga eweereddwa obukwasiddwawo gavumenti, gavumenti eyinza okusala banka, ne gavumenti eyinza okuvunaana obubbibwa obubangi obw'enkujjuzi. Kkooti n'ebbo y'emu, singa ekikolwa ekyo kimenya amateeka ga gavumenti eyo gimenya amateeka ago, naye nga gye buvuddeko awo, olukumbo olusinga okugobeewala ennyo enjigiriza eyo egoberera obuteego bwonna. GGGGGitchul v.[FL:2][FF:2]][209]].[FFFG]]]

Obuzibu era Okwoleka Obwetaavu

Singa omusango gukomezebwa nga tewasalirwa lusawo olukyamu, okusaze okusinga okusazesebwa tekusobozesa kuddamu kukwatibwa. Kyokka, abo abawaabirwa bateekwa okulaga "bwetaaze" mu mannya amakyamu, nga bassessawo akakiiko akalondeddwa akaasalibwa akalondeddwa. oba enkola ey'obukyamu ekoleddwa omuwayitiddwa. Bwe kiba nti ensonga zajjawo lwaba tewaliddwawo bakko balamuzi oba olukiiko lw'omusango nga omuwayitiddwa agaanye, ensonga ziyinza okusazeerwa singa gavumenti yakola mu nzikiriza embi okukubiriza omuwayitidwa okutwalibwa mu bukyamu. Kino kyatandikibwawo mu [FLT][1].KD][2][2][2][2]

Ab’Okusalira Omusango

Mu mbeera ntono, gavumenti eyinza okusasuza olukalala lw'okukugirwa nga tannaweebwa musango oba olukalala olw'omusango olw'okuva ku nkomerero n'evaamu obutakkirizibwa. Singa omuwawawawa afuna obwekwase kudda ku buwambe era ensonga n'eddamu okusasibwa, singa wabaawo obuzibu bwa mirundi ebiri, tewabaawo kuba kuddamu kunoonyereza kudda kudda kudda kudda kudda kudda kudda kudda mu nkola, olwo obujulizi ne bwe buba nga bwesigamye ku bukakafu obumala, obulinga obugamba nti omuntu aggiddwako omusango ne bweguwambiddwa, obugamba nti, ekyo bwe butyo busobola okukkirizibwa okuddamu okukimalirizibwa.

Ekintu Kye kimu (heamburger)

Mu kkooti, muyinza okukozesa ekigambo ekitegeeza nti “teeromenti . ”

Okutulugunyizibwa n’Obumenyi bw’Amateeka

Empalana y'ekitongole kino ekola ku kubonereza abaana nga bamenyi b'amateeka kyokka. Gavumenti eyinza okukaka abantu okufeebezebwa oba okubonerezebwa olw'engeri y'okutulugunyaamu abamenyi b'amateeka, kasita okukolebwa kwa bantu tekuba nga batwalibwa ng'abamenyi b'amateeka. Kkooti enkulu mu [FLD][1] [United States] v. Ursery [1966] [[FLT:]]

Obulwadde Obuleetera Omuze Ogutaali mu Nsawo Kumenya

Blockburger v. United States (1932)

Mu [[NKULA:0] stamburg v. United States[FLT]], kkooti enkulu yatangaaza ku "sokooto" nga kisigala nga kiragiddwa mu mutindo gwa leero. Omuwayitirwa yasalibwa omusango ogw'okutunda ebiragiro eby'enjawulo ebibiri ebyeyambisibwa mu kutunda kimu. Kkooti eyo yakkiriza nti singa etteeka ly'ensirimu liba nga lirina obujulizi obulaga nti omuntu omulala talina, ensonga ze zaawulibwawo era nga zisobola okubonerezebwa mu ngeri enkumbo. Ebizingirwamu bisobola okukolebwako.

Ashe v. Sunson (1970)

Kkooti [[NT:0] Ashe v. Stenson yakakasa nti etteeka lya 'Yeopardy Claus' lizingiramu omusingi gwa compareal estoppel. Omuwawaabirwa yagezaako okubba omu ku bazannyi mukaaga ab'omu poker. Oluvannyuma lw'okutereka obujulizi olw'okulemererwa okumutegeera, gavumenti yamugezesa okubba mu muzannyo ogw'enjawulo mu mu kiseera kye kimu. Kkooti Ekkooti ey'oku nti, Asterective yasalawo nti teri omu ku banyaze ne Poli nga yaakasonga ku mulundi ogw'okubiri. Ekiragiro kino kyayongera nkuumi w'okwewala okumalirira mu nsonga ezaawula ku nsonga ezaasooka.

Benton v. Maryland (1969)

[[NT:0] Benton v. Maryland yateekamu ebigambo ebitegeeza nti, Jeopardy Claus bikontana n'amateeka okuyitira mu nteekateeka ey'oku Amereka ey'ekika kya 144th Claus. Mu nsonga eno, okusobola okugonjoola ensonga, waaliwo obukuusibwa bw'emirundi ebiri obw'enjawulo okuva ku ggwanga erin'eggwanga. Kkooti yagamba nti olukalala luno lukulu nnyo olw'ensonga z'eggwanga lya Amerika era nti lukwata ku ku kuyisa ebimenyetso. Ekiragiro kino kikakasa nti enkola ya gavumenti esobola okuwa obukuumi obwa n'obuzzi bw'abawazezza emisango egy'omu mateeka.

DiFrancesco (1980) y’omu Amerika okugeraageranyizibwa ku Amerika

Mu [[NKULA], DISIRASco, kkooti enkulu yayogera ku nsonga y'ekibonerezo ekyawerebwa ku muwawaatwa gwa gavumenti. Kkooti yagamba nti gavumenti teyinza kuyisa tteeka nga gavumenti singa etteeka erikkiriza okujulira ligikkiriza, kasita abawaayitiddwa baba tebannafuna "obujulizi obw'enkomerero" mu tteeka. Kino kikkiriza ekibonerezo okugazibwamu oluvannyuma lw'okuyisa obujulizi oba okusa tteeka nga terikkiriza kuddamu kuvunaanibwa.

Engeri obwenkanya gye Bukolamu Okukosebwa okw’Ebibiina

Mu kiseera abakwasisa amateeka n'abawaabi b'oludda oluwaabi lwe balagira ebintu bingi, era nga n'ab'obuyinza bamala okusala omusango, kiba kirungi omuntu okumalirizibwa nga tannaggibwako musango. Enjigiriza eno era ewaliriza gavumenti okuwa ensonga zaayo ezisinga obulungi nga ziwozesebwa, okusobozesa abantu okukola obulungi n'okutuukiriza obulungi emirimu gyabwe. Awatali kusiba mutawaana emirundi ebiri, abawaabi bandisobodde okukozesa okupikiriza okw'amaanyi, okugoba abawandiisi oba amateeka agamenyesa obujulizi.

Kyokka, okusoomooza okuliwo mu kiseera kino kugezesezza ebiruubirirwa bya Claus. Abakugu mu by'obufuzi baleetawo ebibuuzo nga DNA bwewa obukakafu obw'enjawulo ku abo abawayiriza olw'okuba tebalina musango. Kyokka, mu kiseera kino, kkooti enkulu bakkiriza nti okuzuula akabi ak'emirundi ebiri oluvannyuma lw'okuteebwa ne bwe kiba nga kyazuulibwa nti bujulizi buppya. Abakuutivuwawawa bano bagamba nti kino kiyinza okusobozesa abantu ab'omusango okuteebwa, naye nti okusasula ebbeesaawo okusasula ekigenda mu maaso kweyongera obunene, era nti enkola y'obufuzi obw'emirundi ebiri teyinza kumalibwawo ddala. Ate era, obufuzi obw'emirundi ebiri bukyayinza okuziyizibwa okubuggyawo, naddala mu nsonga ezikwata ku nsonga z'ekikolwa kye kimu, gamba ng'obukujjufu mu gavumenti oba okumenya amateeka. Abawaayinja abamenyi b'emisango ng'emisango giyinza okutwalibwa mu ngeri ey'emirundi ebiri.

Ekirala ekiva mu kusasula ebisale bya gavumenti. Omuntu bw'amala okuggibwako omusango, gavumenti eyinza okuggyako ebintu ebitwalibwa okuba nga bikwataganyizibwa n'ebikolwa by'abamenyi b'amateeka. Kino kiviirako omumenyi w'amateeka okuvunaanibwa omusango nga yaakaggibwa ku lukumbo. Kkooti enkulu ekkirizza enkola eno, naye gavumenti zigenda zeyongera okuzza obuwere mu mateeka agatakkirizibwa okuzza omusango nga tegannakwatibwa.

Mu ngeri eyo, obuteekusifu bw'empaka ez'emirundi ebiri bukola ng'okwekebejja obuyinza obubaawo mu kkooti n'ewa buli muntu kinnoomu eddembe. Kibamu omusingi nti eggwanga terisaanidde kukkirizibwa kuyisa bubi batuuze mu kugezesebwa enfunda n'enfunda. Abayizi n'abakugu mu by'amateeka, nga bategeera bye balina okukuuma n'ebirala. Enjigiriza eyo yeeyongera okukyuka nga kkooti bwe zigezaako okugonjoola ensonga empya, naye ekigendererwa kyayo ekikulu kwe kugamba, okuziyiza ekibonerezo era n'okuvunaanibwa emirundi ebiri olw'ensonga y'emu.

fundikira

Omusingi ogw'okussa obulamu mu kabi emirundi ebiri gukola kinene nnyo mu kukuuma abantu okuva ku bamenyi b'amateeka mu nsonga y'emu. Mu byasa bingi ebyasibuka mu bulombolombo obw'amateeka era ne biteekebwa mu Amereka eri'etteeka ery'okubiri, gukakasa obwenkanya, okumalirizibwa, n'okufuga kwa gavumenti. Enjigiriza eyo ekakasa obuyinza bwa gavumenti obw'enkumbo obuwera obuwerako. Nga bwe butali bwa mirundi ebiri, okusoosa obubiri, okubusuula, n'okugezesa obutonotono n'okugezesa obukyamu obusooka, n'okugezesa obusinga obutundu obubiri, okukebe nga [FLT:] obukebereberter [FLT], obutuufu, obusinga obungi, n'obujjanjabi obusinga okubusobozesa omuntu okutereeza embeera y'emu. Omuntu bw'omulalaavumula ensonga ezisinga okusobozesa okutereeza ensonga ez'omulala okubusobozesa okuzizza obutuufu.

Okumanya ebisingawo ku kabi ak'emirundi ebiri, kebera Enzijjuvu ey'enjigiriza ya Legitment Institute'ebitundu by'obutonyeze ne Obutongole obw'obwenkanya ku Kukubiri okw'Akabonero[[FLT]]. Obusobozi buno buwa obulagirizi obw'enkuukunaamu n'obw'okusoma.