Omulongo ogw’Emirundi Omunaana: Empagi y’Obwenkanya mu Mateeka g’Abamerika

Ekitongole eky'omu Amerika eky'ekkumi n'omunaana kye kimu ku bintu ebisingirayo ddala okuba eby'obukuumi mu Bill of Rights, eyawandiikibwa nga Ddesemba 15, 1791. Ekiwandiiko kyayo kya bumpimpi nnyo: "Essente tezijja kusalibwawo, oba okubonerezebwa okungi ennyo, era tekuliba na kubonerezebwa kwa bulijjo okwakolebwa. Wabula okuva ku bigambo bino ebitono, amateeka amangi ennyo era agakwata kumpi ku buli kantu k'omusango mu Amereka. Empaka eno eteeka ek'enkola ku buyinza bwa gavumenti, era eteeka essira nti eky'enkola ku mpisa z'obumenyi bw'amateeka esigala nga tezirimu esobola okubaamu emitindo gyayo egy'enkola ey'enjawulo, etegeerekeka obulungi, era n'enkola enfumo y'amateeka. Abasomesa, abakugunjula w'amateeka, n'okutegeera amateeka, okumanyisa kwago, okunnyonnyola kw'ensonga zaayo mu n'ensonga zaamu, mu nkola y'enkola y'amateeka ez'ennakutaano.

Okutereeza kuno kukola ng'okukakaatika obukwasi ku matabi ga gavumenti ga mirundi esatu. Abakulembeze tebayinza kuteekawo mitendera egimenya amateeka; abawaabi tebasobola kunoonya oba okukakala, oba okulagira abalamuzi ekibonerezo ekiva mu mateeka; era abafuzi abawabula tebasobola kuyisa mbeera oba enzijanjaba nga ekibonerezo eky'enjawulo. Empandika eno esobozesa eweredde ku buyinza obwa gavumenti okweyongera okukomya empano n'okuleetawo empaka n'empalana ez'amaanyi.

Enjigiriza ez’Ebyafaayo ez’Omukaana

Etteeka ly’Olungereza Erikwata ku Ddembe 1689

Endagaano ey'okuvaako olunyiriri olw'obuwandisi 8 olw'okuva ku ggwanga lya Bungereza, naddala eryali liyitibwa English Bill of Rights mu 1689. Ekiwandiiko ekyo kyagamba nti: "Baile Baile ekyetaagisa, tekyetaagisa kuteekamu misango mingi, oba okubonereza okwereere; oba okubonereza okw'amaanyi okwakolebwa. Etteeka lya Bungereza lyasibuka mu misango gya Kabaka James II, abalamuzi gye baasaliranga emisango egy'amaanyi abalabe ba gavumenti. Omusango gwa Titus Oates, eyakubibwa ekibonerezo, okusibibwa mu kkomera, n'okubonerezebwa mu ngeri efeebeebeezebwa oluvannyuma lw'okusingisibwa empaka olw'empaka olw'olutalo, era ne kiviirako abalamuzi okuvunaanibwa obukyayibwa ennyo mu mateeka mu mateeka agatali ga n'enkola.

Abatuuze b'omu Amerika baasikira amateeka ga Bungereza. Ssaabawandiisi ba gavumenti ne ssemateeka w'eggwanga ebyasooka byabangamu etteeka lye limu, nga kino kiraga nti gavumenti eteekwa okubonereza abantu nga yeetaaza emitindo gy'empisa egya bulijjo.

Obufirosoofo n’Enkyukakyuka ez’Omu Bwesigwa

Embeera ey'obukugu mu by'obufirosoofo mu kibiina ky'ekiwandiike eky'okutereeza ebyafaayo by'obufirosoofo Ekkumi n'omutaano. Ekiwandiiko kya Cesare Beccaria eky'omwaka 1764 kyawandiikirwa ku bikwata ku tteeka n'okubonerezebwa kyayoleka kaatitiikirivu nnyo. Becria yagamba nti ekibonerezo kyalina okuggibwa ku muntu omu oba okutereeza, so si kubonerezebwa. Yalangirira nti okubonerezebwa kwandibadde kwa muwendo okusinga obukyayi n'okubonerezebwa. "Nga wabanga tekikoleddwa, oba buli kimu ku mu ggwanga," Beccaria, "kiteekwa okukolebwa mu lujjudde, okukubiriza, n'okuteekawo obutuufu, n'amateeka agataagoberebwa."

John Locke yannyonnyola nti endagaano y'abantu okusobola okufuna obukuumi okuva ku kabi, so si ku kuyisa bantu mu ngeri ey'enjawulo. Endowooza eno nti abantu balina obuyinza bwa gavumenti butono ku bamenyi b'amateeka abawaayibwa, yanyweza endowooza nti amaanyi ga gavumenti okubonereza galina okuba nga galaga ensalo. Abawandiisi b'amateeka agatendekebwa mu nfumo zino, baakitegeera nti gavumenti esobola okubonereza abamenyi b'amateeka mu ngeri ey'obukambwe, baali baakirinako obuyinza obw'okufuga.

Okunnyonnyola Obulungi n’Okusooka

Olukiiko olusooka bwe lwawaanyisa Bill of Rights mu 1789, ekibonerezo eky'amaanyi ekyaweebwa abantu kyaleetawo okukaayana kulala okutono ennyo okugeraageranyizibwa n'enkukanya endala. Eggwanga abasinga obungi baalina obukuumi bwe bumu mu mateeka gaabwe, era ebigambo ebyawandiikibwa nga etteeka erikugira okumenya amateeka agakwata ku nnaakalyako. Kyokka, okutereezebwa okwo kwalaga nti mu kaseera katono, okusobola okutaputa amakulu g'olukalala olwo, kkooti zaasooka kukozesa enkola ezitakkirizibwa mu bugenderevu okugaana enkola ey'okubonereza abo abaasalibwanga emisango oba okugoba emisango, gamba nga okugoba emirundi ebiri ku muti, oba okugoba ekkomera ku bantu.

Kkooti enkulu yalina omukisa mutono okutaputa olukalala lw'abo abagitululirako nga luva ku lukumbo okutuuka ku kyasa ekya 20. Wilkerson v. Utah (1879] (1879), kkooti yawa amagezi nti ekibonerezo ekizingiramu okutulugunya oba okufa okw'ekiseera ekiwanvu kiyinza okumenya amateeka agakwata ku ngeri ez'okutta omuntu, naye kyagwawo nga tewaali musango gwa ku mateeka agakwata ku ngeri ez'okutta omuntu. mu ne mu (1890), kkooti yaleetera ekiragiro okuteekako ekibonerezo eky'okutulugunya akatebe k'entebe k'amasaze, era n'okusanga nga tekikola mu ngeri ey'obukambwe ey'enjawulo kubanga yakolebwawo okutta abantu bonna.

Ebintu Byonna Ebiba Bikoleddwa

Munnasayansi ayitibwa Claus

Kkooti y'essaawa y'essawa y'eba nga tekkiriza kkooti okuteekawo ssente enzijuvu ennyo ne kiba nti egaana omuwawaayi okuweebwa omukisa ogw'okufulumya omusango. Ekiwandiiko kino kikwata ku gavumenti butereevu era kiwaanibwa okuwakanya gavumenti okuyitira mu SSELivery Process Claus of the 14th Amerekance. Bail atuukiriza ekigendererwa eky'okukakasa nti omuwawawawawaayibwa alabika ng'atwalibwa mu kkooti, naye tekiyinza kukozesebwa kusibawo ku kusibibwa oba okukaka abawayiribwa okuvunaanibwa olw'omusango.

Mu SucreenS . Boyle (1191], kkooti enkulu yagamba nti ssente ziteekwa okuteekebwawo ku kigero ekisingirayo ddala ekyo ekisobozesa abawaabi okumanyibwa nga bakyali ba ddembe okufulumya omuwaabi. Olwo kiyinza okuba nga kyenkanankana obunene bw'omukolo ogwo. Omuwaabi eyasalirwa omusango, n'eby'eby'enfuna byeyongera okunyweza ekitundu, n'okukinyweza. Abawaka bawakanya enkola eno bagamba nti enkola y'okusasula ssente ziteekwa kuteekebwa ku sipiidi mu kifo ekya waggulu, naddala eky'okuleka abawaabikkulu okuba n'obuvuzi okuteewandiisa abawaayiriza abaayinja abangi nga balinda okuzikyusiza mu kkooti eziba nga zigenda okuzikyusizaamu.

Claus Akyakola Ennyo

Aspect Resource Admist Claus egaana gavumenti okusasula enzivvuunula etasukka kibi ekikolebwa. Ebigambo bino, nga n'ekyuma ekitegeeza ekirala ekya Bail Clause, bibeera ne gavumenti za gavumenti ez'ensi emu era ne gavumenti ez'enjawulo. United States v. Bajakaan mu mwaka gwa 1998, Kkooti esinga obukulu yassaawo ekigezo eky'okupima obanga ebirongoosebwa mu bungi. Kkooti eyo yali egamba nti ekimenya amateeka nga "Groslypy'okugoba ekkomo'ekibi.

Ek'okussa essira ku nkyukakyuka ezikolebwa mu gavumenti era nga kye kimu ku ebyo ebireetebwawo gavumenti by'enyanyisa ebintu ebizingirwa mu bikolwa by'abamenyi b'amateeka. Timbs v. Indiana mu (202011), kkooti enkulu yagamba nti okusaasaanya essente ezisukka mu kkumi n'eza Claus kukwata ku gavumenti ne ku gavumenti y'omulembe. Omusango ogwo gwali guzingiramu omusajja eyakwasibwa omusango ogwalimu dollar dollas [42,000 Land Rover] oluvannyuma lw'okutunda ennukuta entono ennyo. Kkootikko yakkiriza nti okufiirwa abantu kwalina okukozesebwa mu ngeri ezimenya amateeka, wadde nga gwaleka enkola ey'okugezesa kkooti enfu.

Okubonereza Claus mu Ngeri Ekambwe era Eyewuunyisa

Okubonerezebwa okw'obukambwe era okw'enjawulo kwe kusinga okubuusibwabuusibwa ebikwata ku nteekateeka y'okuwereza emboozi ey'omu Seveni. Okunnyonnyola okwo kwajjawo mu ngeri eyeewuunyisa. Okukyusiza ddala emitindo gy'enkola n'emitindo gy'abantu era ne kyongera okulaga nti emitindo gy'ekika kya bulijjo gikyuse nnyo. Kkooti enkulu ewandiise omusingi ogugikulembera: enkyusa ya 'Emitemereeyingo ey'obusatu ey'obutebenkevu era eggyamu amakulu gaayo okuva ku 'Empigiragiro eyoleka okukulaakulana kw'abantu.'okukulaakulana kw'eby'eby'eby'enjigiriza n'ekitiibwa ebyasooka okulangirirwa mu Tp v. Dulles [198]), kyeyongera okumanyisaamu mu nkola ey'okukyusa engoberebwawo mu ku ku ku ku ku kutegeka kwangedde okw'obukuluvuzi bw'obudde obuwanvu obw'obusatu.

Olukalala luno lugaana ekibonerezo eky'amaanyi mu butonde, gamba ng'okutulugunyizibwa oba okufa okw'ekiseera ekiwanvu ennyo. era lugaana ekibonerezo ekiba kiyinza okukozesebwa ng'omusango ogwo, nga kitegeeza nti ekibonerezo kirina okubeera n'enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'ekibi. Okugatta ku ekyo, olukalala lw'ekibonerezo ekikkirizibwa mu kukozesa enkola eyo, era kikugira ekibonerezo okukola ebigendererwa ebituufu gamba ng'okusasula ekibonerezo, okuzza obubenje, n'okuzza obuggya.

Ebibonero Ebyakolebwako Kkooti Esingira Ennyo

Empeera y’Okufa n’Enkola y’Omulimu gw’Okuziika

Enkola y'okubonerezebwa kw'essira ery'okubonerezebwa olw'ekibonerezo eky'enkomeredde mu Amerika, ekiikirira ekibiina ky'enjigiriza ekisingirayo ddala okuba ekinene era ekiwakanyisifu mu kifo kino. Furman v. Georgia[[192], kkooti enkulu yatongoza etteeka erikwata ku kufa mu Amerika. Kkooti eyo yawagira endowooza y'obubonero bwa gavumenti nga mwenda ez'eggukako, nga z'amateeka agaawuluddewo ebirengo. Abasinga obungi bakkiriza nti ekibonerezo ky'okufa kimenyebwe nga bwe kyamenyebwawo, ekimenya amateeka munaana olw'okussa mu ggwanga olw'okusalawo okubonerezebwa. Mukungu waanyinyinyinyinyinyi mu ggwanga waggulu yageraageranya ekibonerezo ekisinziirwa ku ku ku ku ku "kubaako zza zza zza mumwa.".

Okuyanukula [[FULT:0] Furman [[FULT:1] kweyanguwa nnyo. Amagatte mangi gaateekawo amateeka amapya agaategekebwa okugonjoola ensobi z'amateeka okwakyulwa kkooti. Amateeka gano amapya gaakwataga ku zigigibiri: amateeka agaalagira okubonerezebwa okw'okufa okwabanga kwetaagisa okusalirwa ekibonerezo olw'ebibi ebimu, oba amateeka agaakwata ku nkola enzivvu mu kusala emisango egy'okuvunaanibwa mu lukiiko olumu olw'amateeka. Mu mateeka ga Georgia , ekiragiro kya Georgia[FLT], enkumbo en waggulu kyewanjula etteeka erikulembeddwa mu lukiiko olukulu olw'omu Géorgia, era ne mu ku kukomya okusala obukiiko olumu. Kkompolomenti y'enyinyi okuggyawo essusse essusse Florida.

[[NKULA]] okusalawo kwaleetawo entegeka y'amateeka esobozesa ekibonerezo eky'okufa ekikyaliwo leero. Mu ntegeka eno, etteeka liteekwa okuteekawo okugezesa okw'emirundi emingi omuntu mw'asalirwa omusango oba okusalira omusango, kikakasa nti enzivuunula za mateeka zisobola okwekenneenyezebwa kinnoomu era ne ziwa obujulizi obw'ennamba. Kkooti yakiggumiza nti ekibonerezo eky'okufa kiterekebwa abo abakoze ebibi n'ebibi ennyo, omusingi ogugoberedde ddala obutuufu.

Okubonereza okw’Ekitalo

Okuva [FLT] , kkooti enkulu etaddewo enzijjuvu ezitakkirizibwamu ekibonerezo eky'okusalira abamenyi b'amateeka ab'amateeka ab'ebika ebimu ekibonerezo. Attins v. Virginia [2002]], kkooti yagamba nti okutta abantu abalina obulema mu by'amagezi kimenya amateeka. Omulamuzi John Stevens yawandisizza emitindo egikwata ku mpisa ez'empandika eza kivvu, era n'egamba nti ebitongole eby'omuyivubi by'obwo byateekawo amateeka mu by'ekisawo byagookebwa nnyo. Kkooti eyo yagamba nti abantu ab'amagezi bakendedde ku bunafuwaze era nti tewatuukiriza kigendererwa kyago.

Mu mu v. Simmons [2005], kkooti yawa endowooza eno ey'amaanyi ku baana abaali basobezza, nga yagamba nti okutta abantu abaali basussa mu myaka 18 mu kiseera eky'ekkumi n'ekimu ku bwongo kimenya amateeka agabafuga. Kkooti yakiggumiza nti abatiini tebasobola kusalibwako kabi konna okukakanyala olw'okupikirizibwa okuva ku bavubuka olw'obunafu bwabwe, era nti n'ensonga egenda yeeyongera obugazi. Ekiragiro kyasalawo ekikolebwa ku bavubuka kisoozi .Keykinford v.[[FLT:]] [19989], ekyakkirizanga abatiisibwa ekiteesiteesi ekya 16 ne 17-masawo eky'emyaka. Ogwo ogwa Anthony Kennedy kyavanyusa endowooza ku ku ku ku ku kunoonyereza okw'obuvuzitoosoosoosi, ekyakolebwa mu kkooti ey'okunoonyereza ey'okulaga obutuufu mu Kutuukirizibwa okw'obukulu.

Mu HAll v. Florida (2014, kkooti yeeyongera okulongoosa ekifo ekiba kitegekebwa nga abagezi.] Attins sistemu nti sigiront'ebayinza okukozesa enkola eya IQ okuzuula obulema obw'okutegeera olw'ebigendererwa eby'okufa. Kkooti yakkatiriza nti ennyinyonnyola z'abagezi ezikwata ku bulema obw'omulembe guno zikwetaagisa okumanyibwa n'okumanyibwawo, era nti ennamba tesobola kutegeera nsobi ey'omukitundu ereetebwa mu IQ. Kkookereza kino kyawandiika nti amateeka ag'omukasaamusanvu agasa obusaze "Requiress'okumanyisa obusawo abagezi."

Okusalirwa Enkomerero n’Okutuusibwako Enkomerero

Kkooti ya Sayalenti efuga n'etteeka ery'okusala emisango gy'amakomera naye nga lyasinze okutongozebwa okumala ebbanga ddene. Mu misango egitali gya mutwe gwa gavumenti. Rummel v. Estelle (1980), kkooti yawagira ekibonerezo eky'obulamu nga kiragiddwa nga ate nga tewateekebwa wansi wa kkooti ya Texas enzivvunuzi mu bulimba olw'okubbanga obubaliriraamu obubalirirwa doola nga 25. Kko nga $30. Kkooti eyo yagamba nti ekibonerezo kyakkirizibwa okuko mu kuziyiza omulimu ne mu kuteeka data aw'okugoba obukyamu.

Kyokka, mu [[NKULA] Sulm v[FLM [193], kkooti yasaze omusango ogw'obulamu nga tewataddewo kkomo eriragira okuyisa ekkomo ekkomo ek'okukkakka wansi wa deseera ya South Dakota'scificifisir. Kkooti yayawulawo [RMML[ ku ttaka omuwayizzi gye yasalira Sulm tewalina kkomo lya kukozesa kkomo lya parole, ne liba nga limu n'omukolo ogusobozesa omuntu okusibibwa mu kiseera eky'okuteewala. Kko alipoota Burger'ebigereko omwo ebisinga obunene, ebinoonyezaamu ebibi ebigerebwa mu nsonga endala.

Kkooti eyo era yayongera okuzuula omutindo ogw'ensaayi mu Harmalin v. Michigan (1991]]. Mu guwandiiwo gwagiteekako ekibonerezo eky'obulamu obwa buli omu nga tateekeddwa kuweebwa diguli nga takukusiddwako kacayi. Omulamuzi Antonin Scalia yatwala endowooza nti olukalala lwa Kin Vumpirikiti ya Eye mu bitundu bisatu, ng'awakanya nti okubonerezebwa okw'obukambwe n'okubonerezebwa okw'amaanyi tekuyinza kusobozesa muntu okusalibwa mu kkomera. Kyokka, Omulamuzi Anthony Kennedy yakkiriza nti "Empirimu kusinziira ku tteeka ek'enkomeredde ku mateeka, era n'okugaana ekiragiro eky'okuvuganya ekiyitiridde obunene ekiva mu ku ku mateeka."

Mu Kino kitegeeza nti olukusa olw'emyaka 25 lubadde lukubye mu v. California (2003) ne Lockyr v.Andrade [2003], kkooti yawagira ekibonerezo ekyawerebwa emyaka 25 mu bulamu bwa California olw'ebibiina ebitono. Kkooti eyo yakkiriza Kennedy "gros's directivementationation" omusingi okuva ku [[[FLT: 4.] era n'ezuula nti ekibonerezo kya zzabulimu, wadde nga kya maanyi, tekyonoona amateeka ag'omuyasanzi agaweereddwa abawaayinja. Ebisalirwawo ebyo bilaga omutemwa omunene ogw'omu kkooti ekola ebimenyesebwawo. Ebisalidwa ebyo bitegeka ebibonero ebituufu mu kkooti ebimenyebwa abamenyibwa.

Puloguramu ez’Okuyimba n’Enkaayana

Embeera mu Kkomera n’Obutebenkevu mu Kkomera

Kkooti enkulu yagamba nti obutafaayo ku byetaago eby'amaanyi eby'abasibe kibawa ekibonerezo eky'amaanyi. Kino kyetaagisa abakuumi b'ekkomera okulaga obulwadde obw'amaanyi era n'eby'okuddaabiriza. mu [FLT] era ne mu mwaka gwa 1970, kkooti enkulu yagamba nti obutafaayo ku byetaago by'abasibe mu bugenderevu kiba kikolwa kya bukambwe nnyo era eky'enjawulo. Omutindo guno gubeetaasa abasibe okusobola okulaga nti obulwadde obwo bwali bwa maanyi nnyo era nti n'obuteefiirayo tebwandituusizza bulamu bwabwe. Estelles]

Mu franl v. Brennan (1994], kkooti yalaga bulungi omutindo ogusinziirwako obutafaayo ku nsonga ezikwata ku baasibibwa. Omusango gwali guzingiramu omusibe eyakubibwa n'akwatibwa oluvannyuma lw'okuteekebwa mu kkomera. Kkooti yakikkiriza nti omukungu oyo akola ekintu mu bugenderevu naye nga tafaayo singa abakungu bamanyi nti akabi ak'amaanyi kayinza okuvaamu akabi ak'amaanyi era n'alemererwa okubaako ne ky'asalawo. Ekkomo lyagaana omuteeso mu kifo ky'okugoba abakungu mu kkomera.

Embeera y'okusibibwa mu makomera mu Amerika yeeyongera okuleetawo et'okweyisa mu ngeri ey'enjawulo. Ensonga zitwaliramu okukyusiza ekibali kungulu, obutamanya bulungi bujjanjabi, obuttu, obuttu, n'ebiriisa ebimala. Brown v. Plata[[FLD] [2011]] [2011], Kkooti enkulu yawagira ekiragiro kya kooti essaawa wansi ekyetaagisa California okukendeeza ku mbeera y'ekkomera mu mateeka okusobola okumanya ebizikwata ku bujjanjabi n'obujjanjabi bw'obwongo. Kkomyuziyamu ya Kennedy yakitegeera nti okuteeka mu mbeera eyo eyavaako abakuumi b'ebibonyonyonyo n'okufa kwa bangi" era nti gavumenti yalemererwa okukola ku biragiro eby'enkola eyo.

Okusibibwa Obwannamunigina n’Okuyisibwa Obubi mu Bukkakkamu

Okweyawula kuzingiramu okukolagana n'abasibe okumala essaawa 22 okutuuka ku 24 buli lunaku nga buli kiseera tekikutwala bulungi, nga n'ebiragiro ebitonotono, era nga n'ebintu ebisibuka ku bantu eby'enjawulo bibako obulemu. Okunoonyereza kungi kwaliwo ku kabi ak'amaanyi akava mu kubeera mu kkomera eryesudde, nga mw'otadde okweraliikirira, okwennyamira, okutawaanya obulwadde bw'obwongo, n'okwetta.

Kkooti za b'omu makomera zisazeewo mu ngeri ez'enjawulo obanga okusibibwa wokka kikontana n'empewo ey'oluseere. Kkooti ezimu zigamba nti okweyawula ku balala okumala ekiseera kiwanvu nga tewakyaliwo bukuumi bwonna oba okulabibwa obutuufu mu bwongo, kye kibonerezo eky'obukambwe era ekitali kya bulijjo. Abalala bawa b'obuyinza ku ku kusalibwawo mu kkomera okusobola okubaamu okukangavvulwa oba okukuuma. Kkooti enkulu teyogera butereevu ku ku mateeka agafuga okusibibwa okwa nnamba okwa nnawokka okwa nnamba, wadde nga Omulamuzi Kennedy yawandisizza ebigambo mu Davis v. [yala[FLT:] (20) nga kookasa endowooza ku nsonga eno era nga agamba nti "Kko, okunoonyereza kungidde ku nsonga ezikwata ku ku ku ku kusibibwa mu muntu omulwadde mu kibiina ekiyinza okujjuzibwa obwebwebwebweru.

Gavumenti eziwerako zikoze enkyukakyuka okukendeeza ku nkola ey'okusibirwa mu kkomo lya yekka, nga mw'otwalidde n'etteeka erikugira okuteeka ab'obuyinza mu ntegeka z'ensi eziragibwa mu bantu, okweyongera kwanganga programu ku basibe abasala enjawukana mu nkyukakyuka mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Enkyukakyuka zino ziraga nti okweyawula ku bantu mu kifo eky'ensi yonna kuyinza okugobererwa ku mitindo gya Endell egy'okwefuga, era n'etteeka lya mateeka teriyinza kugobererwa.

Obulamu Obutabaamu Kazambi

Enkola y'okusalira abaana omusango mu nteeko ey'okugisalira omusango ekiikirira ekimu ku bintu ebikulu ebikolebwa mu nkola z'abamenyi b'amateeka ez'omu kiseera kino. Graham v. Florida (2010), kkooti enkulu yagamba nti okusalira abavubuka ekibonerezo eky'okusibibwa obulamu bwonna nga tewali kisoberwa, nga tewali kisobose ku kubonereza kutuukiriza misango egitali gya mu butonde. Kkooti ya Kkooti ekkiriza nti abaana bakendedde ku bulombolombo obutuufu bw'enkyukakyuka mu ku Kkomero ey'enkomeredde. Kkooti ekkiriza nti amateeka ago gaagooleka obunene n'obukulu n'obusosoze obuva mu ku muntu omulwadde.

Nga wayiseewo emyaka ebiri, mu Miller v. Alabama (202). Kkooti yawa n'ensonga eno nga yayongera ku abo abasobeza abaana, nga bakitwala nti okugoba abaana nga tebaba na kugattika kibonerezo kya bavubuka kwalaga nti baswadde mu mateeka. Kkooti teyatongoza mateeka agabawa abaana nga tebalina musango gwonna agabavunaanibwa olw'okutta, naye era n'ensonga eyo yazza emisango egibakugira okulowooza ku myaka gya bavubuka, embeera y'obudde, era n'embeera eza buli muntu kinnoomu nga tennagiteekako kibonerezo kino ku nsonga eyo mu mateeka.

Mu [[NTANDIKA:0] Montgomery v. Louisiana (2016), kkooti yagamba nti Miller gakola mu ngeri ey'enjawulo, nga ekyetaagisa okugaana abamenyi b'amateeka abakyali abato okufuna ebiragiro ebibakugira okuba abalamu nga tebalina bakadde. Ekiragiro kyakkenneenya etteeka erilagira enkumi n'enkumi n'enkumi z'abaatulugulwa okugaana obulamu obwa bulijjo. Kkooti Kkooti yakkiriza nti Miller [

Ebintu Ebirala Bye Baasobola Okwesomesa

Abo abaagala okwongera okutegeera kwabwe ku by'okukyusaamu mu ngeri enseera, Constitution Ekiwandiiko kya Congress kikuuma enkalala za kkooti enkulu. [ Ekiwandiiko eky'amakulu kiwandiikibwa nga ekiwandiiko eby'ennono mu Cornell Law School. era ne kiwandikibwa nga ekiwandiiko ekya 'Enjigiriza ya Sexphygamenti'. Empuliziko, empandikako, empandikako n'empandika ez'enkola endala ez'okunoonyereza zikozesebwa ku nsonga z'enkola endala ez'okukiikika. [[FLTLT:]

Olupapula lw’ekitabo kino lukomekkerezebwa: Enkyusa ey’Ensi Empya ey’ekkumi n’omunaana yeeyongera mu maaso n’enjigiriza ya Evolution

Ekiwandiiko ekyayo ekyayingizibwa mu mwaka gwa 1789, kikyebuuza ebibuuzo ebikwata ku nsalo z'abo abalina obuyinza mu ggwanga lya demokulase. Obukugu bw'okukyusaamu kw'amateeka businziira ku nkola ya kkooti ezigoberera emisingi gyayo mu mbeera empya era ne kyongera okumanyisa engeri abantu gye bayisibwamu, era ne kisobozesa n'okukyusa endowooza zaabwe okugobererwa.

Endowooza enkulu eri mu kiwandiiko kino kwe kukakasa nti ekibonerezo kirina okutuukiriza ebigendererwa ebituufu era nti kirina okussa ekitiibwa mu abo ababonerezebwa nga bwe kivunaanyizibwa olw'enneeyisa yaabwe. Kino kisobozesezza abantu okumalibwawo enkola ez'okutta abantu mu ngeri ez'obukambwe, okubonerezebwa okw'enkomeredde ku bantu abatalina bukuumi, okukolebwa kw'amateeka agakwata ku mbeera z'amakomera, n'emitendera egiva ku mateeka okusalirwa emisango egy'amaanyi erina okusalirwa abamenyi b'amateeka. Buli kimu ku ebyo kiraga musingi gwa mateeka nti amaanyi ga gavumenti okubonereza tegakomako nateeze era nti Entekomentiye mu Kugo tegakkiriza bantu bannaago okubonerezebwa.

Abasomesa bwe bayigiriza amateeka g'amateeka, omukutu ogw'ekkumi n'omutaano gunoonyereza ku ngeri etteeka gye likyusaamu amakulu g'enkola n'enkola yaalyo nga bagoberera emitindo gy'empandiika, empisa ezigobererwa mu bantu, n'okumanya kwe balina. Abayizi bwe bagonjoolerawo, babuuza ebibuuzo ebikulu ebikwata ku bwenkanya, okuba nti obuwagizi, n'enkongezo z'obufuzi. Era eri abantu, ebiwandiiko eby'okutaano eby'okukyusaamu amateeka bituukiriza obweyamo eri amateeka nti n'abo abatayagala okuyisa abantu mu ngeri ebasobozesa okuba n'ekitiibwa.

Ng’abantu b’omu Amerika bawakanya okulongoosebwa kw’amateeka, ekibonerezo eky’okufa, okusibibwa okw’abantu bonna, n’okuyisibwa kw’abantu abasibibwa mu kkomera, akaweefube ono ow’okuwerezebwa kw’amateeka gano, awatali kubuusabuusa teriyinza kuggibwawo.