Etandika: Ebiragiro by'obwannakyewa bikozesebwa

Ekiragiro kyawa Prezidenti wa Amerika obulagirizi ku nkola ya gavumenti nga talinda Congress kuyisa mateeka. Okuva ku kiragiro kya George Washington mu 1789 ku buwandiike bw'ekitongole ku biragiro ebya bulijjo ebikwata ku nkyukakyuka y'embeera y'obudde n'embeera y'obulamu, ebiragiro bino bikyusa enkola y'ensi ya Amereka okumala ebyasa ebisukka mu bibiri. Abayizi, abasomesa, n'abo bonna abagoberera ebiba bibaddewo, kikulu okutegeera engeri bappaapaasa gye bakolamu mu nkola y'obukulembeze bw'eggwanga mu nteekateeka y'obukongoberezi n'obukulembedde ey'omu U.S.

Gavumenti ezakatandika ziwa ebiragiro ebiwerako ku nsonga z'eby'enfuna gamba ng'obuweerero mu by'enfuna, n'obutebenkevu mu ggwanga, okuleetawo enkaayana ku ngeri obukiiko bwa prezidenti gye butuukirizaamu amateeka. Ekitundu kino kiwa ennyinnyonnyola esinziira ku nkola za bannakyewa: omusingi gwabwe, ebyafaayo, obulembezi bwabwe, ekkomo lya bannakyewa, n'ekifo kye bakoleramu mu kufuga okwetooloola ensi.

Ensengeka y’Omutwe Omutuufu y’Eruwa?

Ekiragiro ekya kakiiko akafuga kiragiro kya Prezidenti okutegeka ebizingirwamu. Wadde nga tewamenyebwa butereevu mu mateeka, ebiragiro ebya kampuni ebifuga ettabi bitwalira abakwasito ku matabi. Ebiragiro ebyo bikubibwa mu [ Esteral Brigister[[ era ne biba bisobola okukola obulungi nga biteekedwa omukono ku sisitemu, okuggyako nga bimenyesededededededede deeti.

Ebiragiro by'ekitongole kya pulezidenti biyawukana ku ebyo ebikolebwa pulezidenti Aranda ne bye bilangirirwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Ekiragiro Ekiragiro Metranda tekitera kuba kya bulijjo era kitera kwogera ku nsonga ezikwata ku nkola za nnamba; okulangirira kutera kuba kwa bulijjo. Okulangirira olunaku olw'okujjukirwa olw'eggwanga kiyinza okuba n'omu mateeka bwe kiba nga kikwata ku by'obusuubuzi oba ku nsi za kampuni. Ebiragiro by'akyewa bibala ennamba nga kya muwendo nnyo era nga bwe kisinga okulabika.

Obuyinza obw'okuwa ebiragiro okuva mu Katundu II ak'amateeka era n'amateeka agaayisibwanga mu lukiiko. Ng'ekyokulabirako, ekifo kya Prezidenti mu Buduumizi bwa Buduumizi kiwa ebiragiro ebikwata ku magye, ate nga “Kyetaaza Claus” (Ateeberezebwa, Ekipande II 3) ketaagisa Prezidenti okukakasa nti amateeka gasaasaanyizibwa mu bwesigwa – ebigambo bapresidenti bye baategeera bulungi.

[[Akawulu:0] 'National Tterekerol'' era n'ekola ku biragiro by'obutongole okuva mu 1789 okutuuka ku[[AK'AWATANDIKI] era nga kino kiwa abakugu bye basobola okufunira obukugu.

Ekisinziirwako mu Mateeka Okufuga Obukulembeze

Ekiragiro kino tekikola ku bigambo “nkola y'okuzikiriza.” Mu kifo ky'ekyo, obuyinza okuwa ebiragiro ng'ebyo buva mu tteeka lya mirundi ebiri enkulu:

Ekitundu II, ekitundu 1: Mu Vesting Claus

“ Obwannaakyemalira buliweebwa Pulezidenti wa Amerika. Ekiragiro kino kilonda Pulezidenti w'Amerika era ne kiwa bannakyewa obuyinza okuddukanya emirimu gyabwo. Okuva ku musinde guno, bannabyabufuzi balaze eddembe ery'okuwa abakozi n'ebitongole ebiragiro ebibakwatako nga bwe kirina okukiikirirwa.

Akatundu II, Ekya 3: Mulabire

“ Alina okwegendereza okulaba nti Amateeka gakolebwa n'obwesigwa.” Omubaka ono alina okukakasa nti amateeka agafuga enkola gago gagoolebwa bulungi. Ebiragiro by'omukulembeze w'ekitongole kikola nga kiwa obulagirizi ku ngeri gye gatuukirizaamu amateeka ago. Ng'ekyokulabirako, singa karyenti eteeka amateeka agakwata ku butonde, Prezidenti ayinza okulagira abafuzi okunnyonnyola amateeka agakwata ku mbeera z'obutonde mu ngeri emu oba okugobererwa mu bifo ebimu.

Okunnyonnyola Ebikwata ku Mateka n’Eby’Omusango

Obunene bw'obuyinza ku nkola y'obukulembeze butendekeddwa n'ebiragiro bya kkooti enkulu. Mu nayire negle (1890), kkooti yakitegeera nti Pulezidenti alina “amaanyi mu Mateeka naye nga gaategerekebwa olw'engeri y'omulimu." Oluvannyuma, mu Town & Tube Co. v.Sawer [1952], Kkooti eriko obuyinza: omukulembeze wa Truman okunyambula ebyuma mu kiseera kya Ssematalo Korea yakwatibwako olw'okuba Constery Constery yali takkod. Kkom Robert Jackson'active'active'okutondamu ekitundu eky'enjawulo ekya waggulu ekyakozesebwa mu kukebera enkola ya k'obukulembezeawumbi oba mu ngeri y'obukulembeze.

Okumanya ebisingawo ebiri mu bitundu ebikwatagana n'amateeka, laba [[NKULULA] Control Learn School’s Let Leact Institute

Ebika by'Empandika Entegeka

Amalagiro gonna agakulira abantu gaawukana, era gasobola okulondebwa mu ngeri ez’enjawulo okusinziira ku kigendererwa, ku bawuliriza, ne ku mateeka.

Okulangirira Obukulembeze

Okulangirira kutera kukola mirimu egikwataganyizibwa n'obubonero – gamba nga okulangirira erinnya ery'ebyafaayo by'eggwanga, obunene bwalyo mu mateeka bwe bikozesebwa okukakaatika obusibe bw'eggwanga, okulangirira obwetaavu bw'eggwanga, oba okulonda ebifo ebikolebwako ebizimbe wansi w'Akakiiko akafuzi akayitibwa Antiquities Act. Ng'ekyokulabirako, Pulezidenti Barack Obama yakozesa ebirango okugaziya ebizimbe by'eggwanga ebitali bimu, era Donald Trump yabikozesa okukaka obujulizi ku kyuma ekipya ekyaggibwa mu nsi.

Ebiragiro by’Eddembe ly’Okwagala

Obulagirizi buno bufuga engeri ofiisi y'ettabi gy'ekolamu emirimu gyayo buli lunaku. Bayinza okutegeka ebitongole ebirala, okuteekawo amateeka agakwata ku mirimu gye biwa abawa emirimu, oba okuteekawo emitindo gy'empisa ab'obuyinza gye balina okugoberera.

Ebiragiro by’Obukuumi bw’Ensi

Bakoddooti bagoberera ebiragiro by'eggwanga (emirundi egisinga bayitibwa National Security Prezidential Merranda or NSPMs) okuluŋŋamya abafuzi b'amawanga oba abajaasi abagabanyi. Olw'okuba bawandiisa ebikwata ku magye, bangi basigala nga ba kyama oba baweebwa bugambi nga bagoberedde.

Entegeka

Ekiragiro kino kiyigiriza abawagizi okuyisa, oba okusazaamu ebiragiro. Ng'ekyokulabirako, ekiragiro kya gavumenti ekyetaagisa abakwasi b'obutongole okusaanyawo etteeka eririwo eririwo erigawa buli ggwanga erippya (okufuga nga “mu n'ebiri ku bwalyo” kiragiro kya Prezidenti Trump. Bakola enteekateeka ez'okukyusa ebizikwata ku nkola y'ekitongole mu makolero gamba nga, amaanyi, ebizikwata ku by'obulamu, n'eby'eby'ensi.

Ebyafaayo: Ensengeka z’Obwetegekebwa Ezaakyusa Amereka

Ebiragiro bya prezidenti buli omu bikozeseddwa, naye amateeka agamu gaamanyibwa nnyo ku bikwata ku mbeera z’abantu ne gavumenti za Amerika.

Ebirowoozo Ebikyali mu Buvubuka

George Washington yatandikawo ekiragiro kya bakulu mu kitongole ekimu mu 1789, nga yalagira ekirango ky'omulimu gwabwe. Thomas Jefferson yalagira Louisiana Purchase okukeberebwa – okussaawo essomero erinaasobozesa abawagizi okutambula ewa Lewis ne Clark. Abraham Lincoln yayisa ekiragiro eky'okuweza abaddu mu ggwanga (1863) nga kiragira abaddu mu ttwale lya Confederateate era n'okulongoosa ku kigendererwa ky'olutalo olwo.

Kabonero mu Kyasa 20

  • [[NKULULA] Ensengeka ey'ekiwandikiro 906 (1942):[[FLT] Franklin D. Roosevelt yakkiriza Abajapaani abasoba mu 110,000 okuva mu Amerika mu kiseera kya Ssematalo II. Nga wayiseewo emyaka egiwera, gavumenti yakkiriza ekikolwa kino okuba nga obutali bwenkanya obw'amaanyi.
  • [[Act:0] Ensengeka ey'ekiwandikiro 9981 (11948): Harry Truman dessegregin amagye ag'omu Amerika, kino kye kintu ekikulu ekisobozesa eddembe ly'obwannannyini okukolebwa.
  • [[Act:0] Emirimu Egikola Entegeka 112464 (1965):[[[FLT] Lydon B. Johnson yakola enkola ereetera ekiwandikiro okuzimbira oba enkola esigala ekyakyaleetawo enkaayana ne leero.
  • George W.Bush yakkiriza obuwandike bwa pulezidenti, ne kiviirako okuwakana ku nkizo y'obudde oba okulabikira.

Ebyokulabirako eby’Ebyafaayo Ebyakayita

  • '[[NKULA] Ensengeka ey'ekitongole enzijjuvu:' (2017)] Donald Trump's “Ban ekkirizibwa mu nsi eziwerako ez'Abasiraamu. Oluvannyuma lw'okusoomoozebwa mu mateeka, enkyusa empya yawaniribwako Kkooti esingako.
  • [[Act:0]Eccutive Olukalala 13985 (2021): Joe Biden's Ekiragiro kya `Joe Biden' eky'okuleetawo eququation'ebitundu bya gavumenti okukakala n'okussaawo ensengeka zabyo ez'enjawulo mu nkola n'enkola zaab'eggwanga.

Ebyokulabirako bino biraga engeri abakungu gye bayinza okukyusizaamu omulimu gwabwe mu bwangu naye era ne kiviirako n'okuleetawo enkyukakyuka mu by'amateeka ne mu by'obufuzi. Waliwo olukalala olw'ebyafaayo olusing'ogusiddwa mu tterekero lya '[FOL:0] mu kifo eky'obukulembeze obwa Federal Register'.

Entegeka y'Okuteekawo Olukalala

Wadde Prezidenti alina amagezi mangi, okulagira abakungu ba kakiiko akakola omulimu ogukolebwa mu ngeri etegekeddwa okukakasa nti wabaawo enkolagana mu mateeka.

Ebyakabukkulibwa

Akakiiko akakola ku mateeka katera okuteekebwa mu nkola abakolera ku nkola y'omulimu ogwo gye bawa aba White House, nga kagoberera enkola eya Pulezidenti oba Akakiiko Akakwata ku Bulabirizi.

Okwejjukanya mu by’Omulyango n’Eby’Omu Mateeka

Office of Management and Balage (OMB) n'ekitongole ekikola ku nsonga z'eby'obwenkanya kiddamu okwekenneenya okussaawo kw'amateeka, embalirira, n'enkola ezikolebwa wakati w'obukulembeze. Ekikolwa kino kiyamba okuziyiza ebiragiro ebikontana n'obukulembeze oba ebikontana n'obukulembeze. Ebiragiro ebitegekebwa mu kugattira ku kakiiko akategekebwa bisobola okwekenneenyezebwa mu maaso g'ekitongole kya White House Counce.

Okuteeka Omusanyu ku Nnyunzi n’Okubunyisa

Bwe guggwa, omukulembeze w'ekiragiro kitandika okuwandika ebifa ku mukolo ogw'okugilagiza (emirundi egisinga gukongozebwa) oba nga tewannaba kulabika. Ekiragiro kino ekiwandikibwa kitegeezebwa ku Ofiisi y'empandika eya Federal Register, ekiragibwa nga ennamba emu, era kigiweereza mu ] Register[ era ne ku mukutu gwa weggula ogukola. Empandika eteeka ku mu buwandisi obutongole bw'amatabi ekkiriza ennamba ewandikibwe okugibwa.

Okutuukiriza Ebizingirwamu n’Okupima

Ofiisi z'amaka ziyinza okugoberera ebiba biweereddwa okukolebwako, alipoota eziba zituukiriziddwa, n'engeri gye biddukanyizibwamu.Ebirala ebimu bibaamu ebitundu ebimu ebimenyese enjuba gy'egwa oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera ekigere nga byazziddwamu buppya.

Ebigereko n’Ekeberedde ku Nsengeka y’Ekitongole

Wadde nga kiri kityo, enkola ya Amereka tekoma awo era n’erina engeri ezitali zimu ez’okukeberaamu abanyazi ba pulezidenti.

Okwejjukanya Okusala Omusango

Kkooti ezikola ku bukulembeze ziyinza okukuba obulambe obumenya amateeka ga gavumenti oba obusinga obuyinza obwa bulijjo. Omusango oguyingira mu kifo eky'enkyukakyuka Oguwandikiro ogumu gusobola okuwerebwa ku lupapula olusooka olw'enkyukakyuka olupya olusangibwa ku buli lukiiko. 'C''ebakwanjulwa ' (1952]' gwakakasa nti Omukulembeze tayinza kukola nga tewali lukalala lwa mateeka oba olutongole. Gye buvuddeko awo, kkooti enkulu eziyiza okuwera okuwera kw'entambula (nga Kkootikko nga emaze okuziganya enkyusa yaz'enkyusa ya Ckoppeempaka) era n'okukoma okuggyako ebitongole ebikola ebisala ebitongole ebikola mu kkooti z'empalagiddwamu.

Ekikolwa eky’Okukuŋŋaana Ennzikiriza

Olw'okuba amateeka g'abakulu gayinza okuggya obuyinza ku mateeka oba ku mateeka, etteeka erippya liyinza okusaawo ekiragiro – singa Prezidenti akiwa akabonero akakkiridde oba akakyusizza akaawunta. Ate era, Congress afuga entegeka y'ensi n'empandika, n'olwekyo teyinza kuwaayo ssente ezeetaagisa okutuukiriza ekiragiro. Ng'ekyokulabirako, oluvannyuma lwa Prezidenti Obama okugayisa ku ky'okubuuka, Congress yakozesebwa okuziyiza enkola y'okuyingiza abantu mu nsi mu ggwanga.

Okupikirizibwa mu by’obufuzi

Ebiragiro by'abakungu b'ekibiina ekitakkirizibwa bisobola okuleetera abantu okuwakanya ebibakwatako, okuvumirira ebibakwatako, n'okuteekateeka eby'obufuzi. Prezidenti eyeesigama ennyo ku kubaako ky'akolawo awatali kuwagira kiyinza okubuutikirwa abantu ne baddirira obuyinza bwe balina ku kakiiko akakola nga bakuba akakiiko akafuzi era ne baleetera abantu okulekera awo okukuba kalulu. Ebibinja by'ensobi n'ebibiina by'eby'obufuzi ebikola ebigendererwa eby'okuziyiza oba okulwanirira ebiragiro ebiba bikola ku nsonga z'ebyobufuzi.

Okukyusa Obulamu bw’Abantu

Oboolyawo akebe akasingayo obunene: Prezidenti eyaddawo ayinza okukyusa enkola yonna ey'okufuga awatali kukkirizibwa mu mateeka. Eyo ye nsonga lwaki ebiragiro ebya bamaneja b'obuyinza bitera okunnyonnyolwa nga “ekyuma eky'okusiba ennusu” – n'ekiyinza okuguggibwawo n'ebiragiro ebirala. Pulezidenti Trump yakyusa ku biragiro bingi ebya Obama-era; Pulezidenti Biden yakyusa bingi ebya Trump.

Enkyukakyuka ne Obutakkaanya Ebyakabaawo

Enkola eno yeeyongedde nnyo mu myaka egyakayita, nga kino kiraga ekiseera eky'okweyongera kwa bannakyewa n'okussaawo enzijanjaba mu by'amateeka. Prezidenti w'abafuzi bombi basazeewo obutagezaako kuleetawo kakwate ka nkola za gavumenti nga Akakiiko akaawula gavumenti kalemereddwa oba nga tegaagala kukola kintu.

KUSALAWO OKUVA KU NOOD-19

Pulezidenti Trump yawa ebiragiro ebiwerako mu 2020 ebikwata ku kukendeeza ku mubengo gw'ensimbi, nga mw'otwalidde n'okusasula emisolo egitali gimu era n'ekiragiro ekiwezezza ku mirimu okusobozesa abatemu okukola obulungi. Pulezidenti Biden yagoberera ebiragiro ebiragira abantu okukweka ebweru w'ensi ya gavumenti, n'atandikawo enkola ey'eggwanga okugaba obujanjabi bw'ensawo z'ensawo z'ensawo, era n'okulagira abazimbizzanzi okulagira abajaamu obusaze (oluvannyuma obwazibwa kkooti z'ensi). Ekiragiro kino kyalaga engeri bappaaze gye bayinza okukola mu bwangu naye nga bannakaasa ate nga bannannyini ku mateeka era nga baddukanya.

Enkyukakyuka mu Ky’Enkuba n’Enkyukakyuka mu Nsi

Bannaakyemalira bakozesezza ebiragiro ebya bannakyewa okuteekawo amateeka agakwata ku mbeera y'obutonde nga tebalindiridde mateeka mapya. Omukulembeze w'ekitongole ekiyitibwa Obama’s Clean Power Plan yawagirwa obulawuniike; Pulezidenti Trump yagakyusa era n'agazisa ebikolerwamu ebiwaatiro bya ssaayansi. Pulezidenti Biden yajjukanya endagaano y'e Paris era n'alagira okukebera ebikobera mu nnono. Empandika eno eraga nti ebiragiro by'eby'obufuzi bisobola okuleetawo enkyukakyuka mu by'obufuzi.

Omuntu ava mu nsi endala akkiriza obubenje bw'ensalo n'obutebenkevu mu Nsi

Abakungu ba gavumenti batera okukakala ku bakungu ba gavumenti kubanga baalemererwa okuzza enkyukakyuka mu buli kifo. Abakulembeze ba gavumenti, oba aba Brump ne Biden buli omu yakozesa ebiragiro okuteerawo abakwasiddwa enkola, okugaziya oba okukendeeza ku nteekateeka (DACA ne DPA), n'okulonda eby'obugagga ku nsalo. Okusoomooza okutali kwa mateeka tekubadde kuteeberezebwa k'obuyinza bwa prezidenti mu kitundu kino.

Ebiba Bitwetaagisa Okufuga

Olw'okuba bannabyabufuzi beeyongedde okuteeka obwesige mu biragiro bya bannakyewa, kireetawo okubuusabuusa obanga ddala obuyinza buli wakati wa bannakyewa n'abakola eby'amateeka buli kiwandikiro.

Mafundikira: Entegeka y'ekiragiro mu nkola ya Ssetment etagudde lubege

Ekiragiro kya maanyi era kigobererwa ne kisobozesa Prezidenti okuwa obulagizi gavumenti mu ngeri entegeke obulungi. Bikozeseddwa okutumbula eddembe ly'abantu, okukola ku bwetaavu bw'eggwanga, era n'okutuukiriza enkyukakyuka ez'amaanyi mu nkola nga tekulinze kukkirizibwa. Kyokka era bireetawo okukakalasa okw'amateeka, okulambula obukiiko, endowooza ya bantu, n'okuziyiza bannabyabufuzi yenna okufuga nga bagoberera amateeka.

Abasomesa n'abayizi balaga engeri amateeka ga bannakyewa gye gayinza okukozesebwa mu kussaawo amateeka ga Amereka. Galaga engeri amaanyi ge gamu gye gayinza okukozesebwa mu nsonga ez'enjawulo okusinziira ku ngeri eyo eya mukozi w'ekitongole kya Oval Hospital gy'agifugamu era galaga obukuubagano obuliwo wakati w'obukulembeze obw'amaanyi n'obw'okulekawo ab'obuyinza. Bwe twekenneenya ebyokulabirako eby'ebyafaayo n'ebyakayita, tweyongera okusiima ennyo ebipimo ebinnyonnyola U.S. democracy.

Okusobola okweyongera okukebera, Ebiragiro by'abalagizi b'enjuka [[[:1]] bifulumya ebiwandike eby'omu biyingizibwa eby'omu buli lukalala nga ebiwandiko eby'ennono byonna ebikolebwako ate nga Etterekero ly'eggwanga[ biwa obuterekero obw'ennono obunoonyezebwa obwadda mu byasa ebisukka mu bibiri.