Omusingi: Engeri Entegeka Esaanidde Okukolebwamu Eyinza Okusobozesa Abamenyi b’Amateeka mu Amerika Okusala Omusango mu Ngeri Entuufu

Obusika buno obuteekeddwa mu mateeka ga mateeka ga Amerika, bukola ng'ekintu ekisinziirwako okuyisa buli muntu mu bwenkanya era ng'ekitiibwa, okuva ku kiseera omuntu lw'akwatibwa ng'agezesebwa era n'asalirwa omusango. Singa tewabaawo nkola ya bwenkanya, abamenyi b'amateeka bayinza okuteeka obulamu bwabwe mu kifo ky'okuteekawo enkola ey'obwenkanya.

Okutegeera Ebiba Bisuubirwa: Ebyafaayo n’Ebyafaayo

Endagaano eyo yakolebwa ku kigero ekitaakolebwa mu kiseera kino. Emirala gyayo gisibuka ku Magna Carta eya 1215, eyagamba nti tewali muntu wa ddembe ayinza kukwatibwa oba okusibibwa mu kkomera "w'ebweyava ku lukalala lwa bavubuka banne oba olw'amateeka g'ensi." Ekisuubizo ekyo eky'edda kyakolebwa okumala ebyasa bingi, ekyatuuka ku mitemwa gya kkumi na bikumi okutuusa ku mitemwa gya U.S. Ekiragiro kino kiwaliriza gavumenti okussa ekitiibwa mu ddembe ly'omu mateeka omuntu nga tannabaggyako obulamu, eddembe oba ebintu.

Mu nkola, okusobola okutuukana n'ekyo, abantu beetaaga okuweebwa amalambe amatuufu, omukisa ogw'okuwulirwa, era n'okusala ku nsonga ekolebwa kkooti enkulu mu Amerika enfunda n'enfunda, kooti enkulu ekiraze nti “ekyetaagisa okusobola okutambula mu kiseera ekituufu, era mu ngeri ey'omuganyulo, kwe kuweebwa obulagirizi mu buli kakwate k'amateeka, okuva ku kuyimirira kw'abakwasisa amateeka okuyitira mu kukaka n'okugoongera obuyambi.

Endagaano z’Etteeka

Olusamba olw'okutaano lwoleka kayisaliikirivu nti tewali muntu n'omu ajja kuba "mulamu, oba bintu nga tasoose kuweebwa mateeka." Mu kusooka, olukiiko luno lwali lukwata ku gavumenti y'eggwanga. Oluvannyuma lwa Ssematalo, olumende olwa 14 olw'okukyusaamu, olukalala olw'eby'obufuzi lwafuzeeko n'obukuumi bwe bumu eri gavumenti z'eggwanga. Okuyitira mu njigiriza ya , ennukuta y'amateeka esingayo okuba nga y'omulembedde ku mateeka ga Clauslease, era n'empalo olukyago olusinga obungi olw'okukulembedde mu nteekateeka ya Bill of Rights [5].[FLT]

Enkola Ebiri Egeetebwa: Procedtual ne Croatist

Enkola etuukirawo, etera okwawulwamu ebitundu bibiri eby'empandika ez'enjawulo naye nga birina akakwate: enteekateeka ey'ekikwate n'engeri ey'okusiigako ekiteesiteesi. Buli emu erina ekifo kikulu nnyo mu kukuuma eddembe ly'abantu abali mu nkola y'obwenkanya.

Tekisobose omulimu ogubindabinda

Omulimu ogw'okunnyonnyola mu nkola ey'okusengeka obusengeke obw'ekika kya obuwanvu bw'enkumbo obukola ku bintu by'otamanyibwa nga otaddeko obuwayiro obulagira kutandika mulimu oba omulimu gwonna gulina okukolebwako procedes[ gavumenti w'eteekwa okugoberera ekikolebwa nga enoonya omuntu okumuggyako obulamu, eddembe, oba ebintu. Mu ndukusa eza SELinux'omuti, ekiragiro kino kyewayira nti abawandike baweebwa omulimu ogusaanira era ogutegekeddwa mu ngeri entegekebwa mu mateeka. Ekiragiro kino kitwaliramu obukuumi obulagira okuko.

  • Obusobozi bw'okuwozesebwa amangu oba mu ngeri eyoleka obwenkanya mu kibiina ekikwana ku kakiiko akalamuzi (Emitemere ey’Omukaaga)
  • Obwetaavu obw’okumanya ebintu ebyajjawo era n’ensonga lwaki bavunaanibwa omusango ogwo
  • Abajulirwa ab'omu extramine
  • Okufuna abajulirwa abalungi mu mateeka
  • Ekiragiro kino kiwandikawo obwannannyini obutereevu obukkirizibwa okulaga abawayirwa mu Gideon v. Wainwright[ (1963)]
  • Eddembe ery'okutongoza mu maaso g'okugaana okulongoosebwa oba okusumululwa

Enteekateeka zino zikakasa nti tewali muntu yenna asingisiddwa omusango nga talina kakisa konna kwerwanako. Kkooti enkulu ebadde tekkiriza bukakafu bulaga nti okusobola okuwa obukakafu obwa nnamaddala, gavumenti teyeetaaga kugoberera mateeka gaayo gokka naye era ewa n'obubonero obw'ensonga. Ng'ekyokulabirako, mu Brady v. Maryland [1963], kkooti yasalawo nti abawaabi b'amateeka bateekwa okufulumya obujulizi bw'ensonga ku lukujjuzi olutuufu.

Engeri Enkola gy'Eteetera Okukolebwa

Wadde nga kikwatagana n'omulimu ogutali gwa mu nkola eyagobererwa how'o ' amateeka gagobererwa, omulimu bwe gutyo gukuuma enkola Ennukuta enzijjuvu] okuva ku nzige z'eby'obufuzi, ne bwe kiba nti enkola zonna ezigobererwa, eremesezza gavumenti okuteekawo amateeka agatakkirizibwa oba aganyigiriza. Mu ndukusa eza bulijjo, empandika z'amateeka ze ziteekako ekkomo eriko ekkomo eriko ekkomo eriko obukwasiddwa obukwasingirwa mu nkola ey'okuzza obutuufu. Ebirabo eby'okukugirwa mu nkola enzikkuusibwa mu nkola enzikkulwamu

  • Ekiragiro kino kitegeka nti obusobozi bw'okwefuga n'okukweyabiza mu mubiri (mu ngeri ey'akabonero, Griswold v.Connecticut[, 1965))
  • Obusika obw’okuyingira obufumbo n’okukuza abaana nga bwe kiba kisaanira
  • Eddembe ly’okugaana obujjanjabi
  • Okukuumibwa okuva ku mateeka nga ga "gakkiriza omuntu ow’omunda"

Ekiragiro kino kitera okuleetawo enkaayana mu nkola ekyetaagisa okusobola okunnyonnyola olulimi olugazi olw'amateeka. Wadde kiri kityo, kkooti enkulu ekozesezza amateeka agasala emisango ku nsonga ezikwata ku mpisa z'abantu kinnoomu. Lawrence v. Texas[[FLT]], 2003] oba agassuula mu bungi oba mu ngeri enkunkunaamu ekibonerezo.

Engeri Omwenkanya gye Yakwata ku Mumenyi w’Amateeka: Engabo Erimu Ebibi

Obusobozi obukolebwamu amateeka busobola okuganyula gavumenti era bulina kinene kye bukola ku nkola z'amateeka ezizingirwamu.

Okwekuuma Abantu Abalina Endowooza Enkyamu

Ekimu ku bintu eby'enkukunala ebiyamba mu kukola omulimu guno kwe kuziyiza okusingisibwa omusango. Ebbeeyi y'ensonga esingirayo ddala okuba nga y'ensonga ekkirizibwa mu mateeka ga Amerika. Abalwanirira bakkirizibwa okuwa obujulizi obw'enkomeredde, okuwakanya obujulizi obutuufu, era n'okukalambira nti omusango gwabwe gulina okutongozebwa mu maaso ga banna bannaabwe. Eproject, entegeka y'eggwanga eweereddwa okutegeeza nti bagiwayitidde mu musango, ewandikiddwamu, era nti ewaliddwawo obujulizi obukyamu, obusukka mu Mada mu mwaka 1989, obutuufu obw'okubonero obutuufu bulaga okusoozebwa. Ebibonero bino ebyasooka byayonokebwa [FFFF][FFFF]

Obukuumi obulala buzingiramu okusibirwa mu bwangu, ekisobozesa bannamateeka obutabaako kye basinziirako ku kuwabulwa kwenkana wa. Nga bagoberera emitindo egyateekebwa ku Strickland v. Washington (19984]), abawawaayiriza bayinza okuwakanya enkomera bwe kiba nga bawa ba professo ebintu bye bawandisizza mu kusalawo nti tebyali bwetaagisibwa.

Emize egy’Okusasula Omusango

Ekiragiro kino era kituukiriza n'ekiragiro ekisalirako abaana omusango. Ekibonerezo eky'okubonerezebwa mu ngeri ey'obukambwe n'ey'ekitali kya bulijjo ekiragibwa mu bibonero ebikkirizibwa mu bitongole ebya SCIRT Claus, kikakasa nti ekibonerezo kyenkanankana n'eky'omusango. Kkooti enkulu esaze kibonerezo kya bavubuka tekikkirizibwa kuweebwa baana nga tasoose kusalibwa musango. Ekirango eky'okulangirwamu kirina okusalibwa nga kyereere ekimu:[ Miveer v. Alabama, 2012) era nga kye kikkiriza nti kibonerezo ekyo kirina okulowooza ku mbeera eyagisoberwa omumenyi w'amateeka. Ekikulu eky'ebiragiro kitwaliramu ekibonerezo kya bannaakyo ekyo kitwaliramu:

  • Eddembe ly'okkirizibwa okubeerako nga osalirako abalala omusango oba nga weesalirawo ku lulwo (okusalirwa)
  • Obusobozi bw’okwejjukanya n’okuwakanya obulagirizi obufuga amateeka abalamuzi ge bawa
  • Eddembe ly'okujuliza ekkomo erisukka ku kkomo ly'amateeka oba lyesigamiziddwa ku bubaka obukyamu
  • Okwewala okusalira abalala omusango oluvannyuma lw’okubeetaaza

Okukyusa ebyakayita nga [[NKULA] Act yosooka (2018) Kino kyoleka okufuba okusobozesa okusalira abalala omusango okusaasaana, okukendeeza ku bikolo ebisambidwa ku malagalala agamu okugakkiriza okukolera ku kiragiro kya Fair Sendensig Act. Okukolebwa ku nsonga eyo kukakasa nti enkyukakyuka zino zikolebwa mu ngeri ennungi era nti abawawawaayi baweebwa omukisa okuganyulwa okuva ku nkyukakyuka ezikoleddwa mu mateeka.

Ebyakolebwanga Okussa Amateeka mu Nkola

Ennamba eziba ziteekeddwawo ziragira butereevu abakwasisa amateeka engeri gye banoonyerezaamu, gye bakwata era ne babuuza ebibuuzo. Emperamya ey'okuna, eyagattibwa ku magatte mu nkola y'ekirala (Created Programme) Claus mu 144, ekwetaagisa okuseesa obujulizi obwandireeteddwa mu Mapp v. Ohio [1961], era obutwaliriza obujulizi okubukozesa mu kutyolula obukwasisa eddembe lya poliisi. Ekiragiro kino kiziyiza obukwasisa obukyamu obwa poliisi.

Nga babuuzibwa ebibuuzo, olukalala lw'ebiragiro Miranda v. Arizona (1966]) lw'abakungu baaweerwa okutegeeza ababakesebwa nti balina eddembe ery'okusirika n'okubeerawo ne babaako aw'omukungu aw'okubaawo. Okulemererwa okuwa okulabula kuno kuyinza okutegeeza ebigambo ebiba bitayinza kugendererwa. Obukuumi obwo busobola okwewala enkola ez'obulimba eziyinza okuvaamu okubukkiriza oba okububuuza ebibuuzo.

Ebikoleddwa ebyakayita bigezese enkyuuka y'omulimu ogw'okugobererwa kw'amateeka mu ngeri eyaddawo. Kkooti enkulu esazesezza nti okuteeka ekyuma eky'omu emmotoka mu nkola eya GPS mu nkola eya Crene Amendment ([[FL:0]]United States v. Jones], 2012]) era n'okufuna ebifa ku busimba obuli mu mpandika y'obubonero okuva ku mu kompyuta okw'ekiddukanyajjukizo kya kompyuta kyetaagisa kko. Okunoonyereza okw'ekitongole kino kikola buzibu ng'okuseebbeeyi, obukiikiikiikiikibwa (,2018]). Ebisalibwa bino byoleka engeri ez'okukulembedde mu nkola ey'okukimu ey'okulaga obuwanjula obwa kompyuta.

Obusobozi Obuweebwa Abantu nga Tebannaba Kubutuukiriza

Wadde ng’omusingi gwa koodi gusimbye amakanda, waliwo okusoomooza kwa maanyi okuliwo. Enjawulo mu ngeri entegeke obulungi mu by'enkola n'enkyukakyuka mu bya tekinologiya, byonna biyinza okulabika ng'ebitatuukiriza kisuubizo eky'okuyisa obulungi buli muntu.

Enjawulo Eziba mu Ntegeka

Endowooza ey'obwenkanya mu bwenkanya etera okusingisibwawo olw'enjawulo ezisibuka ku langi, enkalu, n'embeera y'abantu ey'eby'enfuna. Okunoonyereza kulaga nti abaddugavu n'Abasipanisi batera okuyimizibwa, okuseesaawo, okukwatibwa, n'okusalirwa empeera mu bigambo eby'enjawulo okusinga ebyebbeeru olw'okukola kye kimu. Okulwana n'empandika ez'okwegattika okw'enjyiro ez'ebika eby'enjawulo, okuvaamu okutaawuka okw'enjjulukuka abawawawawa okusobola okutaabira mu nkola y'enkola y'emu. Abawayinja eya bulijjo balekedde abawayinja abawaatirivu bangi nga tebalina buyambi obw'amaanyi mu nkola eno. Era nga ekibiina ekitongole ekitegekedwa ekitongole ekiyinza okutta: abawayirizibwa mu ku kuyinza okuba nga bamala emyezi emiweempuliro, ne bakyayinja mu n'ennyonyi eyo mu n'empewo: [FF [F1][2][2][F

Enkulaakulana mu by’Obukugu

Okukulakula kw'enkyukakyuka mu bya tekinologiya kuleetawo okusoomooza okw'enjawulo. Ebitongole ebikakasa obukwasiddwa bw'amateeka byesigama ku lukalala lw'amateeka, okumanya engeri gye gayinza okulabibwamu, n'eby'okukozesa ebirala. Tekinologiya ono ayinza okubaamu ebintu bitono nnyo era ne kivaamu ebikyamu. Ng'ekyokulabirako, okufaanagana mu maaso kuyinza okugwa mu buzibu okusobola okusiba omuntu avunaanibwa. Okutereka ebintu n'okutundibwa ku muntu kinnoomu ebintu nga tewali mulamuzi, kitera okubaawo nga tewali mulamuzi, nga kino kireetawo ebibuuzo ku bukuumi bwa maanyi ku ngeri entegekebwamu.

Okuteesaganya okw'Ekiseera Kyo: Kiyinzika okukola omulimu ku mitwe gy'empuku

Abaziyiza bagezaako okuwakanya eddembe ly'okusala emisango. Mu ngeri y'emu, bawa abakungu ba gavumenti olukusa okunyaga ebintu ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga bireeteddwa mu mateeka, nga bagezaako okubba ebintu nga bwe basuubira nga waliwo omusango. Abakuutivu bagamba nti enkola eno emenya entuuko z'abantu ze eza bulijjo okusobola okukakasa nti tezirina kakwate konna ke zikkirizibwa. Okuddukanya ebintu byabwe tekukwataganyizibwa na mateeka. Okukwatibwa kw'amateeka, wadde nga mu butonde, kuyinza okuviirako okusibibwa n'okutwalibwa nga / kutwalibwa obuteekwate. Kkooti enkulu ekkiriza nti obutakola ebyo bisaanyizo ku bukuumi obubalina kusobola okuzikuuma, naye obunene bw'obukkulembedde mu nkola ey'eby'ensonga ezikwata ku ndowooza ez'amateeka, era n'okukuyusizaamu abantu okuleetawo obujja mu n'ensonga mu nkola y'ensonga mu nkola y'ensonga.

Mafundikira: Okukuuma Olwazi olw’Obwenkanya

Obusobozi obw'okukola ebintu nabwo busigala nga omusingi gwa kkooti ya Amerika ekola eby'amateeka. Kyokka, abantu tebakwatibwa mu ngeri eya bulijjo, okugezesebwa okw'amaanyi, oba okubonerezebwa okw'amaanyi. Okuva ku lukugiro lwa kkooti enkulu okutuuka ku nkola za poliisi ne bakolopoota, eddembe lino likwata ku buli kakwate wakati w'eggwanga n'omuwayiti. Kyokka, okusuubira okw'enkola tekuliwo tekuli kutuukiriza. kwetaagisa okufuba okutaasa okutaasa obujjanjabi, okuleka abalamuzi, abawagizi b'amateeka, n'abamanyisinde baleme okuzikirizibwa olw'obusosoze obw'engeri z'eby'obufuzi, n'eby'eby'ebyobufuzi okusobola okugobeebwa mu nkola y'ebintu ebippya ate nga tewali na kimu kubuusa maaso mu musingi buli muntu agwanidde okukkirizibwa okukkirizibwa mu maaso mu gavumenti, oba okuteenyagabwebwebwe oba okuggibwa mu nkola y'ensonga mu nkola ya bulijjo. musango eno y'ensonga z'esango y'eba ya Amerika.