Okutegeera Obusika bw’Etteeka n’Eddembe ly’Obwannakyewa

Constitution y'Amerika k'ekola ng'ekiwandiiko ekinnyonnyola engeri gavumenti gye ziyinza okuzikuumamu era n'okusobozesa abantu okufuna eddembe. Ddembe ly'amateeka lye lino liragibwa mu byawandiikibwa, naddala mu Lupapula lw'eddembe era n'okukyusaamu oluvannyuma, wadde nga eddembe lya bantu b'eggulo ne liba bwesittazibwa ku mateeka. Okutategeera obulungi ebikwata ku bukuumi buno kw'eby'obufuzi kweyongedde, nga kweyongedde okuva ku by'obufuzi, ennyimba ez'eby'obufuzi, ennyimba n'obuyigirize obw'obujjuvu. Ekitundu kino kyawumba enfumo obuteerebwa okuva ku nsonga z'amateeka era kiwandikiddwa mu bukakafu obw'enkwakwaze ku ekyo. Era ennyimba z'amateeka tezinnyonnyola bulungi eddembe ly'obwewamu.

Obusobozi bw'omu Mateeka tebwali bwa lukumbo. Kkooti enkulu enfunda n'enfunda ebadde egamba nti eddembe eririna okusalirwako ku nsonga za gavumenti ez'amaanyi, gamba ng'obukuumi, obutebenkevu bw'eggwanga, n'enkuka za balala. Ekitongole ekifuga enfuga okusoosa okwasooka tekikukuuma kuvumizibwa kw'amateeka, ku kuteeka ssemankano, oba okusikirizibwa ku kukola ekimenyese. Enkyukakyuka ey'okubiri, nga bwe kinnyonnyolwa mu Dricurecule of Columbia v. Heller[FLT][200:1] [2001], ewakiza eddembe omuntu kinnoomu okusiikiriza abantu okutambula ebyokulwanyisa naye ne bagoberera amateeka nga bwe gakkiriza okukkirizibwa mu ku by'ebitongole bya bannannyini bya n'ebitongole bya bulijjo. Okutegeera ebbanja bino kikulu nnyo olw'obutuuzenzinzi.

Ensibuko y’Okununulibwa kw’Abatuuze

Eddembe ly'abantu liva ku ssemateeka, ssemateeka w'eggwanga, ne mateeka ga gavumenti. Bill of Rights, eyakkirizibwa mu 1791, yasooka kukozesebwa ku gavumenti y'eggwanga. Okuyitira mu 14neth Amendmenṯ Century Procession Claus, Court etwalamu ensonga ezisinga obungi ez'eddembe eri obukuumibwa eri gavumenti. Kino kitegeeza nti eddembe lyo ery'okwogera lya ddembe likuumibwa okuva ku gavumenti ne gavumenti okukebera ebiba bya gavumenti, era nti likwata ne ku ddembe ery'okuteesako, okubuulirirwa, n'okubukuumibwa obukyamu, n'eddembe amalala amalala amalala.

  • [[AGUMENTI]] Eddembe ly'Okwogera [ – – Obukuumi okuva mu gavumenti buleetera obuswavu, ebifaananyi eby'obugwenyufu, abaana abatiini, n'obukumpanya mu by'obusuubuzi butalagibwa.
  • [[AK'AMUTANDIKA] K'okkirize [[KITEEKA] – Kizingiramu obwannannyini eri olukiiko olusaliramu abantu bonna omusango, okuteesa, n'obuyambi bw'okukangavvulwa (Okwasumulula okw'emirundi essatu).
  • [[AGUMENTI:0]] Kiragiro kya obwama[ - Tekyogerwako butereevu wabula nga kiggiddwa mu Lusooka, eky'okuna, eky'okutaano, eky'Okutaano, eky'okuna, n'eky'ekkumi n'ekinaana, okutegeka okutegeka okutayirira, okubuutikirako n'okuzaala, n'okufuga mu by'ekisawo ([]]Grisrold v.Connectic, 1965; Obergefell v. Hodges], 2015]).
  • [[AK:0] Obukuumi obufuga ettuluba ly'okwefuga we lyokka[[AKMENTI:1] – Entegeka ey'Okutaano eremesa gavumenti okwewaayiriza mu kkooti.

Endowooza Enkyamu Ekwata ku Kununulibwa kw’Abantu n’Ebikwata ku Mazima Agabaanika

Wano waliwo enfumo nnya ezigobererwa abantu bonna ezikwata ku ddembe ly’enzikiriza ez'enjawulo.

Endowooza Enkyamu 1: Endagaano Ewa Obukakafu nti Wajjawo Eddembe ly’Okwogera Ekituufu n’Ekikyamu

[[NKULU:0] FUMENTI] Act: Congress agamba nti, Congress terijja kukola mateeka ga '̴'; nga kisobozesa eddembe ly'okwogera, naye Kkooti Ennene ewandikiddwako ebika by'ennyimba ebiteesigamizibwa ku mateeka. Bino bizingiramu okusibuka ku by'ettemu ([ Brandenburg v. Ohio[[FLT]]], 1969), ebikaluguzi eby'amazima, okuvuma, ebigambo, okuvuma, obukyaza abaana, oba ebifaananyisi by'obule. Gavumenti era eyinza okukugira okwogera mu bifo ebya bulijjo nga biyingizibwa mu magye oba mu kkooti. Amapulati g'amatabi gayinza okugattidwa ne mu ku ku kukka wansi wa Bufumbo obwa Facebook oba mu kifo eky'okukkulembejja. Ate era tegattigattiganyibwa mu gavumenti ey'enya enkola eya nnamu. prosettena ku nsonga za waggulu.[2]

Endowooza Enkyamu Eyokubiri: Okuteeyawula ku Bantu Kikwata ku Batuuze Bokka

[[NKULULA:0] FUMENTI: Bill of Rights akozesa ekigambo “ abantu ” oba ̵ ̵ ̴ so si & #820; enviro.[NKULU; Kkooti enkulu ekkiriza nti abantu abatali ba ggwanga mu United States bateekeddwa okuba n'obukuumi obusingako. Enzigyego mu Amerika era kikuutibwa okunoonyereza okutakwata ku muntu yenna mu U. Entekomyusiza mu ngeri y'enkyukakyuka, naye nga mu n'ey'ensonga ez'enjawulo zisobola okubaamu obukkulembereza buli muntu yenna. Entententenga ya Clauslaus ewandikibwe mu mateeka, katak'enkyukakyuka. Enkyukakyuka eyo mu mwaka gwa mukaaga n'etaano ekakasa buli muntu yenna okusalibwa mu mateeka.

Endowooza Enkyamu 3: Gavumenti Esobola Okuziyiza Enkolagana Yayo ne Katonda mu Biseera by’Essawa

[[NKULA] : Era mu kiseera kino, wayita obwetaavu obwalaga obwetaavu bw'amako obulaga obwangu “‘ oba obutyabaga obw'omu butonde, oba ebizibu eby'eby'obulamu ebya buliwo, gavumenti eteekwa okussa ekitiibwa mu nkomerero za grauditional. Court enfuga ennene ekoze empandika ez'aw'amangu ennyo. Shoomment Truman ̱ obuswanyirikiti bwa sistemu mu kiseera kya kyuma ([[[FLY:3], 1952). Gavumenti tesobola kuwanirira ddembe okuggyako nga obwewagguzi oba okulumba obukyayirizibwa, mu bitundu bino, mu kkooti ezikola enzivvunga, ne mu ngeri enzivvuunuzi ebizikibwa, ebibagirwa mu n'okukkebeentuma, era ne mu ngeri endala endala ezikozesebwamu mu gavumenti enneegaana obutuufu okulagira okukola ku nsonga ezo eziba nga ku n'ebyo ebibagirwamu. Gavume okukyulagirwa mu mateeka okukyula okukyu

Endowooza Enkyamu 4: Eddembe Lyonna Lifuna Obukuumi Obwenkanankana wansi w’Amateeka

Obusobozi obw'okulonda tebuyinza kwenkanankanankanankanankanankana n'obukuumi bw'okusala emisango. Kkooti zikola olukumbo olw'enjawulo nga zisinziira ku ddembe n'enkola ebikozesebwa gavumenti. Enjogera, eddembe ly'eddiini, n'eddembe okulonda olukalala, era n'obusobozi bw'okulonda olukalala olw'eddiini. Ekiragiro kisalawo nti, ” kitegeeza nti gavumenti eririna okulaga ebbeeyambi erin'enkola era n'empandika ya k'ebiruubirirwa ebyayo ebisinga obungi. Amateeka g'eby'eby'enfuna n'ennamba zeetaaga okuweebwa ku buli muntu. Okutegeera okwo kuyamba okulaba engeri amateeka agatali ga njawulo gye gayinza okugonjoolamu.

Ensibuko y’Ebyafaayo: Ekiwandiiko Ekikwata ku Ddembe n’Ekigendererwa Kyalyo Ekibeerawo Emirembe Gyonna

Yateekebwa mu kifo nga Ddesemba 15, 1791, Bill of Rights kyeyava etegeeza obutereevu obwali bukwata ku Anti-Federalist nti Amateeka amapya tegaalina bukuumi bwa buli muntu. James Madison okusooka yawaayirizaamu enzivuunvu za kkumi nambi; kkumi zakkirizibwa gavumenti. Obukiiko obw'okubiri obwasooka obwagabana empalana ne ksomero, obwa Bungereza, era obwali bumaze okuteekebwawo nga 1992 nga Agumenti (20-Sventh Context). Ekiragiro kya 'Ly Collegements of Rights' kyagoberera ebiwandiiko eby'eddecustoms' eby'omu 1689, ebiteeyambisibwako eby'okuva mu ku ku kutegeera eby'etteeka lya Bungereza (1970) ne ku n'okuva ku nviiriŋŋanda n'okuva mu kibiina kya Poli.

Bill of Rights teyagendererwa kuwa ddembe lya nsikirano naye yakkirizibwa okukkiriza eddembe erya bulijjo eryali liba nga likyaliwo n'okukoma ku buyinza bwa gavumenti. Ekitongole eky'ekika kya Ninth Amereka kyagamba nti, okukkirizibwa kw'enkalo ezimu tekulibaawo ku ̴denayi oba okusosola abalala ababeera mu gavumenti.” Ekiragiro kino kyakozesebwa okukuuma eddembe eriba liteekeddwawo okwegammattu ne liba nga lirina we lirina. Tenth Amendment terikireetera gavumenti oba abantu obutagabawa buyinza bwa gavumenti y'ensi eno bweyongera okuleetawo okuleetawo okubuddaaka n'obuyinza ku nsonga ezikwata ku by'obuwabuzi, eby'obulamu, n'eby'enjigiriza.

Emiteeso Emikulu: Kye Bakuuma

Wadde nga Bill of Rights yonna eteekeddwawo, enkyukakyuka eziwerako zirina amakulu mangi nnyo mu kukyusa eddembe abantu lye balina leero.

Omuteende Ogwasooka: Okwogera, Eddiini, Okukuba Ssandisi, Enkuŋŋaana Ennene, n’Okwegayirira

Ekitongole ekiwewereza olubereberye kitera okuyitibwa “ eddembe erisooka & #821; kubanga Abaatandikawo baakitwala nti kikulu nnyo mu kufuga demokulase. Ligaana Congress (era nga liteekebwawo, ligaana eddiini okutandikawo oba okukugira okuzikola, okuva ku bigambo oba eddembe ery'okukuba ku mpapula, era n'okukugira okukuŋŋaana awamu n'okwegayirira gavumenti.

  • [[NT:0]Ow'omulimu Free Execreeve Claus:[ Gavumenti teyinza kutegeeza nti eddiini esobola okugonjoolwa, naye amateeka agafuga obutabaako ludda lwe gawaze gayinza okukifuula kizibu eri enkola y'eddiini (Employment Division v. Smith[]), 1990. Ekiragiro kya 'Religious Consolation Reformation Act' (RFRA) amateeka agafuga enfugamakanda'empala'empandika) era n'enzivvuunuzi nnyingi zisobola okuzzaamuako.
  • [[AKMENT:0] Enjogera ey'eddembe: Kino kikuuma emboozi ez'eby'obufuzi munda naye era kizingiramu n'ebigambo eby'obulungi, ebinyumi, (bwe kitaba kya bukuumi butono), era n'ebigambo eby'obukyayi (bwe kiba nga tekikuleetako ttemu oba nga kireetawo okutulugunya).
  • Empewo: Kino kitegeeza nti ebifulumira mu empapula z'amawulire tebizimbibwa mu mateeka naye era bafuna obukuumi bwe bumu ng'abantu kinnoomu obw'okwogera.
  • Obubonero obukkirizibwa mu mateeka buzingiramu okusiba ebikyamu, okusikiriza oba okwekalakaasa.

Okugaayirizibwa okw’Okuna: Okunoonya n’Okufiirwa

Olukalala olw'okuna lukuuma n'obusobozi obufuga entebe z'ebitundu mu bantu, amayumba, empapula, n'ebivaamu, nga biwagirwa okusena obusakusifu. ̵ Abawagizi balina okusaasaanyizibwa olw'ensonga eziyinza okuviirako okuseebwa n'ebintu okukwatibwa. Ekisatu kitwaliramu: okulabirako, okusemba, okukebera embeera, okunoonyereza ku nsonga, n'eby'emmotoka. [[FLT:]Katz v. United States[FLT:] (1967]), Kkooti ereetwawo n'etwalidde mu kifo ekitegeeza nti: ̴ okutuuka ku nsonga ezikwata ku buli muntu kinnoomu. projectivesssss, ekifuga ensonga ezifaanana ng'okujjulula enziroota y'empalango, ennyiri mu kifo eky'obujulizi. [FFFetterna]][2]

Okutereezebwa kw'okutaano: Kiruubirirwa n'obuteefuga

Ekiweerwawo eky'okutaano kirimu eby'obukuumi eby'enjawulo: eddembe ery'okudda mu lukiiko olukulu olw'abalamuzi ku misango emikulu; obukuumi ku kabi ak'emirundi ebiri; eddembe eririna okusoberwa ku butali bwenkanya (emirundi egisinga liyitibwa & #8220; okukubiriza Ekirabo eky'okutaano ”); eddembe erina okuweebwa amateeka; n'erya Claussescaecesssss distions' singa ebizibye ebizikwasibwa bikozesebwa mu lujjudde. Ekirasatukira ekyamaguzi tekituukiriza bujulizi nga omusaayi oba entuuyo. Miranda ([[FL:] Manda. v.[FLG:], 1966) kye kimu ku ebyo ebisaanyizibwa mu kifo eky'okusuubira okubunnyonyoosa obutuufu.

Omuteeso ogw’omukaaga: Etteeka Erikwata ku Tteeka ly’Eŋŋaano mu Bujjuvu

Ekitongole ky'ensi yonna kiwa omuntu ekibonerezo ku lukalala olw'omusango olw'ensobi ez'amaanyi ennyo, nga buli omu avunaanyizibwa mu ngeri enneyisa ya gavumenti, era nga mu lukiiko olusalaanyawo mu disiturikiti eyo, obwetaavu okutegeezebwa, eddembe ery'okutegeeza abajulizi, n'obusobozi bw'okukangavvuwa. Obusobozi bw'okuwabula ku nsonga zinnaazo bukola ku misango gyonna egiviirako okusibibwa, nga mw'otwalidde n'okusoosa abawabudde. Obuyambi obw'amagezi bwetaagisa, nga bwe bwe bweyongera okujjuzibwa mu [FL:0] Gideon v. Wainwright [[[FLD:1] [63], oluwambuluku olwo olulina okuwa abawabuzi abo abawabudde olulina okuteekawo abawawabu oludda oludda oluwa.

Okuweerera Omunaana: Obukambwe n’Okubonerezebwa okw’Enjawulo

Kkooti eyinza okuwera ettuluba lya bannalukalala. Emitindo egigattiddwa egy'empisa n'egyo egy'enjawulo giwa obulagirizi ku nnukuta zaayo. Kkooti ewera okusalira abantu abalina obulema mu by'amagezi ekivume olw'okutta abantu ( Attins v. Virginia[], 2002 [na'abamenyi b'amateeka abangi [[[FLT:]]]R2] v. [FLTM], 2005]), ekirengo kyako kyagamba nti obulamu obwa bulijjo busobola okuganyula abaana ([FLT:]] MENUM],[FLD][FFFF:], 2012]). Entemplectionmentations[encel], 2005. Enyeenyeesaagisaamu, enneevuvu mu ngeri endala ez'okujjanjaba, n'okukukozesa enkola y'obujja bw'obujjanjabinja.

Ebizibu Ebibaawo mu Kiseera Kino eby’Okutaasa Bannamukadde

Ekyasa ekya 21 kivuddemu okusoomooza okw'amaanyi okusobola okukakasa obanga amateeka ga Katonda gagobererwa.

Ebya Ddaala ne Gavumenti

Obungi bw'enkola ya disikisiki.[1] Obubonero obwakolebwa ku mikutu gy'ensi, ebitongole ebikola ku nviiri, ebyafaayo, n'enkola zabyo, byakyusa engeri gye bifugamu ebintu. Enjigiriza ey'okubiri ey'okwerinda ’ enjigiriza “ enjigiriza ey'ekitundu 3 mu lukumbo; (okuggyako obubaka obuweebwa abalala kyeyagalire teri bwamaguzi). Ate era yakyusa endowooza y'ekitongole kya California[[FLY:1] [20] (2014], kkooti yakkiriza nti poliisi yeetaazesembye kigikirimu ekyetaagisa okukebera ensonga ez'omukutu okukwatibwa. , Kkooti, ekijulirwa mu kifo ekiwanvu mu mpandiro kya ssi mu lukulembe lw'amasaanyirimu, era olumu lw'ebiragiro bya gavumenti. Kyokka, kkooti endala endala ezikola ebisukka mu kifo kya Ssemasaza mu Bulattini nga zirviga z'Aka) ebitongole mu

Okwogera mu Kiseera eky’Okutiisa

Mu nsi yonna, ebitongole eby'oku ssimu bifuuse nga kampuni ezimanyibwa mu bantu aba bulijjo, kyokka nga zikola kampuni ezikkirizibwa mu matendekero g'ebitongole ebikkirizibwa mu matendekero. Olukalala lwa First Amendment terukugira kampuni za bantu bokka naye wabaawo okukalambira ku oba ng'amatoogo aga Facebook ne Twitter gasaanidde okutwalibwa nga bannabyabufuzi. Ekisenge 230 ku bukulembeze bw'Emitego bw'okugattisso si kisibe kya ba mukozesa we kibeera, naye era nga kivumiddeko okuvumirira ebizikwata ku ngeri eyo byombi ebiyinza okusobozesa ebizingirwamu n'okuziyiza ebikugibwamu. Kkolubukko ek'omumambuka eri mu mambuka gganda kiva mu mataba. [FLDorciose.[FLD:1]'evigatten] (207]) kigamba nti, ekitongole ky'amateeka ekirengo ekiva mu by'okuva mu by'okuva mu by'okusimu ku by'amasaabaga

Obwenkanya bw’Enjawulo n’Obwenkanya Bikyuka

Eddembe ly'omunda likolagana n'obwenkanya obuva mu langi. Etteeka ery'okuna erikwata ku busosoze mu mawanga ’ obukuumi obukuutifu eribuziyiza obuswaze obuteetaagisa poliisi okukozesa amaanyi ([[FL:0]]Graham v. Connor[[[FL:1]], 1989). Entegeka ey'omukaaga ey'okubuulirira ereme okubuulirirwa eremesebwa olw'enteekateeka ez'okwerinda ez'ebiwayinja ebingi mu nsi nnyingi. Entenga enkumi n'omukaaga enfumbo zireetebwa okukkirizibwa mu ngeri y'ebyebbeeyinjanja oba ey'okumenya amateeka agatali gamu. Okukugira obutongole bwa polimu, okunoonyereza okwabwe, n'okuwera mu ngeri y'obugunjufu.

Ekiwandiiko ekiraga nti gavumenti eremeddwa okukuuma eddembe ly'obuntu

Post-9/11 Akakwakkuliro akajjidde aka PORTIOT, akakiiko k'eby'amagye akateebereza obwa bannalukalala, era n'enteekateeka ya NSA̱ ekozesa ssimu enzijjuvu egezesezza ekipimo ekiri wakati w'obukuumi n'eddembe. Mu HAmdi v. Rumsfeld [2004], kkooti yakkiriza nti Abatuuze b'obutuuze b'amataba ba ssi ba ba bannaakyewansi balina okufuna enkola esaanira, nga mw'otwalidde n'okusoomooza eddembe lyabwe mu kukwata omukebenyi w'enjereere w'ekitongole ekibajjuzizo. [[FLT:].[FLT], Kkooti ya kkooti ey'ensi yonna (2017]), yakkiriza nti omunnanyinyinyinyinyinyinyinyiriti z'enkola mu kifo kya ku kukebera ebitongole ebitongole ebiwamu mu kifo kya RFGPGPPUPUPU], era nga

Olugero: Ekifo ekikulu mu Kuyigiriza Okutuufu

Okumanya eddembe ly'omu mateeka n'eddembe ly'abantu tekifuula kintu kya buwanguzi . Abaatandikawo enkola eyo baalowooza nti obutuuze obuyigirize obwa bulijjo bwe busobola okukebera abantu ku bukambwe. Obuyigirize obwa Civic busobozesa abantu okutegeera singa eddembe lyabwe limenyebwa, nga bakolagana n'abakwasi b'amateeka, nga beenyigira mu kuwa emboozi eriweebwa abantu bonna, era nga gavumenti evunaanibwa omusango. Omuntu bw'ataba na ddembe ly'omulembero ayinza okufiirwa obukuumi obwa nnamaddala okuva mu butamanya oba okusatwaliriza, oba okusuubira obuwambe obutuufu obw'enkomeredde ku mateeka, n'okugaana okugoberera etteeka eririwo.

Amasomero, amaterekero g'ebitabo, n'ebibiina by'abantu bitwala ekifo ekikulu nga biyigiriza ebigambo ebya Ssande, ensalo za kkooti enkulu era n'okufuba okusobola okuweerera ddala eddembe eri bonna. Buli mulembe gulina okusoberwa okuguka mu gavumenti, mu buyinza, oba mu busosoze. Okusobola okumanyisa enzivuunula y'amateeka era n'okutegeera obulungi amateeka g'ensikati yaffe, tulina okuba n'embeera ennungi eri wakati w'obutebenkevu mu Amerika.

Okusobola okukebera ebifa ku lukalala lw'ensonga, kebera ekitongole ekigoberera amateeka mu kifo eky'okubuuka n'okuwandiika ebiwandiikiddwa mu mpandiika. project eno y'ewanjuzi eriwa obujulizi obukwata ku nsonga n'okwawula ebigambo mu kkooti esinga obukulu. [[FLT:] [FLT:] ALU] Okumanya Entegeka zo[ Kino kiwanjula empandika ez'amakulu ez'eby'omu mateeka n'ennono. [[FLT:] Kiwandikiro ekiwandikiro n'ebiwandiiko eby'eby'ebyafaayo biwandikiddwawo, ekiwandikiro n'obuyigirize ewandikiro. [[FLT:]