Mu myaka egyakayita, Bulaaya efunye enkyukakyuka ez'amaanyi mu nkolagana ey'oku lusegere. Enkolagana wakati w'obufumbo n'okukolagana obulungi wakati w'abantu, kati k'ebiragiro ebibunye mu nsi mu nsi eziriraanye ebigendererwa byayo era n'obuwangwa obunywevu. Okuva ku mateeka ga Paysland okutuusa ku kuwerebwa kwa mateeka mu bitundu bya Bulaaya ow'Ebuvanjuba, amateeka ga bannannyini.[1] Obufumbo obugattiddwamu obugattisene oba obugattisezza obugattini buddiriŋŋana busobola okujjawo. Ekitundu kino kiwandisizza ebiwandiiko ebikwata ku ebyafaayo, embeera y'obufunze, n'okumanyiiraŋŋana n'okukolagana mu nsi yonna, n'amateeka g'abantu okukyuka.

Ebyafaayo Ebikyusa Amateeka g’Obufumbo mu Bulaaya

Okumala ebyasa bingi, enteekateeka eno ey’obufumbo yali yeetongodde olw’omukago, olw’eddiini, n’obulombolombo bw'omu kitundu.Ekkanisa y’Ekikatuliki yatandika okufuga obufumbo mu biseera eby’edda, nga yeetaagisa abantu okukkiriza ebirayiro, n’emikisa gy’ekibiina ky’eddiini.

Okuva mu Ddiini Okudda mu Bufumbo bwa Kitulukiro

Okukyuka kwakolebwa mu ggwanga era n'okutumbulwa kw'enkola z'eddiini okusoomooza obuyinza mu by'obufumbo. Abaprotestanti baaleka okugattululwa mu mbeera ntono, naye enjigiriza ey'obufumbo bwa gavumenti mu Bufalansa yatandikawo obufumbo bwa gavumenti mu 1792. Bufalansa yatandikawo obufumbo bwa gavumenti mu 1792, n'eggyawo obufumbo obw'omu mateeka era n'okugatta obufumbo obwali wansi w'eggwanga. Kino kyakolebwa mu Bulaaya mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'ekkumi n'omwenda, era n'ebyuma by'Obwakabaka ebyatandikawo amateeka g'eddiini. Obuwagizi bwa gavumenti okuleka enzikiriza okuziggulawo enzikiriza z'eddiini kyatandikawo omusingi ogwandizzewo oluvannyuma, nga gavumenti bwe zaali ziyinza okuzzaawo obufumbo obulungi naye nga tezingirwamu mu kyasa eky'ekkumi kikumi kya kkumi na kimu, era nga Bugirimaani Italy, ne United Kingdoms Kingdom esssioneddium ne obulombolombo bw'enyibwa mu by'eddiini.

Amateeka Agakwata ku Kugattululwa n’Abantu Abali mu Ndagaano Ennungi

Ekyasa ekya 20 bwe kyatandika, waaliwo enkyukakyuka ez'amaanyi mu mateeka ga bufumbo. Okugattululwa kwafuuka kwa mateeka mu nsi nnyingi eza Bulaaya wadde nga zaakolebwa ku nsonga ezibakugira gamba ng'obwenzi oba obukambwe. Ebibiina ebitwala abakazi ebya 1960 ne 1970 byasendekawo okwenkanankana mu bufumbo, nga biggyawo enjigiriza ey'okukwekweka omukazi mu mateeka wansi w'omwami we. Amawanga nga Sweden ne Denmark gaasalawo okugoberera amateeka agakwata ku bufumbo, ne gaggyawo ebisaanyizo ebisaanyiza omukazi okufuna erinnya lya bbaa n'okusasula ebibanja. Enkyukakyuka zino zassaawo olukalala olw'ensonga ez'ensonga ez'amaanyi: enkolagana y'obukabagattiŋŋanda.

Okuyingira Kwannakyewa mu Gavumenti ng’Enkyukyuka Ezitali za mu Kkomera mu Mateeka

Obufumbo nga tebunnabaawo, okugattikanya kwatandikawo mu ngeri y'okwegatta. Endowooza ey'ekika kino yasibuka mu Denmark, eyatandikawo mu 1989, nga yatandikawo obufuzi bw'eddiini obwasooka obw'abantu ab'ekikula ekimu okugattibwa. Enteekateeka eno empya ey'omu mateeka yawa abantu eddembe n'ebisaanyizo bingi eby'obufumbo.[1] Obusika n'ebivaamu, n'emiganyulo gya bantu. Wadde nga mwewali okwewala ekigambo "obufumbo" era n'okulekawo eddiini awamu n'okukuzaamu abaana. Ekyakulabirako ky'e Denmark kyayoleka nti kyasimba amakanda.

Ensibuko y’Ebikolwa by’Obunnabbi n’Ebibunye mu Bulaaya

Mu 1998, amawanga amalala ag'omu Norway (1993), Sweden (1995), Iceland (1996), ne Finland (2002) gaatandikawo enkolagana ey'okugatta awamu mu ngeri ez'enjawulo mu Denmark. Mu mwaka gwa 1998, nga gasuubira nti abafumbo bonna ab'omu Netherlands bajja kwenkanankanankana mu 2001. Bufalansa yatandikawo amateeka Pacte Comn de Soalarété[[FLT] [PACS] mu 1999, agaawumba olulala olw'obukabagattini, aga United Kingdom, ne Switzerland gaateekawo amateeka agaago wakati w'omwaka 2001 ne 2007. Mu middondo gy'obuwampunga bwa Buwampunga bwa Bulansa, obuwaze obwa bulijjo bwafuuka ekiteesobo ekiteevu mu Amerekamu mu Bulabugwanjulabu.

Enkizo n’Obuvunaanyizibwa mu Bufuzi bwa Gavumenti

Wadde ng’abantu bakolagana mu ngeri za njawulo okusinziira ku nsi, balina ekika ekikulu eky’enkola emu:

  • [[AK'AMUTANDIKA]] Kwewandiisa mu mateeka, nga emirundi egisinga kwetaagisa enkola ey'okusattulula obufumbo.
  • [[AK'AMUTANDIKI] Obutuufu n'enkalo ez'okusikira:[[AK'AKA] Obusobozi obw'okusikira awatali kuganja, obukuusibwako obuddunja, n'obusika obuva mu buwangwa obutabaako ky'obwa nnanyini kufuga.
  • [[Akabonero:0] Obukuumi n'emiganyulo gya pensoni:[[Akatabo]] Akawayiro kaleetera omusaala okuweza ssente eza pensoni z'aba abaasumululwa, akakwakulizo k'obujjanjabi n'emiganyulo gy'ab'omu maka.
  • [[Akawayiro:0]] Obusobozi bw'okuva mu ggwanga n'okuva mu ggwanga:[[Akawayiro:1] DDIRARARASIMU Ssente ez'okusasula munnaabwe okubeera mu nnyumba oba obutuuze mu bitundu by'ensi ebitali bimu.
  • Obuvunaanyizibwa bw'abazadde:[[[Act:1] Obumu bukkiriza okufuulibwa abaana oba okumanyibwa obugattiddwa obukolebwa abazadde.

Kyokka, okugattika abaana mu nzikiriza zaabwe tekwakoma mu nsi nnyingi era tebakkirizanga kukuza baana mu mikolo gya ddiini.

Obusobozi bw’Abafumbo Abali Abakabaga

Ekimu ku bibadde bikola kwe kugatta abafumbo abafaananya ebitundu eby'omu nsi eby'enjawulo. Netherlands, Bufalansa (PACS), ne Bubirigi byakkirizibwa dda okukola kino. Kingdom yatandikawo enkolagana wakati w'abantu ab'obukaba n'abafumbo ab'enjawulo mu 2019 oluvannyuma lwa kkooti enkulu. Finland, Ireland, ne Luxembourg era ziwa abafumbo abakkirizibwa okufumbiriganwa. Abafumbo bangi bakkirizibwa mu kifo kya bannannyini mu bufumbo. Nfumbo zikkirizibwa okukkirizibwa mu mateeka. Kino kiraga nti okukolagana mu bantu si kulekera awo okufumbiriganwa naye era obufumbo bw'omu mateeka bukkirizibwa.

Obufumbo bw’Abaddugavu: Embeera Egenda Yeeyongera mu Bulaaya

Abawagizi baagamba nti okwawukana tekwabanga kwa njawulo, naddala singa enkolagana tebaamu nnuŋŋamu oba okumanyibwa mu bantu.

Amawanga Agaweereza nga Bapayoniya n’Emitego egy’Eby’Omuwendo

Netherlands yafuuka nsi eyasooka okukkirizibwa mu nsi mu mwaka gwa 2001, ng'eyagattise ddala obufumbo obw'obukaba. mu 2003, mu Spain mu 2005, ne mu Norway ne Sweden mu 2009. Portugal yawandiisibwa mu 2010. Iceland (mu 2010, nga mu kiseera kya mukungu waayo afuga ensi yonna aguwandike) Denmark mu 2012, ne Bufalansa mu 2013. United Kingdom yatandikawo obufumbo bwe bumu obwa bulijjo mu Bungereza ne Wales mu 2014, Scotland mu 2014, ne mu Northern Ireland mu 2020. Mu Bukiikakkono bwa Bukiikakkono bwa Bulaaya, Austria yakkirizibwa mu 2019 okuyitira mu kukungu wa Kkiiko kkootikkulu, mu 2017, mu Bulmaleediyo, ne mu Bugirimaani mu 2017. Mu mwaka gwa 2025, 2120, ensi za Bulaayani za Bulaaya (okuggyako Italy, obugattawo obugattini bwonna mu Bulaaya, obumu ne mu 2014, era ne Northern Ireland mu 2020) ze zibeeramu n'obufumbo bwa kyenkana.

Ekifo kya Kkooti ya Bulaaya Ekwata ku Ddembe ly’Obuntu

Kkooti ya Bulaaya ekola ku ddembe ly'abantu mu ngeri ey'enjawulo. Kkooti ya Bulaaya yakola bulungi ensonga. Schalk ne Kopf v. Austria (2020:0), kkooti yasalawo nti endagaano y'e Bulaaya ku ntegeka z'Eddeka za bantu tezikkiriza gavumenti okuwamba obufumbo bw'ekimu naye yakikkiriza nti enkolagana y'obukaba eguddewo wakati w'obufumbo wakati w'amaka ne Koppy'. Oluvannyuma, mu , kyali kiresembyewo n'abalala. Italy[[FLT:] (20) (20), kkooti yakizuula nti Italy temenyeseemu endagaano yonna mu mateeka okumanyibwa mu bufumbo. Ensi eno emaze okupikirizibwa mu ngeri yonna, nga teyetooloddewo mu ngeri y'okwewamu. Kyokka, ensi ezimaze okugattirwawo olumu, teziganya kirewo olumu olw'obufumbo mu nsi yonna.

Amateeka g’EU n’Eddembe ly’Enzikiriza

Etteeka lya 'European Union' era lyufuze bulungi engeri y'okuleetawo enfuge mu nsi ez'emu, naye wajjawo obuzibu singa abafumbo bava mu bufumbo nga bali mu mbeera ey'okulingana. Coman ne Abalala [2018] [b] ’ [b] olw'omukono gwa EU], Kkooti y'obwenkanyazesezza nti omufumbo gw'omukazi oba omufumbo gw'omu ku abo abafumbo mu kibiina kya EU ye "spouse" olw'ensonga ezitakkirizibwa mu EU'okutongozanya kwa babadde tebakkirizibwa kuyingira bufumbo bw'omuyaga. Kino kitegeeza nti ekitongole ekibadde kigattiddwa mu Amereka kirina okukkirizibwa mu Romania. Kkootikko ekyo kikkiriza obufumbo wakati w'eggwanga okukkirizibwa mu mateeka okukkirizibwa mu Romania.

Obuzibu Obutera Okubaawo n’Ebyo Bye Batafaanaganya

Wadde nga wabaddewo okukulaakulana kwa maanyi, mu mateeka abagenda okukkirizibwa mu by’okwetaba tebakkirizibwa.

Okuwerebwa kwa Bulaaya ow’Ebuvanjuba n’Eby’Essawa

Mu 2020, Hungary era yayisa etteeka erigaana abafumbo okutongoza bannaabwe mu buwangwa. Poland tekkirizibwa mu mateeka okusobola okumanyisa obufumbo bw'abafumbo ab'ebifaananyi nga basse ssemaddala. Okugezaako okutandikawo obufumbo wakati w'omusajja n'omukazi, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Croatia, Croatia, ne Slovakia, tewabaddewo mateeka ga njawulo, era terireka bafumbo kufuuka bannaabwe mu nkolagana ez'ekika kya nkala, obutalekwasibwa busika mu ddwaliro. Okuwera kuno okugattibwa kwa gavumenti kukubirizibwa okuyigganyizibwa okw'eby'eddiini.

Endowooza z’Abasinga Obungi

Mu Slovenia, mu 2012 akawerenti kaago kaagonjoola etteeka erifuga abafumbiriganibwa eryayisa paalimenti, naye oluvannyuma lwa 2015 kaawerera ku bufumbo bwe bunnegyeko. Mu lukiiko lwa Romania, 2018 kaasentimu yagezaako okuwera obufumbo bw'abafumbo obukkirizibwa mu mateeka, naye ne kilemererwa olw'okugobererwa. Referendentum ze zaawulayawulamu, era nga ebivamu biraga nti mu mwaka gwa 2018, enjawukana mu kifo ky'enkola y'enkola y'emu ku ddembe.

Eddembe ly'abafumbo eriyitibwa Transgenter ne Intersex Express

Mu nsi ezikkiriza okugattibwa kw'abantu ab'ekikula ekimu. Obufumbo busobola okusasika singa omuntu akyusa ekikula oluvannyuma lw'okufumbiriganwa, okuggyako nga amateeka gawadde abantu abafumbo okugattulula obufumbo. Amawanga mangi mu Bulaaya ow'ebugwanjuba gakkiriza abantu okuleka abakazi nga tebannagattululwa mu bufumbo, naye obufumbo obwo tebulina kukkirizibwa mu nsi zonna. Mu Hungary ne Poland, okukakalabya abantu nti omuntu omufumbo akkirizibwa okuba n'omukazi omugattiddwa oba okusigala nga si mufumbo.

Engeri Endala ez’Okutongoza Amateeka

Ng’oggyeko obufumbo n’okukolagana mu ngeri emenya amateeka, gavumenti za Bulaaya zitaddewo amateeka agatali gamu agayinza okugobererwa abafumbo abatakola nteekateeka ya kufumbiriganwa.

Enteekateeka y'obukulembeze etakkirizibwa mu mateeka n'egyo egiwandiisiddwa

. Naye, ebiva mu mateeka bya njawulo. Mu Sweden ne Bufalansa, abafumbo bayinza okufuna eddembe eriwerako nga bafumbiriganwa oluvannyuma lw'okwawulibwa oba okusikira ebintu. Okwawukana ku bantu abali mu nsi nnyingi ez'omu Bulaaya ow'ebuvanjuba, okufumbiriganwa tekutwala ddembe lya nnannyini kukkirizibwa. Amagatte agamu, ng'enfumo obufumbo obukkirizibwa mu mateeka gannaago, gawa obukuumi obwamala ebiseera ebiteetaagisa okusokkereza emirundi mingi. Abafumbo bangi okugattibwa nga bannannyini basigala nga tebalina ddembe lya munnaabwe.

Enjawukana mu Kusigirwa Eddembe ly’Abazadde

Obusobozi obw'okuzaala abaana obw'engeri y'emu bulaga nti waliwo obutakkirizibwa. Mu nsi eziba n'obwenkanankana, gamba nga Netherlands, Spain, ne United Kingdom, abafumbo ab'obukaba basobola okugattibwa wamu. Kyokka, mu bitundu bingi eby'omu nsi, okugattikana n'abantu ab'ebifaananyi kikyagaana. Mu Poland, Hungary, ne Slovakia, okuzaala abaana abagenda okuzaala abaana mu ngeri ey'enjawulo kiremereddwawo. Okuzaala abaana abafaananya abafaananya ebisiyaganyi kye kimu ku kifo ekirala, era nga kirimu amateeka agamenyesebwamu (Jane, Bufalansa, UK) okukoma obuteesiteesigibwamu eddembe ly'okumanyibwa abazadde okw'enjawulo. Okulaga obutalaga n'obufumbo mu n'obufumbo, kireetawo "obufumbo bw'amaka agamu" mu nsi emu yokka yokka.

Obulagirizi n’Ebyo Bye Tusalawo mu Biseera eby’Omu Maaso

Enkolagana Ennungi n’Okusembera kw’Ebibiina mu Bulaaya

Olwo olukiiko olukulu olw'eggwanga olukulu olw'entegeka mu Bulaaya lunnyonnyola mpolampola ekiwandiikiddwa mu kkooti ya Bulaaya ekola ku ddembe ly'obuntu mu Bulaaya. Kyokka, okupikirizibwa okuva ku kkooti ya Bulaaya ekola ku ddembe ly'obuntu kuyinza okweyongera okukaka abantu okussaawo emitindo egitakoma. EU ekolawo ku bintu bitono: olukalala lw'amateeka ga Bulaaya olwa 20222 olukkiriza nti ab'omu nsi ez'omu bitundu ebitali bimu zirina w'ekiwandikiro, wadde nga tezikkiriza kukkirizibwa, era nga buli tteeka erizikkiriza okutambula. Kyokka, terikkiriza gavumenti za Buvanjubaganya.

Ekkubo Erituuka ku Kigero Ekijjuvu

Abawagizi n'abeekenneenya eby'amateeka bakkiriziganya nti ekigendererwa eky'okussaawo obutonde kwe kwenkanankana mu bujjuvu: okuba nti abafumbo bonna bafumbiriganwa era n'abantu abakolagana mu ngeri y'emu nga bwe bandyagadde, ka babe nga beegatta bokka oba nga bo bennyini oba nga beegatta bokka. Kino kiviirako obwetaavu bw'obufuzi obw'enjawulo obutera okuleetawo enjawukana. Ensi ezimu, nga Sweden ne Melita, zimaze okuziba nga zigasseewo obufumbo bw'obwegatta awamu era nga buli omu akolagana mu ngeri endala. Abalala, nga Ireland ne Luxembourg, bakola kye kimu.

Okukkirizibwa mu mateeka mu Bulaaya n'okugattibwa kw'abantu kukyali kwa maanyi nnyo. Wadde nga mu nsi eyo mu kusooka wabaddewo enkolagana ey'enjawulo mu Denmark mu 1989, wabaddewo enkyukakyuka ez'amaanyi. Amateeka agatalimu gasobola okugootaanya obulamu obwa nnamaddala.[1] Amateeka agatali gamu gakwata ku bujjanjabi bw'abantu, obusika, n'enkwaso z'abantu okukkirizibwa mu nsi yonna. Okweyongera okukakanyala, okugattika, n'okukyusa mu by'amateeka by'awula, byetaagisa okusobola okuvvuunuka ensalo ezo. Okutegeera kw'amaka n'enkolagana wakati w'abantu ab'amaka, enteekateeka z'amateeka bwe zigenda zikyukakyuka, enteekateeka z'amateeka ziteekwa okumanyisattumbula abantu bonna, ka babe nga baagala, era n'obutebenkerevuzi.

Ekiragiro kino kiyongera okuwa obufunze amateeka agakwata ku ddembe ly'abantu mu Bulaaya. Amateeka agakwata ku nsonga ezikwatagana n'ensonga eyo gakireetera okutegeera obulungi obwannannyini. ILGA-Eunikopean Mutude[[[FLT:]]] Mmaapu ey'eyeeyawulu [[FLT:] ewanjuka] ewanjudde. Oluvannyuma, emmaapu egoberera ebigenda mu n'empandika ezigoberera amateeka ga Coman n'ebikwata byayo bisangibwa mu bitundu byayo. [FLT:]