Okufulumizibwa: Kkooti Enkulu Ekuuma Endembe z’Etteeka

Kkooti enkulu eya Amerika ekola ng'ekomyawo mu mateeka agafuga buli muntu kinnoomu era n'obuyinza bwa gavumenti. Nga ziyitira mu kusalawo kw'ebibonero, kkooti ennyonnyola emisingi egy'okusigibwawo ku ntandikwa z'ensi (nga enkola esaanidde, obukuumi bwenkana), n'eddembe ery'okwogera) ebikuze mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Ekitundu kino kiyamba okunoonyereza ku nsonga enkulu kkumi ezikwata ku kkooti enkulu ezizze zikola ku ddembe ly'omu mateeka n'eddembe ly'abantu, era ne ku nsonga ez'edda ezikwata ku nsonga z'amateeka.

Madison (1.03): Ekitongole ekiyitibwa Barock of Judication Review

Omusango guno gwava mu kanyoolagano mu by'obufuzi mu kulonda okwaliwo mu 1800, Prezidenti John Adams bwe yafulumya omusirikale n'alonda abalamuzi abawerako abawerako. Ekiragiro kya gavumenti empya mu buyinza bwa Thomas Jefferson bwe yagaana okuleeta obulagizi buno, William Marbury yaguwandiisa mu kifo kye. Omulamuzi omukulu John Marshall, bwe yawandiikirwa ku kkooti, yayolekagana n'embeera enzibu ennyo mu by'obufuzi: okusitumbula ekiragiro kyandireetebwa, ate nga n'okugaana okunafuya obufuzi.

Endowooza ya Marshall yassaawo omusingi gwa ogw'okulambula ."simba lya kooti okuyisa enkola za gavumenti n'okussaawo enkola za gavumenti. Yalowooza nti kitegeeza nti okusobola okwogera ku mateeka. Kkooti zino ze zaateekawo omusingi gwa judicary okukola nga ofiisi ya gavumenti egabana, okutaputa amateeka n'okumenya amateeka. Awatali Marbury, kkooti teyandiresezza buyinza ku bukulembeze era ne Pulezidenti, era ne kisobozesa eddembe lya bannago okuwangula.

Okumanya ensibuko y'okwetegereza okw'empandika y'ekiragiro, laba [[NTLT:0]] Oyez'okwawulumuddeko ku Marbury v. Madison

2. Brown v. Board of Education (1954): Emisingi egyali giwezeddwa gavumenti

Brown v. Board of Education yagatta obusambi butaano obw'enjawulo okusoomooza etteeka ery'okusosola mu langi mu masomero. Olupapula oluwandikiro olukiikirirwa Thirfall Marshall ne NAACP Legal Defense Fund, lwagamba nti ebizimbe ebya "kugattamu naye nga byenkana" tebyatondebwa butenkanankana. Mu kusalawo okugattika, Omukulu w'ekitongole Earl Warren yawandiika nti, Convition "ritence desition ... ekiyinza okubakolako mu mitima gyabwe ne mu ngeri gye kitayinza kuggibwamu.

Kkooti eno kyeyayusiza ddala Plaby v. Ferguson (1996). Eyaleka obusosoze mu langi nga buli mu njigiriza eyawukana naye nga yenkanankana. Brown[ yayisa etteeka eriragira essomero za bayizi abaddugavu n'abazungu ne baddu abangi ne baamenya amateeka aga Clauscence [195]. [1988]

Okusobola okutegeera obulungi ekifo kya NAACP mu lukalala luno, kyalira [[NT:0] NACP Legin Defense Fund ku Brown[[FLT: 1]

Etteeka ery’ekika kino: Etteeka ery’okwesomesa n’Eddembe ly’Okuzaala

Roe v. Wade yasibuka mu mateeka ga Texas agaasala eky'okuggyamu embuto okuggyako okuwonya obulamu bwa maama. Omutemu, "Jane Roe" (Norma McCorvey), yasabibwa ku lw'abakazi bonna abaali baagala okuggyamu embuto. Kkooti, mu kusalawo okwasooka okw' 7-2, yakitegeera nti amateeka agafuga obwannannyini okuggyamu embuto ku kyamalwawo okuggyako nga mu SCTED Clausceswooke of the 1450 Confmentation,(encommus) yawanjulirawo omukazi okuggyawo olubuto lwe. Omulamuzi Harry Blackmun yassaawo ekkomo eriko: mu ku lukalala olwasooka olw'okuggyamu omuzeegguzi w'oluvanyuma; mu kiseera ekyokubiri, baali basobola okutawanyaawo obulamu; era mu kiseera eky’okusatu, baali bayinza okugaana okuggyawowo obulamu bw'obulamu.

Omusango guno gwafuuka amusingi ogw'enkwaso ez'okuzaala, okusaanyawo amakumi g'emyaka mu ntalo z'eby'obufuzi n'eby'amateeka. Ekiragiro kyakakasiza ddala nti abakazi beefuga bokka mu mibiri gyabwe mu mitendera egimu, naye era kyakubiriza ebibiina ebiziyiza enkola ey'okuzaala. Mu 20222, Kkooti yafuga [] . ] Ekiragiro kyagoosa mu [[FLT:]], okuzza ebiragiro eby'eby'obulamu ku nsonga z'omu mateeka [[FLT:], ebikkirizibwa mu [F] [FLT]][FF:]]

Soma ekirowoozo eky'enkubisa ey'omu kkopi [[Act:0]

Miranda n’Akakiiko Akafuzi (1966): Okukuuma Endembe z’Omuwaayiriza

Mu [[NKULU:0] Mira v. Arizona, kkooti yakebera emisango ena egyakakasibwa abawandiisi gye baawandiisi obutamanya ddembe lyabwe. Ensonga yali nti K'alabula abakungu ba poliisi obanga okugattika olukalala olw'ebiragiro kyali kyetaagisa okulabula abapoliisi nga tebannabuuzibwa oba nga tebannaweebwa lukalala olw'abawandiisi b'amateeka. Kkooti Kkooti Kkooti Kyrren, nga yawandiikidde nti abawabuli b'oludda oluwandiikizo terusobola kukozesa bigambo okuva mu kubuuza obanga omuteesi w'obuyinza ku bannannyini, okuggyako nga osoose kulabula nti omukunguzi w'ensonga akyayitiddwa nti alina okusirika, era n'ensonga endala eyinza okukozesebwa mu kkooti.

Ekiragiro kino kyatandikawo okuddiŋŋana "FLT:0] Kino kyakwata nnyo ku nkola z'okukakanya okw'amateeka. Ekyago kyagootaanya enkola za poliisi ez'okubuuza ebibuuzo, era bangi baateebereza nti batandise okuwaayiriza obwannannyini bwabwe okuwabula. Abawaka bagamba nti [[FLT:]] Mairanda[[[FLT:]][1] [[FLT]]] akuuma obuwanguzi obwa polimu, naye abawagizi bakitwala ng'obukuumi obukulu obuziyiza okukaka n'enzikiriza ez'obulimba. [[FLT:]] era n'okulabula ku nsonga z'abamenyi b'amateeka], kye kivuddemu ku nkola ey'okulabula kwa bantu bonna (okukakala okusoolekawo obutuufu"" okuva [FTB:][2][2]][2]][FT]]][2]][FLT]]]]][2]

Virginia ow’Ekisa (1967): Okukakasa Obusika obw’Okufumbiriganwa Obutali Bumu mu Busosoze mu Buwangwa

[[NT:0] Kino kyamenya etteeka erigaana obufumbo bw'ekika ekimu. lyamenya etteeka ly'omu Virginia eryagaana abantu ab'amawanga ag'enjawulo. Richard Loving, omuzungu, ne Mildred Jeter, baafumbirwa mu Washington, D.C., naye baakwasibwa omusango mu Virginia olw'okumenya amateeka agakwata enukuka olw'okumenya amateeka g'obufumbo. Kkooti zonna ziamenya amateeka ga 'Cal Programme and'S' Classistem of the 1450 Amerekance. Kko kyakungubwa Warrenren: "Eddembe ly'okufumbiriganwa likkirizibwa okuba kimu ku ddembe ery'omuwendo eririna okuweebwa abantu ab'eddembe.""

Omusango guno gwayamba nnyo mu kuggyawo entegeka ey'amateeka ey'okusosola mu langi. Gwaggyawo amateeka agakwata ku busosoze mu mawanga 16 mu kiseera ekyo era ne gukakasa nti obufumbo bukkirizibwa okwesigamizibwa ku langi emu. ] Okugoba era kwalina ekigendererwa eky'okuteekawo amateeka agakwata ku kwenkanankana okw'ebiwayirizo, nga mw'otwalidde ne ] Obergefell v. Hodges. Kusalawo okwo kwalaga enkkukyusa eri ku nsonga nti gavumenti teyinza kusalawo baani abayinza okuwasa oba okuwasa oba okufumbirwa nga beesigama ku langi.

Nixon (1974): Tewali n’omu ali waggulu ku Mateeka ga Musa

Mu kiseera kya kya kyambalo ekya Watergate, Pulezidenti Richard Nixon yeewaana obutateeka bujulizi ku butambi awamu n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa omukungu Leon Jaworski. Kkooti eyo yakkiriza ekyo Nixon kye yayogera, nga yeesigama ku bukakafu obwa kyamaguzi obw'ekyama, enkizo eyo teyinza kutwala butuufu mu nsonga z'abamenyi b'amateeka. Omukulu w'amateeka ayitibwa Warren Burger yawandiika nti: "sibe njigiriza ey'okwawula obufuzi obwa waggulu, oba obwetaavu bw'okusigibwa mu kyamasamasa, so si na ku buyinza bwa bannakye, obusingako obuba nga busobola okutumbulako obujulizi obwa nnaakalukalala.""

Ekiragiro kyawaliriza Nixon okufulumya vidiyo ezaayoleka olukunkumuli lw'empaka era ne kimuviirako okulekera awo. United States v. Nixon yakkaatiriza omusingi nti tewali muntu, nga mw'otwalidde ne Pulezidenti, ali waggulu ku mateeka. Yateekawo ekkomo ku nkizo y'omukungu, naddala bwe yali nga yateegeranyizidwa ku bafuzi b'ensonga ez'obwenkanya. Omusango gwajulirwa mu mpaka eza prezidenti ezaddirira, nga mw'otwalidde n'ezo ezikwata ku ku kubuuza oba okunoonyereza ku ttabi.

Ekiragiro kino kiwandikawo ebiri mu kyawule ebirimu ebitundu bibiri.

[[NTL:0] Obergefell v. Hodges] obukolobozi obuva mu bitundu ebitali bimu abafumbo ab'obukaba gye bawakanya okuwera obufumbo obw'omugattikwa. Kkooti, mu kusalawo 5-4, kyatwala nti okugattulula emmunyisibwa okw'ekkumi n'ena mu kkumi n'ekitundu kyetaagisa okuwandiisa obufumbo obwa nnamba okusobola okukkirizibwa. Omulamuzi Anthony Kennedy yakiggumiza nti eddembe ery'okufumbiriganwa lirina musingi mu ngeri y'emu, likuumibwa ne Cesitemu projective "Eksionsss desourcesssss of the family "Essociationssociationssociationssss of sercencel servicent" era n'abafumbimbi bakkirizibwa mu ku kukwata ku "mugattirimu.

Ekiragiro kino kyayisa ekiwandiiko eky'obufumbo obw'obukaba mu nsi yonna, nga kikyusa enzivuunula z'amateeka agafuga obufumbo nga wakati w'omusajja n'omukazi omu. Kyakiikirira enkomerero y'emyaka mingi egya LGBTQ+ advocacy era ne kigoberera obuwanguzi obwasooka, Lawnce v. Texas [2003] [ekitegeeza nti obufumbo buli wakati w'omusajja n'omukazi omu ne mukazi omu yekka], ekyaviirako ekkomo lya 'Crimentialse'. Oberge] kye kyakweseerobo ekivaako obukolobenyi nga [ olukyasibe olw'ensonga y'enkyukakyuka mu n'enkola y'enkola y'enkola y'enkola ya teekiso eziragiro.

8. Shelby County v. Langer (2013): Okunafuya akakwakkulizo ka Eddembe ly’Omuntu

Mu [[NKULA:0] Shelby County v. Hander, kkooti yawagira Ekitundu 4 ku mutemwa gwa Voting Rights Act(1965), ekyalimu olukalala lw'okusalawo enfuga z'eggwanga ekyetaagisa nga tewannabaawo mateeka ga kulonda. Omulamuzi omukulu John Roberts, nga awandiikira abasinga obungi 5-4, yakiwakanya nti olukalala olwo lwesigali nga lukyagenda mu 1964 ne mu 1972 era n'olw'okumenya 'Obufuzi' obw'amasaza. Kkokkokko Ekitundu 2 eky'Akaawulu era nga tekinnawola amateeka agakwata ku ku kulonda obulabisi.

Okusalawo kwavaamu ebigwawo amangu: nga kulagibwa dda mu bukiikaddyo bwa South : mu bufunze obwateekebwawo amateeka agakugira okulonda, nga mwe muli ne by'okwetaagisa omunonyinyi wa nviiri, ekikendeeza ku kulonda okusooka, era n'okutongoza ebifo eby'okulonda. Abaziyiza bagamba nti Shelby County[[FLL:1]] Ekimu ku by'okukozesa ebisingayo obulungi okusobola okuziyiza okusosola mu kulonda. Abawagizi bakiwagidde nti enkola eno tesaanidde kuba na bukulembeze bwa gavumenti mu ngeri ey'enjawulo.

Okumanya ebisingawo ku ekyo ekivudde mu ekyo, laba lipoota y'ekitongole ekirabuzi ku kitongole ky'omu Brennan Center ekwata ku ebyo ebyaddirira Shelby County

Abatuuze Abali mu Kakiiko Akakola ku Kulonda (2010): Enjogera n'Ekampeereza

[[FULT:0] Kitagins United v. FEC yalimu ekiteeso eky'okunoonyereza ku Hillary Clinton era n'okutumbula ebitumbula ebigiwagira mu mwaka gwa 2008. Ekitongole ekya Bipartisan Campaign Reformation Act (BRA) kyagaana okukolagana n'okulonda okukolebwawo ng'amakampuni n'ebibiina. Kkooti Summal, mu kusalawo 5-4, kyasala ekkomo eryo nga kigamba nti, ekitongole ekitegekebwa Sandebwa ekyasooka kikuuma empandika n'okusaasaanya ebitongole eby'ebyobufuzi. Kkomyuziyamu yagamba nti enkcukusi z'eby'amakolero, era n'enkola z'eby'obulwookerosobo.

Ekiragiro kyatandikawo kaweefube ow'okuyingiza ssente mu by'obufuzi mu Amereka. Okukolebwa kwa PaCs enkulu ennyo, eziyinza okuweza embalirira obusukkuluma okuva ku bantu kinnoomu, kampuni, n'obuwagizi okusiiga abo ababa bagenda okusemba oba abo ababa bagenda okusemba, kasita tebakolagana butereevu na kaweefube. Abawakanya nti Kitazensns [ mu masaza] ekiwandisizza obuyinza ku bantu abagagga n'eby'enkola eby'enjawulo, ebityogobeetwadde. Abawagidde nti kikukuuma empakaanyi ez'eby'eby'obufuzi eby'amaanyi era nti eb'amagoba agava mu kampula zisobola okuleetawo enkano.

10. Ekiragiro kino kinoonyereza ku mbeera z'obulamu ez'abakazi bonna okusobola okuzuula eyo (2016): Devention About Access Access

'Whellle Women's Health v. Hellerstedt yasoomooza amateeka ga Texas abiri.H.2.88(s) kino kyakwetaagisa abaggyamu embuto okwegatta basobole okukkiriza obuvunaanyizibwa mu ddwaliro eriri okumpi ne we baggya embuto okusobola okutuuka ku mitindo gy'ebitongole ebikola ku balwadde. Ebyo byetaago byandizibya ggumba mu bitundu by'ensi eby'ensi eno. Kkooti, mu kusalawo okw'ebitundu 5-3, byagobererwa ebintu ebyo byombi, nga bigoberera omutindo oguva mu ebikozesebwa mu ` Plantious. Case.[2] Endowooza y'abasaze ekiragiro kyavumbula nti amateeka agateekeddwa okuggyawo okuggyawo n'okuggyawo n'obujjanjabi.

Ekiragiro kino kyaddamu okukiggumiza nti ekitongole ekikilezza kye kisalawo nti era ne [FLT]][FLT]]: kino kitegeeza nti tekisobose okussaawo omugugu ogutawaanya ennyo ku mukazi. Okusalawo okwo kwassibwawo nti kkooti ziteekwa okupima ebizitowerebwa ebizingirwa mu kuggyamu enziremba. Kyokka, okulondebwa okwa oluvannyuma okwa Prezidenti Trump kuyinza okumenya ekiragiro kino. Mu 2021, Kkookero kya Texas'etera okukkiriza olukalala olufaananako olwo (S.B. 8) nga zigoberera enkola eno nga zigoberera enkola ya [F][F9][10], ate mu ngeri y'okukeenyinyinyinyinyi yo][F][3][3]][3][3]

Olugero: Obulagirizi Obukyakwata ku Kusalawo okw’Amaanyi

Obujulizi buno ekkumi bulaga ekifo ekikulu ennyo kkooti enkulu ky'elina mu kumanyisa eddembe ly'abantu mu Amerika. Okuva ku kuteekawo olukiiko olukwata ku by'enkola mu Marbury[ okusobola okukuuma okulingana kw'obufumbo mu ] Obergest[, buli mukolo gulina kye gukoze ku nsonga ez'enjawulo era gukoppye amateeka era ne gukomya embeera z'omu Amereka.[1] Era nga ate nga ate nga ate nga [[FLT:], ebyakop'okugatta n'obufirosoofoofo bwe bye byasebwa, emisingi gigenda nga gikola ku mpaka ku ddembe, era n'obwenkanya. Okutegeera amateeka ga Amerekawo agakola enfu mu Amerekalwo ne k'amateeka agakola.