Omulimu gw’Okusookera Ddala: Okutegeera Amakulu g’Etteeka ly’Amateeka

Ennukuta eyo ebulombolombo ngeri ya kunnyonnyola nnyinnyonnyola eya puligation egoberera amateeka ga United States. Ennukuta eyo esaanidde okutegeerwa okusinziira ku makulu ge yalina mu kiseera we yagaakkiririzibwa.] Ekikalu ky'obufirosoofo kino kisobozesa abalamuzi okukyusaamu mu ngeri gye bagobereramu emitindo gy'enkola eya bulijjo.

Ensibuko y'obulombolombo obwasooka obw'omu kiseera kino ereetebwawo mu 1980, omuwendo bwe gwamanyibwa nga Attorney Greek Meese III ne Judge Antonin Scalia bwe baagezaako okubuwandiisa ku bikwata ku kusala emisango. Scalia, naddala, yagamba nti abalamuzi basaanidde okubeera “abaddu abeesigwa mu kutegeera okwasooka” mu kifo kya“abaayiiya amateeka amapya.” Enjigiriza z'enkola yeeyongera okukkirizibwa mu mateeka nga bayigiribwa arcademia nga bayizi nga Robert Bork, Randy Barnett, ne Michael McConnell. Leero, kye kimu ku bibalabi by'abalamuzi bangi, nga mw'otwalidde ne ku kkooti esinga obunene.

Abawagizi bagamba nti enkola eyo esobozesa obutebenkevu, okulagula n'okufuga nga demokulase: singa amakulu g'amateeka gakyuka okusinziira ku nkola za gavumenti ezisinga obungi, ekiwandiiko kifiirwa obuyinza bwaakyo obukyasinze okubaamu. Kyokka, abavumirira endowooza nti tegooleka embeera y'abantu, eyinza okuvaamu obutali bwenkanya, era nti ekozesebwa mu ngeri ey'obwenkanya. Wadde nga wabaddewo enkaayana ezo, endowooza nti amateeka ga Katonda gaasooka gaasigala nga ga maanyi nnyo mu Amerika, naddala mu nsonga ezikwata ku ddembe ly'eddiini.

Amakulu Agali mu Buwangwa Obusooka

Ekintu ekikulu ekiyinza okutegeererwa ku njigiriza y'obubereberye kwe kukubaganya ebirowoozo wakati ‘ w'ebigendererwa ebyasooka” (abamu ku abo abaasooka kye baalowooza nti kyali kitegeeza) era ne “amakulu g'ebigambo” (omuntu ow'amagezi kyeyategeera mu kiseera eky'okukyusizaamu yategeera ebigambo nga kitegeeza). Omulamuzi Scalia yali awagira nnyo ebigambo ebyo, ng'agamba nti “ekigendererwa eky'okufuga” eky'abataataabwe abatono mu Kulonda kyali kiteebereberye nnyo era nga baakirina buteeso. Mu kifo ky'ekyo, “ekitegeeza obwa obwa bulijjo obwa , ennyinnyonnyola ennyinnyonnyola enkulu ennyo.

Okuteebwa kw’Eddiini mu Ssande: Ebiri mu Biwandiike n’Ebyafaayo

Ekiwandiiko ekikwata ku ddembe (Bill of Rights) ekiweereddwa Omuteesi ogusooka, kiwa obukuumi obw’emirundi ebiri obukulu ennyo ku bikwata ku ddiini:

  • [[Act:0] Etteeka eritongozebwa Claus: “Etteeka erireetebwawo terikola ku kutandikawo ddiini.” Olugambo luno lugaana gavumenti okutongoza oba okuwagira eddiini emu.
  • [[Act:0] The Free Exess Claus:[ “oba“ kwewala okukozesebwa kwa bwereere.” Ekiragiro kino kikuuma eddembe abantu kinnoomu n'ebibinja eby'okugoberera eddiini yaabwe nga tewali gavumenti ebayingidde.

Ebigambo bino ebibiri bikolera wamu okukola ekyo Thomas Jefferson kye yayita ‘ ekisenge eky'okwawulamu ekkanisa n’eggwanga. ’ Kyokka, amakulu agatagudde lubege ag’okwawulamu (na engeri y’okukikwatamu n'okwewala okukola dduyiro ku bwereere) ekiwayi ekibadde kiwayibwa okumala ebyasa ebisukka mu bibiri.

Ebyafaayo ebikwata ku byafaayo bikulu nnyo eri abo abaagobereranga ebiwandiiko eby'edda. Mu nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18, amawanga mangi gaatandikawo amakanisa (nga kino, nga Massachusetts, gaakuuma ekifo kya Congralist okutuusa mu 1833). Abafuzi baawandiikanga ku bayivu ab'enkyukakyuka ez'okutegeera okusobola okuzuula enkyukakyuka ez'edda mu byafaayo gamba nga John Locke ne ku ebyo bye baayitamu nga bannaafuga, baagezaako okuziyiza ekkanisa y'eggwanga mu kiseera nga baleka gavumenti eddembe okukola ku nsonga z'eddiini. Okutereka ebiwandiiko eby'edda byatandika “okumanyisa obutebenkevu, so si ku gavumenti z'omulembe, obusinga obungi bye byakomangaa essira ku ku ku kulembebwa wakati w'omwaka gwa 2020.

Endowooza z’Ab’Eddiini ab’Ekika ky’Edda ku Kusalawo: Emisingi ne Kampuni

Abakugu mu by'eddiini baasoma ekkanisa eyitibwa Claus atroodisms obutono: egaana okutandikawo ekkanisa emu oba enzikkiriza emu okutongoza enzivuunvu, naye tekyetaagisa kukakaatika ku bikwata ku ddiini okwawulamu obulamu bwa bantu bonna. Mu ngeri y'emu, abajulirwa ba Justice Scalia baawandiika mu Lee v. Weisman[[] era n'obulombolombo bw'eggwanga lyaffe bikkirizibwa mu lujjudde okuteeka mu nnyinyo okusaba. Mu ngeri y'emu, abasososezzaayo ebyasooka bannyonnyola amateeka aga Free Eviece Claus nga gakukuuma eri amateeka agateekwasibwa mu buwatuke, naye nga tebagasattuulira ddala okugoba abantu okuva ku butabaako ludda lw'ebyaw'obufuzi.

Omusingi guno “gwe butabaako ludda lwe guwagira". Omusingi gwamanyibwa nnyo Omulamuzi Scalia mu Employment Division v. Smith [1990], emmeeri esigala nga nnukuta mu kutegeera nti omuntu yeetaaza okusobola obutabaako ky'akozeewo mu by'obufuzi. Kkooti eyo yakifuula etteeka eritawagira bya bufuzi mu maaso gaayo era erigasangibwawo mu bantu, olw'okuba terimenya enteekateeka ya eddiini ey'enkola olw'okuba eremereza kino. Mu kugisoma, abantu kinnoomu bayinza okwetaaga okukolagana n'amateeka okuggyako nga amateeka agaawula ku ddiini oba agakubirizibwa n'eddiini. Abawakanya okunnyonnyola okuzimbi okuzimbirira mu ngeri enziro eya Free Claus, naye nga bagoberera enkola ya mu byafaayo ebyasooka, era nga Claussing'okugiwanyisa mu byafaayo ebituufu.

Ensonga Enkulu Eziraga Okutegeera okw’Olubereberye

Nga wayiseewo [[[:0]]Smart[[[Act:1]], obuwayiro obuwerako obulaga enkola ey'ekika kya soketi egguka ku birala by'enkola eya kika kya [[FULT]

  • [[NKUMENT:0][FLT] Everson v. .Bulaadi ey'Essomero (1947): Kkooti yateeka endowooza ey'okukwataganya ennyo endowooza ey'okuleetawo kkomo lya Claus (Kwandiisa gavumenti okugaba enkaluusibwako okutunda ebizingirwa mu “njigiriza ez'obuto]), Omulamuzi Hugo Black’s Camp n'enjigiriza y'ebyafaayo by'amadiini. Oluvannyuma baavumirira Evelson olw'okusoosa ebyafaayo bya , nga bagamba nti tekirina kigendererwa kya kugaana abo abatwala obuddukirizi ng'obusosoze mu madiini.
  • [[NTLL:0]Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971):[FLT'] 'Enk'ebiwandiiko ebya Lemon'ekikola nga kiwandikiro. Ekikongojjedwa mu nsonga ezikwata ku by'ensi eno, ekintu ekitayinza kuleetera bantu kukola oba kulemesa ddiini, era tekiyitiddwako bayivu n'ekikolwa ekya waggulu. Omulamuzi SCLIA kyakkulembebwa mu [[FLT: 4.] Leaseev. Wean, agamba okugezesa okw'okunoonyereza okw'ekika kya Lemon “ekiteeso kya ‘ Lemon'ekiteeso kyama nga kikoberamu ekikongojjedwamu eky'amasalo."
  • [FLT][FOLT]] olukalala olw'e Buyonaani v. Galloway (2014: Kkooti yawagira enkola ey'okuggulawo enkuŋŋaana mu kusaba, okuggumiza ebyafaayo by'eggwanga ebikwata ku kusaba kw'abalamuzi. Endowooza ya Scalia ne Thomas, yeesiga ennyo enkola y'okuyisa obukwasiddwawo ensonga mu biseera ebyasooka.
  • [FLT][FOLT] Obutuuti bw'eddiini obw'omu Luther v. Comer (2017): Kkooti yawa endowooza nti enteekateeka y'eddiini egaana okukkirizibwa mu kifo eky'okuzannyiramu ekkiriza okukkirizibwa okukkirizibwa okukkirizibwa mu kiwandikiro kubanga tewayalibwa mu ddiini ey'enjawulo olw'enfuze olw'enfuze. Omulamuzi omukulu Roberts yaggumiza endowooza nti “Essoosoosa Claus akuuma eddiini obutawaŋŋanibwa. musingi ogulina ebyafaayo eby'amaanyi.
  • [FLT][FOLT][1] Isikerobuvu n' v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission (2088): Kino endowooza y'abalamuzi Kennedy teyawukana ku kusalawo okuleetawo okukontana wakati w'eddembe n'okukyawa eddembe ly'eddiini, mu kifo ky'okussa essira ku ngeri Kminsa gy'eyolekamu obukyayi nzikiriza z'omubikkiro. Ekiragiro kino kisala emisango gy'ekuusa nga Thomas ne Gorforts ebikireetera okunoonyereza ku nnyinyonnyonnyonnyonnyole.

Obukyayi mu Baagoberera Enjigiriza z’Ekika ky’Eddiini: Ebiwandiiko, Ebyafaayo, n’Obulombolombo

Abakugu bonna abaasooka tebakkiriziganya ku ngeri y'okukozesaamu amakulu ag'enkyukakyuka mu nsonga z'eddiini ez'enzikiriza. Abamu, nga bwe kiri eri Omulamuzi Clarence Thomas, bawakanya okukuumibwa okw'amaanyi okukwata ku kudduuka, nga babuuza obwa ' era nga bagamba nti okutegeera okwasooka okukwata ku Kitemeego eky'ekkumi n'enaana kyategekebwa kya Kkumi na n'ekikumi kwagatta eddembe erisingako ek'enkola eri eddiini. Ate era ne ku nsonga ezigerekebwawo olukalala ezikwata ku nsonga ezikwata ku nsonga ezikwata ku nsonga z'eddiini. [FLT][FLT][FOLT] Filton] Fulton [Foct:2].[Fokton], ng'omukeromenti ya Kkootikko, era ne ku njigiriza endala ez'ensukko, zigamba ku nsonga enkulu ezikwata ku nsonga enkulu ezikwata ku nsonga enkulu.

Obuzibu eri Eddiini ey’Amasimu

Enjigiriza y'Ekiyonaani ewaanyizidwamu enkola nnyingi ezimanyiddwa obulungi bwe zikozesebwa ku ddembe ly'eddiini. Ekisooka, abanoonyereza ku bya ddiini bagamba nti enjigiriza za Baibuli ezasooka ziyinza okuba enkugira ennyo: ziyinza okulemererwa okukuuma eddiini entono ezitaasuubira nti abafuzi tebasuubira, gamba nga Basiraamu, Abahindu, oba enzikiriza endala. Amakulu g'eddiini abaasooka mu myaka gya 1790 googerwako ku nzikiriza ez'enzikiriza, ezireetawo ebibuuzo obanga enzikiriza z'enzikiriza ez'ekikaakulaze zisobola okukuuma eddembe ly'abantu abatagoberera n'ez'abantu abatagoberera nzikiriza za bulijjo.

Ekyokubiri, enjigiriza egamba nti Claus yasooka kukkirizibwa mu masomero, naye ate eddiini n'egaana abantu okuzikola.

Ekyokusatu, ebyafaayo bisobola okubuzaabuzibwa. Ng'ekyokulabirako, James Madison yawakanya engeri yonna gavumenti gy'ewandiisaamu eddiini, ate nga n'abalala bawagira enkola eyo. Omuntu bw'alonda ebyafaayo kiyinza okulemesa enjigiriza z'eddiini okukkiriza obulombolombo obukyamu. Ng'omulamuzi Robert H. Jackson bwe yagamba, “okuddiŋŋana obujjukizi ebyafaayo tekikakasa nti amakulu gennyini ag'amateeka gaategeera tegayitikiddwawo.”

Eky’okuna, okuteeka mu nkola enkola y'okussaawo amateeka mu nsi ez'omu kiseera kino, kireetawo obuzibu obutali bumu. Amateeka mangi agatakwata ku by'obufuzi era agatakwata ku madiini leero, n'amateeka agafuga emirimu, ebiragiro ebikwata ku by'obulamu n'obukuumi, nga(okukkakkanya tewaaliwo mu 1791). Abakugu mu by'obuwabuzi bawaabuzi okuwakanya obanga abo abali mu makomera ga Classium bandigoberere abakkiriza amateeka ng'ago, oba singa baaleka obuwangwa ne bagoberera enkola y'ebyobufuzi.

Endowooza Ennuŋŋamu wakati w’Okugoberera Obulombolombo n’Obulombolombo Obwa Kiseera Kino

Wadde nga waliwo okusoomoozebwa kuno, enkola ey'okusibuka mu nnukuta ez'edda essibwamu ekitiibwa ennyo. Kkooti ezigoberera enkola eyayo mu kutegeera eddiini zitera okuggatta n'ebintu ebirala ebigitaasa, gamba ng'okukoppolola ebiwandiiko, okutongoza enkola z'eddiini, n'okukkiriza enkola z'eddiini okubeera mu nkola y'eddiini. The Religious Freedom Reformation Act eya 1993, eyakomyawo omutindo ogw'okunoonyereza ku mateeka agafuga, gwagobererwa abawivuzi b'eddembe era n'abalandisi ab'amateeka abaagoberera enkola eya demokulase.

Ekiwandiiko ekyo kigaana amateeka “okulagira abantu okukola nga basinziira ku bukakafu obw'ebyafaayo. ” Abalamuzi ab'enzikiriza ez'edda abassa essira ku makulu ‘ ag’okuzannya emizannyo mu ngeri ennungi, ’ bagamba nti gazingiramu ebintu bingi, nga mw'otwalidde n'amateeka agakontana n'amateeka g'ensi. Enkaayaanyi eziriwo mu kiseera kino zikwata ku ‘kugunja obuwagizi bwa ddiini nga bagoberera obutuufu obw'amateeka. ’

Eddembe ly’Eddiini n’Ekkubo Byolekedde Obulungi

Endowooza nti waliwo enjawulo wakati w'eddiini n'abantu b'amawanga ag'enjawulo bwe yeeyongera okumanyibwa, eky'okukuuma eddiini nga y'eyongera okuba ey'amakulu ennyo. Enjigiriza z'enzikiriza ez'enjawulo ziwa obulagirizi obusobozesa okuwanirira ebiwandiiko bino ebiwandiikiddwa mu mateeka, naye teyeetaaga bukulu bwokka.

Okumanya ebisingawo, lowooza ku bintu bino wammanga:

  • [[Act:0]Curnell Ebikwata ku by'enjigiriza ey'amateeka – Expositoryism[[Akawayiro]
  • [[AK'AMUTANDIKI] Ekitongole Ekirabuzi – Eddembe ly'Eddiini mu Amerika[[Akatundu]]
  • [[AK'AWULA]SKOTURROM – Fulton v. Philadelphia Kitaadia[[[N'AK'AMUTANDIKA]
  • [[AGUT:0]ABC News – Justice Scalia’s translation ennyonnyolebwa[[=KAZIKISA]

fundikira

Enjigiriza eyo yawa abagoberezi baayo obulagirizi obw'amaanyi ennyo okusobola okutegeera amakulu g'ennyiriri z'eddiini ezaasooka ez'enjigiriza. Nga banyweza okutegeera okwasooka okw'empandiika eyo, bannasayansi bagenderera okusigaza ettwale lya demokulase era ne bakugira abalamuzi obutassaawo emitindo gyabwe. Mu nkolagana y'eddiini, enkola eno ereeteezza obukuumi obw'amaanyi okusobola okumanyibwa nga eddiini enzikiriziddwa era n'obusobozi obutono ennyo obw'okumanyibwa eddiini. Era ereeseewo okukaayanya okw'amaanyi wakati w'abaakirimu, era n'abo abassa essira ku nteekateeka ya Claus ne ku kkomo.

Okutegeera ensonga zino kikulu nnyo eri buli muntu yenna ayiga ebikwata ku ddiini mu Amereka, ekiwandiiko ekiwa amakulu nti ebiwandiiko ebisooka bifunye okusoomooza okuppya mu mulembe ogwo, naye okukkiririza mu nsibuko y’ekitonde kitujjukiza nti amakulu gaakyo si geesigika.