Enteekateeka y’Eggwanga mu Mateeka

Ennyanjula y'Essaawa z'amateeka ga Amereka y'emu ku ngeri ez'amaanyi ennyo ez'okutaasaamu mu byafaayo by'omuntu. Yamalirizibwa mu 1787 okuva ku kizibu. Lemmunkanya ya Amerika ekyali omuto, nga efugibwanga Ssekukkulu eya Confederation, yagwa olubengo. Obusuubuzi obw'ensi bwayimirizibwa nga bavuganya obusososososo. Ebbanja ly'eby'eby'obufuzi obwagobererwa gavumenti z'eggwanga lyasomerera obusosoze mu nsi endala nga mw'otwalidde ne Bungereza ne Spain, ebimenyesebwa obufuzi bwa Amerika. Ekyasembayo kyali Shays &ferquo; okujeekera mu 1786, ekigo ky'abalimi ab'omubanja mu Massachusesss kyaya akaanjukibwa.

Enkuŋŋaana ezaali mu Filadelufiya tezaakoma ku kulunganya Ebitundu byonna ebigwa ku butaka, naye zaadda mu kifo kyabyo. Ekyavaamu kyali kiwandiiko ekippya ekifuga entegeka eyakolerwa ab'obuyinza ab'obuyinza ab'obuyinza ab'amaanyi. Pregedge teyamala kuteebereza; ebigambo ebyakozesebwa mu mulimu guno gwonna. Kiwandiiko kino kiwumbawumbawumbako bufu ku kiwandiiko kya American Civil Contract — endagaano enkulu ekkiriza gavumenti okufuga n'okusengeka ebigendererwa byayo eby'omulembe. Okutegeera e Pregedget tegwa Pregeing kyetaagisa okutegeera omwoyo gwa Amerekation.

Obufuzi bwa & quot; Ffe Abantu "

Empandika etandika n'ebigambo ebyamenya enjigiriza y'eby'obufuzi eyaliwo mu kyasa ekya 18. “ Ffe People &dquo;. Eno yali nfumo ya njawulo. Emboozi za Confederation ezaali zitandikira ku &lquo; Fractivess of State, &ldo; Fractive Conventionsss Limbrication. Ekiragiro ekippya eky'okugatta awamu gavumenti z'omu ggwanga lya United States.

Kino kyali kigulumiza obufuzi obwa bulijjo. Teyakkiriza ndowooza egamba nti obuyinza buva eri kabaka, abantu abafuga, oba eri sseteeka lya gavumenti. Wabula, kyakakasa nti gavumenti y'ensi yonna entongole ekkirizibwa okufugibwa nga bannabyabufuzi. Ebigambo bino bye bikola ekikobera ky'ekitongole kya American Civil Contract: abantu bawa obuyinza, era gavumenti ekozesa obuyinza obwo okusobola okugonjoola ekkomo n'ebigendererwa ebikkiriziddwa mu Mateeka.

Baani Abaali mu Nnamaddala?

Kikulu okukkiriza nti obukyayi obw'amaanyi buteekeddwa mu bigambo ebyo ebyasooka. Mu 1787, “ Ffe People ” tetwazingiramu bannamerika abaddu, bannamerika, abakazi, oba abazungu abateetongodde. Ekiragiro kya 'Constitution' kyekisobozesa obuddu okukkirizibwa okuyitira mu ttuluba ly'abaddu ery'afifthsssss Ressuner' ne Fugitive Claus. Omuwaatwale guno wakati wa bannannyini mu Amerika era n'olulimi lwennyini olutuufu n'amateeka ga Amerika, kye kikiikirira ebyafaayo bw'Amerika.

Olutalo olwo lwagezesa butereevu enkola y'obumu mu Kibiina era n'amakulu g'Ebigambo. Oluvannyuma lw'endwadde ez'okuzzaawo enzivvuunuzi z'amateeka — enkyusa ya 13, 14th, ne 15th — lwali lwakufuba okusobozesa tteeka okutuukana n'ekisuubizo kya Pregency. Olukalala olw'amateeka 14 lwalangirira nti buli muntu asobola okukuumibwa, era nga kyenkana ennyinnyonnyola “ People ” okugatta ku bantu abaali abaddu. Entegeka ya 19 ey'ekkumi n'abakyala yagaziyawunzi. Entegeka za Kiragiro za 1964 ne Thostry Creekment of Voversting Act of 1965 ercessources. Ebya byafaayo by'Amerika bigaziwakula mu byafaayo by'abantu mu ggwanga lya United States, nga bigaziwa, nga ne ku kye kiwayinja kya &quo; oluva ku bantu okw'okugamba nti: proditerna ku nsonga y'abantu.

Empagi Mukaaga ez’Ekitongole ky’Amerika

Ekiragiro kino kiwa olukalala lwa bigendererwa mukaaga eby'enjawulo, ebikwatagana Amateeka bye gaategekebwa okutuukiriza. Bino tebikulaakulana buteebereze; bye biruubirirwa bya gavumenti.

Obumu Bwe Balina kwesigamya ku Bufuzi bwa Katonda

Ekigambo “ More ” kikulu nnyo. Abalina ebigendererwa eby'enjawulo tebaatandikawo nkolagana etuukiridde. Baakiraga nti obumu obwaliwo wansi w'ebitundu ebigattiddwa tebwali butuufu era nga bwetaagisa okulongoosaamu.

Kino kyasobozesa okutandikawo amateeka agaakolebwa mu nkola y'enkola eya Ssemateeka. Gavumenti yassaawo enkola mu bitundu ebimu ebibalibwa ennyo. Supremacy Claus mu Katundu VI kaaweefube, era n'ekirango kyassaawo amateeka agasinga obukulu mu nsi, agaalagira abalamuzi bonna okugateeka mu nkola y'obusuubuzi. Ekiragiro kyatandikawo enkola y'obusuubuzi, essente emu, n'ensonga endala. Ekigendererwa kyali okuziyiza okusattululwa kw'amateeka agamu, amateeka ga gavumenti, n'okusattululwa kw'eggwanga eryo mu myaka kkumi egyasooka.

Olutalo olwo lwali lugezeeko nnyo mu bigambo bino. Ekiragiro kino mu bukiikaddyo bw'Amerika, gavumenti zaawakanya obusosoze mu nsonga eyo. Abraham Lincoln bwe yasooka okwogerako ng'asaba Olukiiko Olukola Enkola ya Kkonko mu Kkanisa y'omulembe guno, ng'agamba nti tteeka lyakolebwa okuba “a eryali lituukiridde okusinga obutegekebwa ” era nti tewali ggwanga liyinza kulileka bwe lityo. Union ’ okutuuka ku buwanguzi mu 1865 kyanyweza endowooza y'obukulembeze bw'eggwanga.

2. Okussaawo Obwenkanya

Abakola ku nkyukakyuka mu kkooti z'amateeka bakkiriza nti mu ggwanga erimu mwenkanya tewaaliwo lukunkumuli lw'amateeka mu ngeri y'emu. Munsi ya Sseethies of Confederation, tewaaliwo lukiiko lwa kkooti za gavumenti ezaasembayo okukomyawo amateeka, ne ku nsonga z'eggwanga.

Ekiragiro kino kyassaawo olukiiko olukulu olw'amateeka era ne kissaawo Kooti n'ekwasa Kooti za wansi. Akatundu III kaakakasa nti abalamuzi bakkirizibwa okubeera abalamu (nga bakuuma empisa ennungi), ne kibakuuma okuva ku kupikirizibwa bannabyabufuzi. Okukolebwa kwa kkooti z'eggwanga kyali kikulu nnyo okusobola okukakasiza ddala amateeka g'eggwanga okuba nga ga waggulu. Endowooza ey'okulambulaamu, eyateekebwa mu Marbury v. Madison [183]

Okunoonya obwenkanya kye kiwandikiro eky'ennamba ez'amateeka ez'enjawulo mu Amereka, okuva ku rown v. Kkomiti ey'Escandirquo ey'o 1 (1954) eyakomya essomero eri'ebiragiro ne ' be bassaawo olutalo olukyasinzeeyo mu mateeka mu byafaayo bya Amerika, okuva ku rown v. Ekitongole eky'Es'Enjigiriza kya Amerekawo (1954) ekiresezza ek'empaka ez'okusomera mu ttendekero, eririmu n'empaka. bergefell v. [[FLT:]] (20) ekiwandirira obwenkanya kye kimu ku nsonga z'obwenkanya. Ekitongole kya Amerika ekikola mu Amerika ekitongole.

Okuyisa Obuzibu mu Maka

Emirembe gy'amaka kitegeeza emirembe mu nsalo z'eggwanga. Asooka okuvuga ebigambo bino yali Shays ’ okujeema. Abalimi ab'amabanja mu Massachusetts bwe baakwata eby'okulwanyisa okusiikiriza ebisawo ebyo, gavumenti ey'eggwanga wansi w'Emitengo egya Conference terina nakomyawo. Gavumenti ya Massachusetts yalina okuteekawo abawabuzi baayo, era obujeemu bwe bwateekebwa wansi w'obuyinza mu magye.

Omukolo guno gwatiisa nnyo abakulembeze aba waggulu era ne gumatiza bangi, nga mw'otwalidde George Washington ne James Madison, ku bwetaavu obw'amaanyi obw'okuteekawo gavumenti eri mu makkati.

Ebibuuzo mu kiseera kino ebikwata ku Kusoomooza Act, okukozesa National Guard, n'ekitongole ekikola ku butaka byonna biva ku kwegatta kw'ensi n'omusingi guno. Empalana eri wakati w'okukuuma emirembe n'okukuuma eddembe lya bantu ereme okuzibuwalirwa, naye gavumenti era n'ebiruubirirwa eby'okukulembeza emirembe biwandiikiddwa bulungi mu Kitongole kya Civil Contract.

4. Okudduukirira Abantu Baffe

Legenya yakitegeera nti okuwonawo kwayo kwesigamye ku busobozi obw'okwerwanako nga waliwo ebisobe eby'ebweru.

Ekiragiro kyakyusa amaanyi okuteekawo n'okuwagira amagye, okuteekawo n'okukuuma eggye ery'oku mazzi, era n'okulangirira olutalo eri akakiiko k'eggwanga akafuzi ka gavumenti. Kwafuula Prezidenti w'eggye omu. Kino kyasobozesa eggwanga lyonna okutegeka era n'okukuuma ebigendererwa bya Amereka.

Abasibe baali beekengera nnyo amagye agaali gayimiridde. Eno ye nsonga lwaki amaanyi ag'okuwagira amagye gaakoma ku kuteeka ku kuwandiika kwa magye emyaka ebiri mu kitundu I, Ekigaba 8, nga kikakasa nti kampati eyo yandikeberedde nnyo amagye. Enkola ya bulijjo wakati w'okufuga amagye era n'obwetaavu bw'eggwanga okuba nnywevu, yabanga y'ensonga enkulu mu byafaayo bya Amerika. Okuteekawo obujaasi obwa bulijjo kyava mu ga ssemazinga amatono n'amagatte ga ga ga ga ga gaatera okusobola okumanyiira ne kireetawo ebitebe by'omukago mu nsi yonna, naye omusingi gwa mateeka nagwo gubadde gukyeyongera.

5. Okuleetawo Emirembe

Kino kirabika kye kisinga okukuba agambirira ku nsonga eyo, era nga kigamba nti gavumenti esobola okuweereza obulungi abantu bonna, so si abagagga bokka, ab'obuyinza oba abantu ab'ebbeeyi. Naye kiki ddala ekiba kivudde mu “general referance ”?

Alexander Hamilton yagamba nti ebigambo ebyaweebwa Congress obuyinza okusasula omusolo era n'okusaasaanya ebiyinza okuganyula eggwanga lyonna okutwalira awamu. James Madison, eyawaanyisa Plan Virginia, yawa ensonga entonotono: nti empanvu eya &lquo;general referance ” ebigambo byalina akakwate n'obuyinza obulala obuli mu Katundu I, Ekitundu 8.

Endowooza ya Hamilton yeezeseesezza nnyo naddala okuva ku nungu y'omwaka gwa 1965. Programu za New Deac eza Franklin D. Roosevelt zakiikirira okugaziwa kwa maanyi g'ensiamu wansi w'omugambo ogw'okutumbula obuwagizi mu by'enfuna mu bya matondo gaago. Ekiragiro kya Social Security Act ekya 1935, okutongozebwa kwa Medicare ne Medicaid mu 1965, era n'Akakwa k'Akakwakulizo k'okweyanjula konna ak'omulembedde kino. Empakaaso ku ngeri esaanidde obukkukwata ku nsonga z'obwetaanyiziganya mu dduuka mu mbeera z'eby'okka, ebizimbe era n'eby'obujjanjabirwamu byeyongera okunnyonnyola ebikwata ku by'obufuzi mu Amereka mu mwaka gwa 2010.

6. Okunyweza Emiganyulo Egiva mu Kufuna Eddembe

Ekiruubirirwa ekisembayo mu kutandika kwa ssemazinga kino kwe kunyweza eddembe — si lya mulembe oguliwo kati gwokka, naye eri &lquo; abazzukulu. ” Kino kye kikwata ku mateeka agafuga obukwasiddwa obuvunaanyizibwa obw'okulabira awamu mu mulembe. Abasajja bano baali bamanyi bulungi engeri eddembe gye liyinza okubulawo, nga baakamala okulwana n'omufuzi omu.

Ekiragiro kino kyalimu amateeka mangi agafuga eddembe lya bantu, gamba nga etteeka erikugira ssente eziweebwa omuntu oba amateeka g'omusibe, era n'okuteeka kkomo ku mpandiika ya habeas corpus. Kyokka, okuyingiza ekiwandiiko ekya Bill of Rights kyalimu okusoomoozebwa kwa maanyi. Aba Federali bangi baawakanya ensonga eyo kubanga gavumenti yali emu ku buyinza obw'ekigero. Abaziyiza enkola za gavumenti baagezaako okulwanirira eddembe ly'abantu kinnoomu.

Ekiragiro kino kyatandika okussaawo etteeka erikwata ku ddembe ly'obuntu eryateekebwa ku mateeka mu 1791. Enziragiro kkumi ezasooka zaasembebwa mu 1791. Zaakuuma eddembe ly'okwogera, ery'okukuba empapula z'amawulire, ery'eddiini, ery'okukuŋŋaana awamu, ery'okutandika okugattika amagye, ery'okuziyiza okunoonyereza n'okukwatibwa ebigenge (Fourth), n'eddembe ly'omuwoogwo ogwawozesebwa (Fith, omukaaga, omukaaga, Senth7).

Okukakasa emikisa egiva mu ddembe ekyetaagisa okusobola okumenya n'okussaawo entegeka. Okufuba okwo kwali kugasa buli omu emikisa egyo.Enteera mu kifo kya buli omu, okugattidwa kw'olutalo olw'ekinyigiriza, ebiwerezo eby'entalo, ekitongole ekitegeka eddembe ly'obuntu, n'ekikola ku ddembe erya kikasa eky'enkalaanye okusobola okutuukiriza etteeka erikwata ku ku ddembe ery'ekika kya Civil.

Ennyanjula ng’Ekakiiko Akakwata ku by’Eby’Omu Mateeka n’Eby’Eby’Obuwaanyi

Wadde nga Pregegery ku bw'ebadde tewa buyinza oba eddembe eweereddwa — Kkooti esinga obukulu yasala mu [[FL:0] Jaconson v. Massachusetts (05) (05) nti Pregeget teriva ku buyinza obw'ekinnansi obw'ekika kya gavumenti & —tit ekola omulimu ogw'amaanyi ogw'okunnyonnyola amakulu agasingako. Ekkookero kino kisalawo ku mwoyo n'ekigendererwa kya tteeka. Kko kibadde kijuliza olubunvuunulisi w'amateeka bwe kiba nga kinnyonnyola ebigendererwa bya gavumenti.

Mu [[NKULA] Mcloch v. Maryland (119), Omulamuzi Omukulu John Marshall yajuliza Preget okunnyonnyola ebiwandiiko bya gavumenti. Yamanya nti tteeka lya mateeka lyalina ekigendererwa eky'okuwangaala okumala emyaka mingi, era nti ekyetaagisa okumanyibwa okutuuka ku nkomerero zaalyo enkulu nga bwe kiragibwa mu Preggeeding. Embaga eyo yateekawo enjigiriza y'obuyinza obw'amakulu, obuzingirwa ku nteeso nti gavumenti erina okuba n'eby'okukozesa okusobola okutuuka ku biruubirirwa ebyaggyibwa ebyaggyibwa mu Mateeka.

Ensonda z'ekozesebwa ng'omukogooti. Pulezidenti okuva e Lincoln okutuuka e Obama yeegayirira olulimi lwayo okugonjoola ebizibu by'amawanga. Lincoln yeegayirira ku misingi gya Pregegear in the Gettysburg, nga agamba nti olutalo lwa Civil lwali kigezo eky'okuba nti eggwanga “ eryali mu Nberty, era nga lyewandiikiddwawo ebiwandiiko nti abantu bonna baatondebwa nga benkanankana ” luyinza okuwangaala. Olulimi olugobereberye luwandiika ebigambo byennyini ebisobola okukozesebwa mu kunyumya kw'eggwanga ku nsonga ya gavumenti.

Okumalirizibwa kwa Demokulase wa Amerika

Olukiiko olukola ku bantu mu Amerika luwa obukakafu nti omulimu teguyinza kumalirizibwa.

Abamerika bwe baba nga bakubaganya ebirowoozo ku mateeka agakwata ku by'okuyingira mu ggwanga, ku ddembe ly'okulonda, ku nfuna z'eby'enfuna, ku butebenkevu bw'eggwanga, baba bawaanyisa amakulu g'essomero.

Mu kiseera eky'enjawukana ez'amaanyi mu by'obufuzi, okudda ku misingi gya Preget, kiyinza okuba eky'okujjukiza ekigatta eggwanga. Bwe kifuuka omusingi gw'ekitongole kya Amerika ekikola nga Civil Contract, ekigatta abatuuze era n'ebiseera eby'omu maaso.

Okutegeera ennyanjula y'endagaano. Okugiwagira kye kimu ku b'obuyinza obusingawo obunene mu Amerika.