Okutandika: Ekisuubizo eky’Obwenkanya obw’Olubeerera

Ekitongole kya United States kiwa obukakafu nti abo abasala omusango mu bwangu era abasala emisango tebaba ba ddembe kusalirwa musango mu bwangu. Omusango guno gumu /edinse era nga gulina amakulu",$resenters kye kimu ku bintu ebisingirayo ddala okukuumibwa mu nkola z'abamenyi b'amateeka mu Amerika. Kyokka, okuwozesebwa okw'amangu tekwajjawo mu bujjuvu mu Nkiiko y'e Philadelphia. Emisingi egyalimu gyago gyatandika nnyo mu mateeka mu Bungereza, ereendwadde ez'amaanyi ezikontana n'obuyinza obwa kabaka, ate n'obuyigirize obw'amaanyi obulaga nti omulembe ogw'omukaaga tegulina kuba muteesokereza olw'ensonga lwaki kiyinza okumanyibwa mu buwambi era n'okuvaako obuwagizigibwa.

Ekitundu kino kiraga olunyiriri lw'obuzaale bw'ekigezo eky'omu bwangu era obw'obwenkanya okuva ku kunoonyereza okwasooka mu Magna Carta okuyitira mu kusendebwasendebwa kwakyo mu kitabo ekiyitibwa Bill of Rights n'ebiwandiiko ebyagifuulamu endowooza nti eddembe ly'obuntu lyajjawo mu kiseera kino.

Emirandira Eminywevu mu Byafaayo by’Eby’Amateeka mu Lungereza

Obusobozi obw'okuwozesebwa amangu era mu bwenkanya y'emu ku ngeri ez'okukuuma obulombolombo obukyasinzeeyo mu bulombolombo bw'omu Amereka. emisingi gyayo gyateekebwawo ebyasa bingi nga tennabaawo Nkyukakyuka mu Amereka, mu ntalo wakati wa bakabaka Bangereza n’abo be bafuga mu makomera agamu, okuvunaanibwa mu nkukutu era n'okulwawo obwenkanya.

Magna Carta n’Ezzadde ly’Obwenkanya obw’Amangu

Ekintu ekikulu ennyo mu byamateeka g'omu Bungereza, Magna Carta (1215), teyasuubiza butereevu "okuwozesebwa kwa mulundi gwa kudda nnyuma". Naye Essuula 39 (eyali yamalibwako essuula 29) yalangirira nti tewali muntu wa ddembe eyandifuuliddwa omutemu oba okukkirizibwa "bwekutulwako amateeka ga ba mu banne be. Ekiragiro kino kyali kizibu nnyo eri Kabaka John okusibira abantu emisango awatali musango. Mu byasa ebyaddirira, bannamateeka n'abalamuzi Abangereza baayisangamu etteeka lya Bungereza nga baagala okuleeta emisango gya mu maaso awatali kulwawo. Abasibakobaka Magna Carta ku kabaka, baali tebasuubira mukolo gwa mukolo, naye baasimba ensigo gavumenti erina okutwalibwa mu kiseera kya mateeka. [FF:]

Endowooza y’Amateeka aga bulijjo n’Eya Kaabye

Obujulizi obw'okukifuula ekya corpuas adjicientum bwalabika mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'okusatu ng'eky'okusala emisango okuwaliriza omusibe okukolebwako omusibe oba okubuuliza mu mateeka. Mu byasa ekkumi n'omusanvu, kkooti z'Abangereza zaakozesanga alboffis okukaka okunnyonnyola ensonga lwaki omuntu abadde akyafuuliddwa. Singa ensonga yali teyeetaagisa oba nga teruddewo, ensonga yandigambye omusibe oba ng'ateekawo ennaku ez'okuwozesebwa mu kkooti okusala omusango. Omukungu omunene Sir Edward Choke mu ku nsonga ze [FLT:] [16] yannyonnyola ensonga ezaali zeetaagisa okumenya amateeka okuteesa omusango "olekawo n'okusala mu ku nsonga eziba nga zibadde ziteekeddwa ku nsonga eziba ku mu kkooti mu lukuudoote mu kkooti. Kino kyawandi kyamuwandi kyamu nga tewandiyinja mu mu kkooti ey'okusala omusango.

Ekitongole kya Habeas Corpus Act ekya 1679 kyayongera n'okunyweza obukuumi buno obwali bulina okuleetera abasibe okutwalibwa mu kkooti oluvannyuma lw'okulayira. Munnabyafaayo William Blackstone yawandiikirwa mu ] Ekiragiro kya 'Lww' amateeka ga Bungereza[ (1765), "Okwagala okuwozesebwa amangu" kye kyali ekikolwa ekikulu, ekyagendererwa okuwanulwa ekiwandiiko ekijjuvu eky'Amateeka mu kifo ky'omulembe.

Ekitabo ky’Olungereza Ekikwata ku Ddembe 1689

Mu 1688-89, ekiragiro ekya Bbugwe ya Bungereza eyatandikawo Bill of Rights, ekyagonjoola butereevu ekizibu eky'okulwawo okufulumya ebiwandiiko ebyasaze. Akatundu 8 ku ka Bill kaalagira nti "Leader tekyetaagisa kusasula bbaasa, oba okusasula enzijanjala ez'amaanyi, oba okubonerezebwa okw'amaanyi. Ekiragiro kyalagira nti obwenkanya obwannaabwo tebulina kusalirwa oba okulwawo. Olulimi olwo lwalina okusibuka mu kkooti ez'edda, eyayisa abamenyi b'ebyobufuzi n'abasibe bannaago. Empalaago za Palamenti zaago zaatirizibwa nti eddembe erya "Eddala n'enkifo z'abantu mu Bungereza zaawerebwanga n'enkuka zaafu mu ku "kugezesebwa" mu kifo eky'okuyingira mu buyinza bw'obuyinza bw'obuyinza bw'abakulu. Olulimi olwo lwa Amereka oluli olw'okutunuulira eddembe lyabwe nga Bill eyalangibwa [Folmentik'enkola ya Bunna y'enkola ya BB:[10][10]

Abakessi Abaatwalibwa okuba Abawaŋŋanguse mu Amerika

Abawagizi b’Amerika baaleeta obulombolombo mu Mangereza okuyita mu Atlantic, naye era baakyusa endowooza yaabwe olw’embeera ez’enjawulo ez’ensalo z'obulamu era n’okweyawula ku buyinza bwa kabaka.

Akakiiko k’Eddembe (1641) ak’e Massachusetts

Ekitongole ky'e Massachusetts of Liberates, ekyawandiisibwa ekitongole ekiyitibwa Reverend Nathaniel Ward era ekyatongozebwa kkooti enkulu mu 1641, kitera okutwalibwa ng'etteeka erisooka erikwata ku ddembe ery'ennungi mu nsi y'Olungereza. Liberty 42 kyagamba: "Tewali muntu anaawalirizibwa okukasibwa okukasibwa okukasibwa, naye okusinziira ku mateeka agamanyiddwa mu kika kya Bukiiko kya Massachusetts, era n'ensonga ez'omutemwangu zijja kuyisibwa bonna. Ekiwandiiko kino kikukakasa obwa "obwenkanya obwa obwenkanya obwa obwenkanya" bwamenyebwa mu nsi. Akakiiko ka Liberamu era kaagaana okutwalibwa emirundi ebiri era ne k'okero, ekyayoleka bulungi. [[FLT:]

Ebipande Ebisinga Obuwambe n’Amateeka

Era amawanga amalala bwe gaakola.Pennsylvania Frame of Government (1682) eyawandiisibwa William Penn, yakakasa nti okugezesebwa kwonna kwandibadde kwa basajja kkumi na babiri, era nga kuli kumpi, bavubuka bannaabwe nga benkanankana; era ne kwa w'omuliraano, era ne mu ssaza gye kiba kikoleddwa. mu Dilaware Charter of Relarence of Rights (7766), nabo baakuuma eddembe lya bantu erina okuba nga "balina okusalirwa oba okukwatibwa omusango ogutaasalirwa. Ekiwandiiko ebyo ebya baakuuma eddembe eri eri "otaddewo n'okuwozesebwa kwa bantu bonna."

Enjigiriza n'obigambo eby'enkyukakyuka ebyasooka

Mu myaka egyaddirira mu nkola ya bannalukalala mu Amerika ey'enkola ey'okukina mu kkooti z'abalamuzi, era n'okusitulirawo emisango gy'abalamuzi ne k'efuuka ekifo ekisinziirwako. Stamp Act Congress ey'omu 1765 yasalawo nti okusala omusango gwa balamuzi kisikirwa bukwasiddwawo obwa buli ggwanga lya Bungereza. Ekiragiro ky'Okwanjula olufulumya eddembe ly'eggwanga mu buli ggwanga. Olukiiko lw'eggwanga olw'eggwanga olw'eggwanga. Olukiiko olusooka olw'e Contental Congress's of Rights (1774) kyewawawawawawawaaza nti abafuzi babadde nga baddibiddwawo "baalirizibwako obulungi olw'okukangavvuusibwa abalamuzi oba olw'ensonga ez'amaanyi. Bino byakolebwa nga Thomas Jefferson awandiika ku Kracrac.

Okutongoza Omusango ogw’omukaaga: N’Okuggyayo Omusango ne Ntandika Okuwambibwa

Ssaawa eza Confederation (1781) tezaalina lukalala lw'eddembe era tezaateekawo kakwate ka nkola y'obumenyi bw'amateeka. Eggwanga eryakatandika teyeesigamanga ku mateeka galyo naye yategeera nti kyali kyetaagisa okukuuma eggwanga lya ggwanga lya maanyi. Convention of the Federation eya 1787, eyali efugibwa abatunzi ba Federali, yatandikawo tteeka eryali lirina etteeka eryali liragira eddembe ly'obumenyi bw'amateeka eryali lirina etteeka eryali liragira eddembe ly'obuntu obutuufu.

Olukiiko Olukwata ku Ssaddaaka n’Ekiwandiiko Ekiraga Ennimi

Mu lukuŋŋaana olwali mu Philadelphia, olw'obutaba na ddembe lya kuwandiika kyaleetera George Mason okugamba nti Amateeka gaamu "be buwangwa" nga gaba tegalina ddembe. Wadde nga olukuŋŋaana olwo lwagaana olukalala lw'enkwaso, ababa ba luvannyuma lwalowooza nti oluvannyuma lwongerwako. Okulwanirira okwawula abantu kyaviirako ensonga okwo okwongera ku buzibu. Ate era, enkuŋŋaana za gavumenti okujjuza ab'e Massachusetts, Virginia ne New York, zaaleeta ekiteeso kya ku kutuukiriza kuwozesebwa kw'omutwe, okuwozesebwa omusango, oba okuwozesebwa obululu. James Madison, mu kusooka okubuusabuusa, yafuuka omuyimbi w'enkola w'entegeka entegeka z'eddembe mu kibiina ekisooka.

Empaka ez’Okukuba Amaanyi mu Kkomera

Virginia Raiving Convention yawa ekirango eky'enkizo ekyalimu: “Mu buli lukiiko olukulu n'olw'abamenyi b'amateeka, omuntu alina obuyinza okuwozesebwa amangu, okusisinkana abamuwaayiriza n’abajulirwa, okuwa obujulizi okulaga nti asiima era n'okusalirwa omusango awatali kusosola ku basajja ekkumi n'ababiri. Mu ngeri y'emu, Convention ya New York era yasaba nti ‘ eddembe eriva eri abalamuzi mu lukiiko lw'eggwanga, era n'okukuumibwa obutabaako musango. Obulamu, oba eddembe, oba ebintu ebirala, naye olw'engeri y'amateeka. Ebirowooleka okulondebwa okwo bikolebwe okuteetibwa mu buteerebwa abasajja ekkumi n'abasajja ekkumi n'abalango. Ku Jjuuni 8, 1789, Kiragiramu enkola ey'okulangirira entebe y'entebe y'Olukiiko lw'olukiiko lw’omulembe, nga ku nsonga z'abalango, ebiyinza okuzikiriririmu, era n'okuzirimu okuziira mu ngeri ey’okuboneresa, oku

Ekiwandiiko Ekyasembayo mu Mmaapu ey’omukaaga

Ennyumba ne Ssembeesaawo zawaanya emirundi mingi", oba "viinage" kirina okunnyonnyolwa mu ggwanga oba mu disiturikiti, obanga eddembe ery'okubuulirira lyali liteekeddwa, era oba nga kwalimu ebigambo "speedy ne ssemageesa". Enkyusa ey'Ensi yonna, eyamalirizibwa nga Ddesemba 15, 1791, egamba: "Mu misango gyonna, omuwaabi avunaanibwa, alyagulibwa mu musango era n'abamenyi w'amateeka, era n'aweetteeka eritaba na lukujju, nga liteekeddwawo, ... okutegeezebwa ebikwata ku butonde n'ensonga; okubuusibwa abajulizi abalala ku luganda; okukakasibwa n'okufuna abajulizi mu lufulumo lwonna olw'okusiimibwa, era n'okuweebwa okukangavvumizibwa mu ku ku ku nsonga ze ezaa defcc'enfu." Ekigambo "yspeedpe'ekiragiro kyayo ekisooka, ekigamba ekiba nga kitegeke eky'ensonga ejulirimu, naye nga kimenyesebwa mu n'ennya ensonga enkulu.

Okusalira Claus Omusango mu Bizimbe by’Enjawulo Ebyasooka mu Amerika

Mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'ecenda, kkooti enkulu teyategeeranga ngeri kkooti ey'ekkumi n'ekkumi n'ekkumi n'essatu gye yatwalangamu okuwozesebwa okw'emisindengo gya sikisi kubanga okuvunaanibwa kw'amateeka okusinga kwabaawo mu kkooti z'eggwanga.

Okunnyonnyola okw’Edda n’Emyaka 1800

Mu Exparte Milligan (186), kkooti enkulu yagamba nti okuddukanya ebya amagye tegasobola kugezesa bantu mu bifo kkooti za gavumenti gye zaakoleranga, nga kiggumiza obukulu bw'okuwozesebwa okwa bulijjo, okw'amangu. Kkooti ez'ensi zaasooka zaalagira nti omuwawawawawawa aleme okuwaliriza okuwozesebwa amangu; bwe kityo, enviro eza ddyo zatwalibwanga nga zikosebwa. Beeching v. United States[FOLT] (1855], olukiiko olutono lwakitegeera nti ekigendererwa eky'okuwo mu kusalira omumenyi w'amateeka omusango ogw'ewandisizza omusango ogwo ogwabanga gulina okukimalidde mu biseera ebiwanvu." Ennano teyenkanankanankanankana nnyiriri. emirundi gye gyalimuko. .

Enjigiriza y’Okusalirako Omusango ey’Empisa Ennene: Barker v. Wingo

Kkooti enkulu yakyusa engeri gye baagezaakomu okuwozesaamu amangu mu Barker v. Wingo (1972). Kkooti yagaana ekkomo lya biseera bitali byangu era yagoberera enkola ey'okugezesaamu ensonga nnya: obuwanvu bw'olugendo, ensonga lwaki omuwayitirwa alwawo, n'okusosolwa omumenyi w'amateeka. Omulamuzi Powell yannyonnyola nti okukebwa okwa mangu okwo kwa njawulo ku biragiro ebyo byonna kubanga tekukuuma bya mupaka wa muwayirwa kyokka naye era n'ensonga endala eziyinza okukendeezaako obuteerezi. [FFF] [5] Mu lukalala olwo, olumu olw'ensonga ezimenyeddwawo wakati w'omutemu, yannyonnyola nti okusoosa obuteesa obutuufu bw'ensonga. [F][5]

Ebisinziirwako mu Kukwata Amateeka: Omusango Ogusalibwa mu Maaso

Congress yayingira mu 1974 nga egoberera enkola eya Speedy Trial Act, eteeka endukusa ez'amaanyi ku lukalala lwa gavumenti ezikwata ku misango: omusango gulina okusalibwa mu nnaku amakumi asatu ez'okukwatibwa, era okuwozesebwa kuteekwa okutandika mu nnaku nsanvu ez'okusala omusango. Assomero kino kyoleka omusango gwa gavumenti ogwatandikawo okugezesa okutaasa tekumala. Amawanga gakoze enkola y'emu. Ekiwandiiko eky'empandika y'amateeka ekya Ssazeempalo Act ekijjuvu eky'empire mu mateeka ga Cornell'ebuk'ebitundu by'omu mateeka ebireetebwa ekiva mu kibiina kya Cornell.[FLT]

Okugezesebwa Okutuufu Kutukakasa nti: Si Mangu Nnyo

Ekitongole eky'omukaaga ekifuga empeereze kya "okuwozesebwa" kizingiramu eddembe erisingawo erina okugendera awamu. Sipiidi yokka terina makulu singa ensonga teri ya bwenkanya. Abawaabirwa baakitegeera nti omuntu yeetaaga eby'okukozesa okwewozesa, okuggyako engeri gye yakwatangamu ensonga eyo.

Obulimba, Obwetoowaze, n’Okwegendereza

Eddembe ly'abalamuzi ab'ekika ekimu" lyategeeza abalamuzi abaasalirwa omusango mu ggwanga oba mu disiturikiti mwe baakolera obumenyi bw'amateeka. Amalagi "nga gaamanyibwa obutonde era nga n'ensonga kwe buvudde" nga gawandiisiddwa nti abawayiri baali basobola okuteekateeka obuddukiro. Ssaze tewaaliwo musango mu nkiso era ne guvunaanibwa kkooti.

Enteekateeka y’Okusalawo

Kino kibawa obujulizi. Obusobozi buno busimbye ku mateeka gonna nga gaba geetaagisa okusaba abajulizi okuwa obujulizi mu lujjudde era n'okulayiza. Nga basinziira ku lukalala olwayo, gavumenti teyinza kukyusa kiseera oba kyama okuwa bujulizi okukakasa nti omuntu avunaanibwa.

Obuvunaanyizibwa bw’Okuwabulwa

Association of Counsel Claus ewa obukakafu nti abo abawayirwa basobola okubeera ne munnamateeka mu kiseera eky'okuwozesebwa kwabwe. Kkooti enkulu ennyonnyola nti eddembe lino lirina okukozesebwa mu bipimo byonna eby'amaanyi eby'okuwozesebwa, nga mw'otwalidde n'okulumiriza n'okusalira abalala omusango. Obusobozi obw'okuwabula ku magezi bwateekebwa ku matwale Gideon v. Wainwright[ [1963].]

Ekika Ekikyawangaala n’Ekigambo Ekijja Okugobererwa

Ebyafaayo ebiva mu kiwandiiko eky'omukaaga ekiwerebwawo obuwanguzi mu kkooti ze ez'eddaala eby'edda bikyasikirizibwa nnyo mu kukuuma obuwambe obwa kiseera kino, si okuyitira mu mateeka g'ensi n'amateeka ga gavumenti kyokka naye era ne okuyitira mu mateeka ga gavumenti. Obulwadde obwa Convidence ne kkooti zaamu bwagezesa eddembe eryo nga kkooti zilindawo okugezesebwa okugezesa okugezesebwa okusobola okuziyiza obuwuka bw'obulwadde, era nga kino kireetawo ebibuuzo ku n'obusobozi ku kusalawo kwa bannakyewa.

Enkyukakyuka mu bya tekinologiya nazo zikutte ku kunoonyereza okwesigika. Okuba nti wabaddewo obujulizi bungi ku mikutu gya kompyuta, okugaziwa mu makomera agaawebwa, era n'obuzibu obw'eby'amateeka obwamala ekiseera kiwanvu okusalirwa omusango. Ekiragiro kino kiwagidde abawandiisi obutateekako misango okusobola okusala emisango ku sipiidi. N'olwekyo, okusingira ddala, okusobola okweyongera mu maaso, okunoonyereza n'okuvuga ebikolebwa mu maduuka, n'okunoonyereza, n'okukubalinknya, kiyinza okukozesebwa okusobola okuteeka abantu mu kkomera. Abawakawunziko bagamba nti enkola eno ekkiriza okulwawo okuko okumala ekiseera ekiwanvu, naddala eri abawandiikibwa abawaabirwa abawaawerebwa abatasobola okufuna ssente.

Wadde kiri kityo, omusingi oguli mu musingi gukyaliwo: eddembe teriyinza kugumiikiriza kusibibwa mulundi gumu nga terinnawozesebwa.