Ennyanjula: Okugoberera Amateeka Agakwata ku Bulwadde

Obubonero obufuga ensonga. * Okussaawo ensala y'amateeka annyonnyola amateeka, ebiragiro, n'abakulembeze b'amateeka. Mu kifo ky'okuba akakiiko akajjukirwa akafuga eby'ebyafaayo, amateeka bwe gajjawo buli kiseera, engeri enkiiko gye zisalamu enkaayana, engeri abakamateeka gye bakolamu amateeka. Abalamuzi, n'abasomesa, bategeera etteeka erikwata ku mateeka ku nkola y'enkola y'omulembe mu by'empandika, si si nkola y'obwetaago; y'ensonga ey'omuganyulo. Enjigiriza ya [[FLT:] y'empandika y'ensonga ez'obuwatuzi, n'engeri abalamuzi gye bakolamu amateeka amapya. Abalamuzi, abalamuzi, n'abalaguzi, bagoberera amateeka, era n'okukakasa obutuufu nga baleka amateeka okukyusaamu enkola y'enkola y'enkola y'ebikugunjula mu by'obukugunjufu, n'enkola. Ekitundu kino kinnyonnyola engeri y'amateeka eby'okunoonyereza ekitongole ekitongole ekitegekebwa mu mateeka okunnyonnyola okuva ku nkola y'ebitongole, enkula

Okutegeera Etteeka ly’Ensonga: Emirala n’Obukodyo

Ku nsonga enkulu ereetebwawo amateeka singa kkooti ziwandiika endowooza ezinnyonnyola ensonga zaabwe era ne zigoberera emisingi gyazo mu bukakafu obw'enjawulo. Ebisalibwawo bino bikola nga kkooti entono zikolera wamu. Omusingi gwa status decis[].] Ekiragiro kino kisobozesa ebisale ebya 'kusalawo ku nsonga'.' okuba nga byewandiikiddwawo mu kkooti z'amateeka nga tebinnasalawo. Era kiragira nti kkooti zigoberera misango okuggyako nga waliwo ensonga entuufu ereeteezza okuziggya ku kkooti ezo. Enjigiriza eno ereetawo obutebenkenkevu, obwenkanya, era n'enkola mu nkola yaago nga zikubiriza abakwasigibwa ku mateeka okugwa mu nsonga enjvumbo.

Mu Amerika, olukiiko olukulu olw'ensi yonna lukwata kooti zonna ez'omu ssaza, ate bwe zisalawo okuva ku kkooti y'ekitundu, zisalawo ku kkooti za disitulikiti. Ekiwandiiko kya kkooti enkulu mu Amerika kisiba kkooti za gavumenti.

Ebirengo tebiri mu ngeri y'emu. Biyinza okutwalibwa nga oba obuwagizi obwa bulijjo[. Ekigo eky'okugoberamu kiteekwa okugobererwa koppi za kkooti entono eziri mu buyinza bwe bumu. Eky'okukongojjebwa kiyinza okuba nga kya biwandiiko okuva mu bitundu ebirala oba mu kkooti entono.[1] Ekikongozzi eky'ekiragiro kino kiyinza okutegeeza endowooza y'omulamuzi naye nga si kyamateeka agakakasibwa. Atnorss mbala mingi akawayiro kakireetera okusemba ennyo agumenti bwe kiba nga tezirimu oba nga zikontana.

Eby'okunoonyereza mu by'amateeka ebyakakozesebwa mu kiseera kino nga Westlaw, LexisNexis, ne Cornell Legal Information Institute basobodde okuzuula amangu omusango. Abawi b'amateeka banoonya "Sheparard' oba "KeyCite" okukakasa nti omusango gukyali mulungi. N'olwekyo, gulina okusalirwa olukalala olw'amateeka. Omutemu guno gulina kye gukolawo singa wabaawo kkooti enkulu ezikwata ku nsonga.

Engeri Ebikwata ku Mateeka gye Bikolamu mu Kasago

Obubonero bye bintu ebikozesebwa mu kusendasenda okw'amateeka. Ekintu ekirondeddwa obulungi kiyinza okuwanirira ensonga, okulaga ebiyinza okuva mu musango, era n'okunnyonnyola ensonga. Mu kukola bwe kityo, bannamateeka bagoberera amateeka ga:

  • [[AGUMENTI] Fulare [[[KATANDIKA:1] Nga bakkenneenya ensonga eziba zikyusizza mu kkooti nga ze'ewandiikiddwawo, bannamateeka bayinza okulaga lwaki omusingi gwe gumu gusaanidde okugobererwa.
  • [[Act:0] Antitipatement mentation :[ Obusobozi bw'ebitabo obw'edda obubadde tebukkirizibwa mu kifo kyabwe era nga bwongeramu okwawukana --arguments ebiraga lwaki embeera eriwo ya njawulo.
  • [[Act:0]Shift omugugu ogw'okusikiriza: Obungi obwa kkooti nga zigoberera nnukuta emu efuula omusango ogufaanana bwe guba guba gugobereddwa, zigamba nti ensonga ezifaananako bwe zityo zijja kugobererwa.

Obukugu obw'okwawulawo empandiika butwalibwa nga bwa muwendo nnyo mu kusengeka empalana ezo. Singa munnamateeka alaga enjawulo ez'amaanyi ezizingirwamu nga "" nga tekinologiya ow'enjawulo, oba engeri endala gavumenti gy'ekwatibwako. Kkooti eyinza okugaana okukozesa ekintu ekirabika ng'ekiri ku muwaatwa. Ku luuyi olulala, kyetaagisa obutuufu obw'enjawulo, okusinziira ku ebyo ebibaddewo oluvannyuma, enkyukakyuka mu mbeera, oba okutegeera nti okusalawo okusooka kwali kukyamu.

Singa kkooti z'ensi yonna zisala ku nsonga ezimu, omuwawaabi ayinza okukozesa enkola eyo okuzikkiriza basobole okufuna ssente n'ebintu ebirala ebiba bizingirwamu.

Nga [[NKULA] Cernell Information Institute bwe kinnyonnyola, okutunuulira ekiwandiike kitegeeza nti "kinyweza amateeka era ne kisobozesa abo abeesiga amateeka okugooleka okugooleka okuteekateeka ebibakwatako." Obutebenkevu obwo tebukoma mu bujjuvu, naye buwa enteekateeka ezisobozesa emikutu gy'amateeka egyakakolebwa mu biseera eby'edda okusibuka mu kkooti.

Amateeka n’Okunnyonnyola Obubonero

Amateeka bwe gaba nga tegategeerekeka, nga(naatera okuba nga) amateeka bwe gagoberebwa okugonjoola obutakaanya. Omuntu bw'akwataganya amateeka n'ensonga ezikwata ku mateeka, kye kimu ku bintu ebikulu eb'amateeka bye gakyusa enkola y'ebikolwa ebya leero. Kkooti zikozesa eby'okukozesa ebirongoosebwa mu myaka mingi egizze giyitawo nga basala emisango:

Okuwandiika n’Etteeka Eritategeerekeka

Abalamuzi bangi ab'omu kiseera kino, naddala mu lukiiko lw'eggwanga lwa Amerika, bakozesa enkola eziteeka mu bukulu bwa nnukuta eza bulijjo ezikwata ku makulu g'olulimi mu kiseera eky'okuteekawo etteeka. Amateeka ag'okusala omusango mu Landmark, nga United States] v. Santos [2008] oba [] Bastock v. County[[FLT:][20]] amateeka alaga engeri kkooti gye zisengeka amateeka, n'amalagiro ge gandiro, n'amatwaze bwe zibaamu amateeka agamu, ebinaayinza okumanyibwa mu ngeri gye gandiikibwamu. Bino byonna bibaamu ebyokulabirako bya kampuni.

Enjigiriza ya Kevron n’Obutakkiriza

Mu Amerika, kkooti enkulu ya 'Chevron]. Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc. (19984) yateekawo enkola ey'emirundi ebiri esobozesa okutunula nnyinyonnyola z'amateeka. Ku ludda lwa Chevron, kkooti zireetera kkooti okuba nga zigoberera ennyinnyonnyola ya kitongole singa Consert teziwanulira ddala nsonga. Enjigiriza eno ereesezza nnyo amateeka ga bannaafuga era n'okukwata ku nkola ey'okujjulula ebibalwa ebigo. Thongobereberson zikozese byerongoo, oba ebivugibwa mu ngeri amateeka gye geeyolekeramu mu ku butongole obukola enkunzivu.

Obulagirizi n’Ebyafaayo

Kkooti ezimu zesiga ebyafaayo ebikwata ku mateeka.[1] Kkooti ezikola ku by'amateeka zeeyongera okwesigama ku lipoota ezikwata ku mateeka ne ku kuwuliriza ebiba bisaliddwa mu waggulu, obulango obwa bulijjo. [2] Okusobola okutegeera ekyo Consert kye yagenderera ng'essaawo etteeka erikwata ku nsonga z'amateeka nga ziddib'empaka ez'eby'amateeka. Okugeza, kkooti enkulu mu mu Amerika, 'United States' v. (1940) yassaawo amateeka agafuga nti kkooti tezirina kwesiga ebyafaayo by'amateeka singa ebyawandiikibwa ebiragira okuva ku mateeka gaayo bitegeerekeka bulungi.

Okunnyonnyola endagaano, eby'amateeka n'ebiwandiiko ebirala eby'amateeka era binnyonnyola nnyo amateeka bwe gaba gawandiike. Emisingi gy'amateeka nga "obujulizi obwa bulijjo" oba endagaano entegeke obulungi era ey'okukkiriza n'obwenkanya" ginnyonnyoleddwa era ne gilongoosebwa okumala ebyasa bingi eby'okusala emisango. Abakozi mu buwandiike bajuliza nnyo ensonga zino okuteebereza engeri kkooti gye eyinza okugonjoolamu empitirivu.

Engeri Obuyigirize bw’Eby’Omu Mateeka gye Bwandikutte ku Buwandiike

Etteeka ek'okusala emisango kye kisonga ku kuyigiriza amateeka mu nkola z'amateeka ezigattiddwa. Enkola eyo Columbus Landwell gye yawawaanya mu Harvard Law School ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 19, ekyakola nga bannabyabufuzi. Abayizi basoma ebyo bye basazeewo era ne beegatta ku baprofesa mu Socratic okuggyamu amateeka, okunnyonnyola n'ensonga.

Ebisinga obukulu mu nsonga ezikwata ku buyigirize obwa bulijjo bye bino:

  • [[Act:0] Abayizi bayiga okutegeera ensonga, amateeka, enkola, n'okufundikira okusinziira ku ndowooza y'okusalako emisango, ate ne babikolerako ku nsonga empya.
  • [[AGUMENTI:0] Kino bakikola nga batunula mu nsonga ezikwata ku nsonga ez'omu mateeka: nga batunula mu ngeri nti bategeera ensonga ezikontana, nga bagezaako okuzuula endowooza zaabwe, era nga n'okunnyonnyola ebyawandiikibwa mu mateeka.
  • [[AK'AMUTANDIKI:0] Okuteekateeka ebikolebwa mu nsi eya ddala:[[[NKUMBO:1] Ebitongole by'amateeka bisuubira abakolagana abappya okunoonyereza ku biragiro, okukebera amaanyi gaabwe, n'empagi ez'obukujjukujjukujjukujju eziggumiziddwa mu mateeka.
  • [[NKULA]] Okusobola okutuuka ku bitongole eby'enjawulo eby'omu mateeka: Ebitabo eby'empandika ebisalwawo bisengeke omutwe oba mutwe gwa kompyuta. Biwa abayizi ebiwandiiko ebikakasa etteeka ly'abamenyi b'amateeka, ebiba bitegekeddwa mu mikutu gy'amasanyu, ebikoowu, ebikoowu, ettaka, n'ebirala bingi.

Eby'obugagga ebiri ku mukutu nga ebi'[[NT:0]Ex Project mu Chicago-Kant College of Law biwandiisa obukalu n'obufunze ku misango gy'omu kkooti enkulu, nga bigatta amateeka n'ebitundu ebigikwata ku nsonga. Okunoonyereza ku mateeka era ne magazini byesigamizibwa nnyo ku nsonga okusobola okuleetawo enkyukakyuka mu nsonga n'okunoonyereza.

Amateeka Agakwata ku Bufumbo mu Nsi ez’Enjawulo ez’Enjawulo

Obubonero busangibwa mu buli mateeka agafuga engeri gye gafugamu amateeka era n'obukugu mu ngeri gye gagobereramu amateeka.

Amateeka g’Obumenyi bw’Ebikolwa

Precent annyonnyola ekkomo eriva ku kuba omumenyi w'amateeka, okunnyonnyola amateeka, n'obukwakulizo bw'amateeka eri abawayiriziddwa. Obubonero obwali buteekeddwawo nga Miranda v. Arizona (66) bulaga etteeka erikugira abasirikale okumanyisa eddembe lyabwe, ate nga United States v. (20:2) '202] obulagirizi obwa GPS bunnyonnyolwa ng'empandika olubuwandi. Amateeka gaagitangirira mu mateeka, era ne mu njigiriza nga "scapealle" ebisengekebwa mu n'amasalo gaago.

Amateeka Agatagondebwa

Obubonero, obwetaazi, n'obusobozi bw'okusibako n'okusalako tart byenkana bifugibwa amateeka ag'omuwaatwa. Omutindo ogw'okulabiriza, obukwasiddwa, n'ensonga ezikolebwako bisibuka mu nkola z'amateeka. Ng'ekyokulabirako, Palsgraf v. Long Railroad Co. (1928) gusigala gunywera ku musingi ogw'okutegeera ebiva mu ku ekyo ekibalukawo. Obuzibu obuliwo mu kiseera kino obuva ku ku nsonga, obutuufu, obutuufu bw'ekisawo n'okuvugibwa, n'okufeebyaza enziro okweyongera okulongoosa emisingi gino.

Amateeka Agatakkiriza Kukolebwa

Amateeka agakola ku nsonga eziba zizze zikolebwako, geesigama nnyo ku kutegeera ebigambo, okukebera ebikwata ku bulango, n'okukwasisa emikono. Ekiragiro kino kigattako amateeka mangi agafuga ebikwata ku by'obutuuti obwa 'FLT'. Enkola eyo eyo eyo eyo eyongerwako amateeka mangi nnyo nga "okukkiriza okulungi," "kulemererwa okumanyibwa," ne "bukkunkumbula". Okufuga okw'amaguzi nga Hamer v. Sidway (1991]) kulowoozebwa ne . Baxdaley v. Baxvel [18]]]

Amateeka ga Endagaano

Kkooti eno kumpi kyenkana nga ey'omusango gwonna gutegeerwa ku mateeka. Ebisalibwawo kkooti enkulu ey'omu Amerika ku ddembe ery'okwogera, eddembe ly'eddiini, obukuumi obw'enyonvu, n'obuyinza bwa gavumenti birina kye bikola ku bantu b'omu Amereka okumala ebyasa ebisukka mu bibiri. Emitwe gy'ebeera ng'ebiri ng'eggyenkana BN v. Ekitongole eky'Enjigiriza[ [1954]] [1954]), [[FLT:]] Kino kiraga engeri okutaputa oba okugaziyaT mu lukalala gye kuyinza okujjulula oba eddembe eritasengekese mu lukalala.

Amateeka g’Amaka n’Eby’Eby’Okweyimirizaawo

Okugattululwa, okukuza abaana, okukuza abaana, n'obusika, bisikirizibwa nnyo amateeka ga gavumenti agakwata ku nsonga.

Amateeka Agakwata ku Butonde n’Okufuga

The Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act, era n'amateeka amalala gataddewo amateeka ku nsonga gamba ng'okuyimirira, obukwasiro, n'obunene bw'ebigambo ebikwata ku nkyukakyuka z'obutonde. Kkooti enkulu esala ku nsonga z'obutonde. Kkooti enkulu egoberera enkola ya Massachusetts v. EPA [2007] [2007] yassaawo olukujju lw'ensonga eziyimiridde nga gavumenti ejulira gavumenti okuvunaana enkyukakyuka y'embeera y'obutonde bw'ensi, n'okuleetawo enkola ey'okukyusaamu mu n'obusobozi.

Obuzibu Obwa Bulijjo: Tekinologiya, Alaba, n’Ebyakweka.

Ng'abantu bwe bakyukakyuka mu nkyukakyuka, amateeka bwe galina okumanyibwa ng'ebintu ebipya ebizuuliddwa. Tekinologiya awayinza okuba obumu ku buzibu n'obusobozi obw'amaanyi mu kusalawo ku nsonga. Ebikolebwa mu mateeka mu kiseera kino bikyusibwa nga bafuga ku:

Obujulizi n’Obubi Ebiri ku Mikutu gya kompyuta

Obujulizi obusinga buzingiramu obujulizi obwa kompyuta //emails, endagiriro ez'oku nnyimba ez'oku sistemu ez'ekika kya GPS, data, ne ebire. Kkooti ziteekwa okunnyonnyola ekiragiro eky'okuyisa ekiwandise eky'okubiri n'eky'okuna eky'okusinzira ku kire. Kkooti enkulu esalawo ku nsonga y'eby'obukaba mu Carparter v. United States[FLT] [20:1]

Amagezi n’Obulimba Ebikoleddwa

Sistemu za AI bwe zireetawo obuzibu", gamba nga mu kabenje ak'emmotoka akateebwa oba mu kusosola mu ngeri eya algoric tractives, nga zirina n'amateeka agakola konvu gagooleka okusobola okuzuula ebiragiro ebiriwo. Ekiragiro kino kissaawo enkola eya 'avvuunulizi wa kompyutation','okumanyisa programu za kompyuta, oba oyo akozesa pulogulamu. Ekiragiro kya European Union's General Data Protection Regrial (GDPR) n'etteeka erikwataganyizibwa nakyo liragira olukalala lw'amateeka ga Kko obwenkanya obwa Butebe bw'e Bulaayaaya (CJEU) era kissaawo ebisinzibwawo ebifuga omulimu gwa data.

Obukuumi mu Kwerekereza Ebintu eby’Ebyaffe n’Okwerinda

Ebiragiro eby'ekiwandikiro mu ngeri nga Google Spain v. AEPD (2014 (ya "mu ntegeka nti omuntu aliba yeerabiddwa" ku ndwadde]) ne Breyer v. Germany[] (2016]) ekoze etteeka erigobererwa obwamakwa mu Bulaaya. Mu Amerika, alipoota ezikwata ku by'omanyi ebizikwata ku by'obwa kompyuta zireeteezimu ziviiriddeko enkola y'enkola mu ngeri ey'ekiragiro. Ebika bya Illino, nga bikakataasizza kampuni okutereeza enkola ya bya data n'okukwata ku mateeka.

Abalaguzi ab'omu mateeka bagoberera enkola eza tekinologiya, emirimu egitali gimu mu by'amateeka, n'obuyigirize obwa bulijjo mu mateeka okusobola okuzuula ebifo bino ebitambula mu bwangu. [EKY'OKUMALIRA] ENTEKWATANDIKIRWA MU TTEREKERO] Bagoberera enkola za tekinologiya nnyingi ezizingirwamu, nga bawa ba projekita ne bannakyewa bye bafunira obusente.

Olupapula lw’amawulire Amawulire Amalungi

Amateeka ag'ensonga tegakoma ku kuba nti buli muntu alina endowooza enkadde; era gakyusaamu mu ngeri amateeka gye gavvuunulwamu, engeri gye gagonjoolwamu, n'engeri gye gatendekebwamu. Enjigiriza ey'okutunuulira stant decisis, ennyinnyonnyola z'amateeka, okuva mu kibiina okutuuka ku byuma ebikuumirwako, ewandikiro, ebisinziirwako kyakulabirako bisobozesa enkola y'amateeka okumanyibwa obulungi. Bwe kiba bwe kityo, amateeka gakkiriza enkyukakyuka ezeetaagisa mpolampola, ne gasobozesa etteeka okubaako kye likolako ku tekinologiya ekipya, ekyukakyuka mu mpisa z'abantu, era ne okutandika okusoomooza okufaanana nga bwe kibeera mu ku si kyuma.

Omuntu yenna eyenyigira mu mateeka, mu buyigirize, oba mu nkola y'amateeka, okutegeera enkyukanya ku mateeka tekimwetaagisa kusalawo nga bw'ayiiya olukalala. N'okusoma ebisinziirwako mu nsonga, okwawulawo emisango egitasobola kugasaamu ebiba biwandikiddwa, era n'okukaayanya okusobola okuweza etteeka eririwo, abakugu mu by'amateeka bakakasa nti amateeka ganywera era nti gatuukana n'embeera y'ekiwandikiro. Bwe kigenda kyeyongera, omulimu gw'amateeka okugoberezebwa obutereezebwa obugobereberye empisa z'amateeka gujja kweyongera bunene.