Emirandira gy’Etteeka: Ky’Olina Okumanya

Emirandira gy’Etteeka: Ky’Olina Okumanya

Endowooza ekwata ku nkola ekoleddwa mu nteekateeka ekkirizibwa mu mateeka ga Amerika y'eyoleka ng'obukuumi obw'emirundi ebiri obufuga gavumenti z'erina okutaasa obulamu, eddembe oba ebintu. Mu byasa bingi eby'obuwangwa bw'amateeka, enteekateeka ekkirizibwa mu mateeka ga U.S. eteekebwa mu Mateeka okuyitira mu mitemwa gyataano ne kkumi na nkumi na n'enaana, okuteekawo obukuumi obw'emirundi ebiri obukwata ku gavumenti z'ensi n'ez'ensi eyo. Ekitundu kino kikebera ensibuko yaazo, nga kikebera enzigisobozesa amatabi gaazo abiri ag'ebyafaayo &mdash ne subtivel &mdash okuggyamu enzik'ebintu ebiri ebiva mu mateeka agafuga enfuga ennyo ennaku zino era n'okusoomooza okw'okugezesa amakulu gaabyo mu kyasa ekya 21.

Ensibuko y’Ebikolwa Ebiba Bigwawo

Endowooza nti gavumenti erina okugoberera amateeka ag’obwenkanya ng’egaana omuntu eddembe lyayo teyatandikira mu Philadelphia, wabula yatandikawo mu myaka egisukka mu 1,500 egiyise.

Ekisuubizo ky’Okusala Omusango mu Mateeka

Ekikolwa ekimanyiddwa ennyo mu biseera eby'edda eky'omulimu guno nga guwedde, kiri mu Magna Carta eya 1215. Essuula 39 ey'empandika eyo yalangirira: &lquo; Tewali muntu wa ddembe anakwatibwa oba okusibibwa, oba okuggibwako eddembe oba ebintu bye, oba okuwerebwa oba okutwalibwa mu buwaŋŋanguse, oba okuggibwako ennyimirira ye mu ngeri endala yonna, oba okukaka abalala okukola bwe batyo, oba okuggyako nga kabaka ateekeddwako mu mateeka oba okusinziira ku mateeka g'ensi. “ Agardemo; &quero; ‐ enfunda n'enfunda yavvuunulwa nga “ enkola y'amateeka ” mu Lungereza oluvannyuma lwo; Constitutions. providentiqu; olukalala yakyusaamu mu nkola y'amateeka era n'Oluvannyuma lw'amateeka.

Amateeka g’Olungereza n’Ebipande by’Abafumbo

Oluvannyuma lw'ebiwandiiko by'amateeka g'Olungereza ebyagobererwa nga Magna Carta, nga bino byenkana ebiwandiikizo eby'enkomeredde. Ekyaweerwa kya 1628 eky'Eddembe lya ddyo n'ekya 1628 eky'Olungereza Bill of Rights byagaana ekibonerezo nga tekikkirizibwa mu mateeka. Abatuuze ba Bungereza bwe baatuula mu North America, baaleeta emisingi gino. Palativiti n'amateeka g'eggwanga ebyasooka byatwaliranga wamu ne &lquo; amateeka ga nsi &” ebiddito;. Ng'ekyokulabirako, Essuula eza Massachusetts Body of Liberties (1641) zaareka obulamu oba processs (1641) okuggyako &deipse; naye amateeka agamu ku ebyo ebiyitibwa Colny.”

Obusika buno bwalina kye bukola ku bantu abagoberera enkola za gavumenti mu 1787. Wadde nga mu mateeka gaasooka mwalimu obukasinzi butono obwa buli muntu kinnoomu, olukalala lw'ebiragiro &mdash olwasembayo mu 1991 lwakkirizibwa mu Bill of Rights — nga terukkiriza gavumenti okuggyako omuntu yenna owa “ obulamu, eddembe oba ebintu nga tewali ngeri ya kukwata mateeka. ” mu kiseera ekyo, ebigambo bino byatwalibwanga nga ebijuliziddwa: gavumenti yalina okugoberera enkola y'amateeka okusobola okubonereza omuntu. Naye amakulu gaago gaago gaagoberezebwanga nga Ssematalo w'ekitongole amaze okusala omusango.

Amateeka Gakakasa: Okuminyisibwa okw’Okutaano n’okw’Ekkumi n’Ekuna

Amateeka g’Amerika galimu ebigambo bibiri ebigwanira okugobererwa, nga buli kimu kirimu ebitundu bya njawulo naye nga kirimu ekitundu kimu.

Omutemu ogw’Okutaano ne Gavumenti Ekola Buli Mwaka

Ekiweezo eky'Okutaano, kikwata ku gavumenti y'ensi eyo yokka, nga kiragibwa mu kitundu ekyetaagibwa: &lquio; tewali muntu ajja kuba mu &hillepi; tanyagibwa bulamu, eddembe, oba ebintu, nga tewakyali mateeka &helpip;.” ebigambo bino biziyiza butereevu Akakiiko k'ekibiina n'ebitongole. Mu lukalala olwasooka, tebyasikirizibwanga, naye oluvannyuma lwa Ssematalo w'omunda yafuuka eky'amaanyi eri abanyago.

Omuteende ogw’Akakkumi n’Akataano n’Eggwanga

Okutongozebwa kwa kiwandiiko kino mu 1868 kwalaga nti omutemwa gwa 149 Isitemu y'Abafuzi gwa Amereka gwalina okukoma. Ekitundu 1 kiwa ekigamba: “ &helpip; wadde gavumenti yonna ejja kunyaga omuntu yenna obulamu, eddembe, oba ebintu, nga tewakyali mateeka. ” olukalala luno lwalina enkola y'ensonga y'emu ey'ensonga ez'ensonga erinaagobererwa gavumenti. Abawandiisi baateekawo enkola eno okutangira abantu abaali abaddu mu ggwanga okukuuma obuddu mu mateeka ga gavumenti. Etteeka eryo okusingira ddala lyalina okubakuuma abantu okuva ku mateeka ga gavumenti &mdashma; eddembe ery'okukwata ku mateeka. Mu kyasa ekinaddako, naye, kkooti esinga okusalibwawo, era n'okugezesa ebitongole ebirengo byalwo.

Nga bwe tusinziira ku mikutu gyataano n'egya kkumi na nnya, okusobola okuleetawo obumu, gavumenti mu ggwanga lyonna zikakasa nti gavumenti zirina okukola mu ngeri y'obwenkanya singa ziggyako omuntu obulamu, eddembe oba ebintu. Ekibuuzo ekikulu kye kitegeeza nti, &lquo;fair ” kitegeeza nti buli nsonga ereeteddwawo. Ekibuuzo ekyo kireese enjigiriza bbiri ez'enjawulo: enkola egobererwa omuntu ne kkola esaanira.

Enkola ebadde ekimanyibwa bulungi: Nteekateeka ki eteekwa okubaawo?

Omulimu ogw'okulaga omulimu omulimu ogw'okutuukirizibwa kw'empandika '[[:0] 'soodis' kwe gukomya omulimu gwa gavumenti. Ekiragiro bwe kiba kibuuza: Ekiragiro bwe kiba nga tekinnaggyawo muntu '&rsquo'; nga kisobozesa obulamu, eddembe, oba ekintu, kulabula kwa ngeri ki okusobola okutegeezebwa, okuwulira, n'obukuumi obulala obuteekwa okukolebwako? Ekiwangudde tekisinziira ku ndukusa za nnyiriri zokka.

Eddagala Eririmu Ebyetaago by’Abafu

Entegeka ey'omulembe guno ey'okutegeka mu ngeri ey'enjawulo yatandikibwawo mu 1976 mu ekyo ekikolebwa Mathews v. Eldiridge [424 U.S. 319]. Kkooti yatongoza okugezesa kwa mirundi esatu enkola za kkooti kwe zikyakozesa leero: (1) okwenoonyeza kwa nnamba ya gavumenti; (2) akabi ak'okufiirwa mu nkola eziriwo awamu n'omuwendo gw'ebyebbeeyambisibwa ebirala; ne (3) amagoba ga gavumenti &’ nga mw'otwalidde n'ebyo ebizitoogo ebirala ebizikwata ku nkola ebirala.

Ng'ekyokulabirako, mu Goldberg v. Kelly [70]), kkooti yagamba nti nga tennaggyawo miganyulo gya mbeera nnungi, gavumenti eteekwa okuwa omuntu amanya nga tennaba kukwatibwa kubanga oyo eyagifunako aw'obukuumi obutereevu teyandirekesezza birungi. Ate era mu , kkooti yalaga nti obubenje bw'omulembe gwe busobola okukomyawo obubeezi busobola okukendeeza ku buzibu bw'abantu.

Engeri y’Okusalawo Obulungi

Wadde ng’okukebera kwa Mathews kuyinza okuteetaagisa, eby’obukuumi ebimu ebikozesebwa mu kukuza amaloboozi kumpi buli kiseera gavumenti bw’emalako omuntu eddembe oba eby’obugagga:

• [[Act:0] Akabonero:[[Act:1] Omuntu oteekwa okuweebwanga amanya ag'ekiragiro ekiba kiweereddwa mu kiseera ekituufu era ekimala, nga mwe muli n'obutuufu n'obuyinza obw'omu mateeka.
• [[Act:0] Ekiragiro kino omuntu ateekwa okuwa obujulizi, okuyita abajulizi, n'okukaayana n'omuyambi mu maaso ga oyo aba asazeewo obutabaako ludda lwo aw'awagira mu by'obufuzi.
• [[AK'AK'AKULUUMENTI] :[[AK'AK'AK'AKULULA] Ateekwa okuba nga tasosola mu ngeri gye kiyisibwamu oba nga tafaayo ku ebyo ebinaavaamu.
• [[Akabonero:0] Enkola eya ddyo eri okuwabula:[[[AKIT:1] mu mbeera nnyingi, naddala emisango egy'obumenyi bw'amateeka, gavumenti eteekwa okuwa munnamateeka omuwagizi singa omuntu tayinza kugigula.
• [[Act:0] Era omuntu alina okumanyira ddala obujulizi n'okukeberebwa omusaalaba:[[[AK'AWULA] Asobola okuwakanya obujulizi oba obujulizi.
• [[Akawayiro:0] Enkyusa y'ensonga:[[Akawayiro:1] Omukozi w'ekiragiro alina okunnyonnyola ensonga kwe kisinziira okumalirira.

Engeri Egeetaagisa: Okukuuma Enkolagana Ennungi

Ekiragiro kino kiyigiriza nti eddembe ly'omulembe lirina kukolebwa mu ngeri ekontana n'enjigiriza eyo. Gavumenti ekkiriza nti eddembe erimu lirina okutwalibwa nga kkulu nnyo ne kiba nti teriyinza na kubbirizaako kakwate kinnaalyo. Ekiragiro kino tekirina kuwandika bukwasi mu ngeri yennyini obwa nnamba; mu kifo ky'ekyo, kkooti ziteekwa okusalirawo oba nga etteeka erisookeddwa ekimenya &lquo; oba eryetongodde eddembe ” oba eryesimba amakanda mu ggwanga ebyafaayo n'obulombolombo.

Engeri Enkola y’Okusalawo gy’Egitoberamu

Ensigo z'enkola eyagobererwa mu kyasa ekya 19 kkooti bwe yatandika okukozesa enkola egobererwa mu by'enfuna okusaanyawo amateeka agaagoolwa ku &lquo;liberty''endagaano. ” mu ] Lochner v. New York [190] [1905], kkooti yatongoza etteeka eryakugira abawi b'emigaati ’ essaawa nga zikola, ne limenya endagaano egoberera enkola esaanira. Ekiseera kino, nga kimanyiddwa nga Lochner sverscrectory.

Mu kyasa ekya 20 museetwe, enkola ey'okuzaala eteekwa okuzzibwawo mu ngeri ez'enjawulo: obwetwaze n'okwekweka obwama. Griswold v.Connecticut [65]] Kkooti yasazesezza etteeka erigaana abafumbo okuzaala abaana, nga bazuula eddembe eriva mu mateeka erikkirizibwa mu bufumbo. Wadde ng'endowooza eyo yeesigama ku &lque;penbras ” ku nsonga ezikwata ku ddembe lya ddembe eryategekebwa abafumbo.

Empandika ez'ekiragiro ezitakola

Okusingira ddala, emisango egikoleddwa mu kkooti enkulu egikwata ku bufumbo, amaka, n’okwefuga kwe gireeseewo, ginnyonnyoddwa bulungi ku ngeri abantu gye bayisibwamu.

• [[NKULA:0][FLT] .[FLT]] Kkooti yakkiriza nti omukazi afuna olubuto lwa nyiti nga ya kugiggyamu, kiragiro kya kugikuuma nga enzivuvuvu bwe zigenda ziyitawo. Yafugibwa mu . Abakyala baddiksigs v. Jackson &ctquo;s Health Organization [[FLL:]2][202]
• [[AKYONGERA][[NKULA][[:1]Lawrence v. Texas Amateeka agaamenyebwa mu ngeri y'emu okwetaba okw'omu n'ekikula kya kika kya Baibuli, galaga nti eddembe erikuumibwa olw'ekiragiro lizingiramu abantu abakulu okwenyigira mu bikolwa eby'okwetaba ebyabwegassibwa mu kyama.
• [[AGUMENTI:0][[NKULA]] Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) (15: Kkooti yakkiriza nti enkola ekkirizibwa ey'okuteekamu ebigambo ewandikibweko esobole okukkirizibwa okufumbiriganwa, era n'okuzuula nti obufumbo busaanidde okubeera obwetwaze obw'okutongoza n'okuwasa buli muntu ssi.
• [[AKYONGERA:0][FLT][FULT]Yahington v. Glucksberg [1997]] Kkooti eyo yagaana okukomya omulimu ogwakolebwa gavumenti ogw'okwetta, era ekozesa ekigezo eky'omufunda ekyetaagisa okusobola okuba omusika n'okuwandiika ebikwata ku ggwanga lino.&quo;

Enjawulo eriwo wakati w'obubonero nga [[NKUMBO] 0]Obergefell ne Glucksberg[ (empandika ez'enjawulo]) ziraga enkaayana ezigenda zibaawo ku ngeri kkooti gye zikuumamu eddembe ly'enkizo. Abasomi bakko bakko bakyogerako nti nnukuta ez'ennukuta zisaanidde okumanya eddembe ly'okugoberera.

Obubonero Obukwata ku Misango Egibadde Ggyibwa mu Kkooti Ennyo

Ng’oggyeko ebyo bye twayogeddeko mu kkooti eyo, waliwo n’emisango emirala emingi egyasalibwawo mu kkooti enkulu egikutte ku mateeka agafuga omusango.

• [[AKYONGERA:0] Mira v. Arizona (16): Kkooti yagamba nti olukusa olw'okutaano '’ lwennyini oluwandika lwayo lukwetaagisa politi okumanyisa abo ababangako ku ddembe lyabwe ery'okusirika n'okubeerawo nga babuuzibwa ebibuuzo. Ekiragiro kino kiwandikibwa nga bwe kiwandikidwa mu mateeka.
• [[NKULA][[AMLL:0][[FUM]] HAMDI v[[FUM:2] Mu kiseera kya Ssematalo, kkooti yasalawo nti omutuuze w'eggwanga mu U.S. akwatiddwa ng'omulabe akkirizibwa okukola omulimu ogwa bulijjo, nga mwe muli n'okulaga ebifa ku ntuufu ebizingirwa mu kusibibwa era n'okukiraba nti waliwo omukisa ogw'okukkirizisa mu nkola eya CMENT.
• [[AKYONGERA][[:0][O][FLT]Timbs v. Indiana [=2029):[[KKOOTI:3] Kkooti eyo yakkiriza ekiwandiiko eky'okukyusaamu mu bitundu 18 mu kifo ekya KPUPUUPUTT (ekiragiddwa mu ngeri eya bulijjo) n'eba nga yategekebwa mu ngeri nti Kiwandiiko eky'ekkumi n'enakunaana eky'okuwerezebwa awa bulijjo ’ ebiragiro ebiragibwa biragirako nti ebintu bya gavumenti tebirina kufiibwako mu bunene n'obunene.

Okusoomoozebwa: Okutuukiriza Emirimu Kisaanira mu Kyasa 21

Tekinologiya ow’omu kiseera kino, enjawulo wakati w’eby’enfuna n’engeri gavumenti z’ezze zikolamu ebintu, bireetawo ebibuuzo ebikwata ku bwenkanya.

Engeri ebya kompyuta gye bikozesebwamu

Tekinologiya atandise okukolebwa ne kiba nti sipiidi ya maanyi nnyo mu mulimu gw'okukuza ebyuma. Gavumenti okulambula obubaka n'okukuŋŋaanya ebiba biwandikiddwa bisobola okukosa abantu kinnoomu mu kiseera kino.

• Akawayiro ak'okusalawo mu ngeri ey'enjawulo ka ' Ebibiina bya gavumenti byeyongera okukozesa enkola eya tekigeede okuzuula emiganyulo egiva mu kuteekawo oba okulagula nti ebipimo bya bulimba bisobola okuganyula abantu. Abakugunjaanyi bagamba nti ekikongozzi “ akasanduuko ” algo algo algo mentssions kiba tekiwanguyira bantu kutegeera oba okuwakanya enkosobozesa oba okusoosa mu nkola enoonya enzigya ku nsonga eziba ziyinza okuzikosa.
• Ebyamaguzi [[NKULULA]: Enzivvuunuzi ey'eky'okuna ’ ebikukuuma obutanoonyereza ku butategeera bitegekeddwa bulungi mu mbeera nga Karpeter v. United States[] (2018) ekigamba nti gavumenti yeetaaga olukusa okuzuula data aw'omu nnukuta. Obukuumi obwo buzingirwamu n'omulimu ogusaanira, kubanga bukakasa nti abantu tebasobola kwetongoza gavumenti kubawa.
• Ku nsonga ey'okutandika okwogera oba okuwandika ebigambo mu ngeri esaanira: Wadde nga kiremedwa okukkuta ebinnyonyola ebifuga ennyimba mu ngeri ekkirizibwa, ebibuuzo ebijjawo gavumenti bwe eziyiza abatuuze okutuukirira mu bifo ebya lukale oba okuyingiza amawulire ku nviromenti ebikozesebwa mu nsonga z'ebyuma. Kkooti zikontana n'engeri y'okuteekawo enkola ez'obwenkanya abakungu ba gavumenti gye bakolaganamu ne Intaneeti.

Enteekateeka etegekebwa mu kusindikibwa oba mu kukuumibwa kw'eggwanga

Gavumenti erina obuyinza bungi ku banoonyi b'enkyukakyuka mu nsi, naye Kkooti esinga obukulu ekiraga nti abo abatali mu Amerika bakkirizibwa okukomyawo. Zadvydas v. Davis (2001], Kkooti ejulizi ejulizi ezitaliiko bbeesa ab'enfudu ne batwalibwa mu nsi endala, nga kibalagira nti okusibibwa tekuggibwawo. “ akako Ekiragiro kilagira omuntu okuweebwa amawookko g'eddembe n'okuwulira mu ngeri ey'obwenkanya nga tannabaggyako eddembe, ” Justier Breyer.

Mu nsonga ezikwata ku bukuumi mu ggwanga, obukyasibe wakati w'obukuumi n'eddembe busigala nga bwa maanyi nnyo. Okusibibwa mu Guantanamo Bay kyaleetera abawagizi okukkiriza enkola ez'ennamba ezikkirizibwa mu matwale ga bannaazo ’ okugattako habeas corpus — wansi w'Amateeka. Boumediene v. Bush [2008]

Obwenkanya mu Busosoze ne mu by’Enfuna

Etteeka lino limaze ebbanga ddene nga likwataganyizibwa n'obwenkanya obuva mu langi ez'enjawulo.

• Omuze ogw'okuteekawo kasawo k'enkola enziji z'empandika: guyinza okuwanirira abawandiisi abaavu nga tebannawozesebwa. Kkooti ezimu zigamba nti ekikolwa kino kimenyawo obukuumi bwe bumu era ne omulimu ogusaanira. O’ Donnell v. Harris County [2029]), kkooti ya gavumenti yalagira Texas &squo; ssaza ektongole ekireetera okuteekawo enkola etwala enkola enoonya ebikwata ku muwawuzi nga nnamba &squo; obusobozi bw'okusasula nga tannabalibwa.
• [[NKULA] . Emisango egisukka mu 90 ku buli kikumi gigonjoolwa nga basaba ebisabibwa. Omulimu ogwetaagisa okusabiriza, kyeyagalire, n'okutegeera. Massouri v. Frye[ (2020)], Kkooti ekkiriza nti okuteesa okw'okwewozesebwa kulina obuvunaanyizibwa okutegeeza omukositositoosi, era n'obuyambi obutakola ku siteesiteesi ku kikolo kimenya ekigenda ku muwerengo.
• Enjigiriza ey'obukuumi obusobola okwerinda abakungu ba gavumenti okugyako obusobe okuggyako nga baamenya etteeka “ eryategekebwa bulungi. Abakuutizi bagamba nti tekisoboka kuvunaana ba poliisi olw'okumenya amateeka, mu ngeri eyo ne kiviirako obukuumi obubakugira okukola ebintu ebisaanira. Kkooti esingako eddamu okukikkiriza.

Emirimu egibadde gitegekebwa mu biseera eby'Empandika eyagobererwa: COVID-19 ne Nyumba

Ekiragiro kino kyaleetawo okusoomooza ku nkola eyayo. Mu , alabama Association of Realtors v. Ekitongole ky'eby'obulamu n'ebitundu by'abantu ebikola empalana, enkola ez'okugoma, n'ebiragiro ku bubaga, byaleetawo ebibuuzo ebikwata ku kulabula, okuwulira, ne ku ngeri ez'okuteeka amateeka mu nkuŋŋaana. Mu ngeri , alabama Association of Realtors Association of Realtors v. Ekitongole ky'Eby'obulamu obwa bulijjo [201], kkooti yakuba emya CDC’ Pollatorimmu, nga teyakkiriza ekitongole ekiragira okukakasiza obufunvu mu nfuna y'obulwadde. Ekitongole ekyo kyalaga nti ne mu mbeera y'obulamu, gavumenti teyinza kuteekawo n'ensalo ezisingako.

fundikira

Emisingi gya mateeka egifuga omulimu nga bwe gyali gya mugaso leero nga bwe kyali mu 1789. Ekiragiro bwe kiba nga kyakozesebwa mu kupima n'obwegendereza enkola ekyetaagisa okusobola okumanya ebiwandiiko eby'edda oba ku kifo ekibadde kiwandikiddwamu ebiwandiiko byagwo, ekisuubizo eky'okuteekawo kyekimu: tewali muntu n'omu ajja kwonoonebwa obulamu, eddembe, oba ettaka olw'omulimu gwa gavumenti ogukolebwa mu ngeri emenya amateeka oba etali ya bwenkanya. Olukiiko olukulu &ctsquo; okunnyonnyola enzijirowo obulaga nti ekisuubizo ekyo kyajjawo buzibu bwa bya bya bya bya bugagga okusobola okukuuma eddembe ery'enfuna ku nfuna ku nkyukakyuka ez'okutuukiriza ebibye ku bubweyamo &mma; era n'enkyukakyuka mu ngeri y'ensonga ez'enkola, tezingirwamu ku nsonga ezisingako.[5][FF][3][3][F][3][F][3][3][3]