Enjigiriza y'enkola ey'okusibuka mu mateeka ennyonnyola amateeka agaasinziirwako ku kutegeera okwasooka mu kiseera we gaagobererwa. Enkola eno eggumiza obukulu bw'okunywerera ku makulu g'empandiika ey'obusobozi, mu kifo ky'okugitaputa nga bayita ku nnukuta z'omulembe ogwaka. Obufirosoofo bukyusakyusaamu engeri y'enkyukakyuka mu mateeka, okuzza enzivuunula enkyukakyuka mu by'amateeka mu Amerika okuyitira mu mulimu gw'abayiiya n'abalamuzi abakkiriziga okusobola okuzza empanyirizaamu ebiwandiiko by'amateeka, n'okusinziira ku mateeka, ekkomera n'okugifuula ennyinyonnyonnyonnyo mu matendekero, n'okugiwamu mu n'okumanyisa amateeka agobereberye mu mateeka, n'okusobozesa okubunyisa amateeka ag'ennyaabo abagigigizza mu n'okugikolako. Obusobo. Obutongole obwo bucamu obw'obukuufumu obw'obukugunjuvu.

Okutegeera Okutaputa Obuto

Enjigiriza y'okusibuka mu buwandiike egezaako okukuuma ekigendererwa ky'abateesiteesi nga bassa essira ku makulu g'ebyo ebiri mu nnyiriri eza bulijjo. Egamba nti, amakulu g'amateeka galina okusigala nga ganywevu ekiseera bwe kigenda kiyitawo, okuteekawo obutebenkevu n'okulagula mu mateeka. Obutebenkevu obwo tebw'omutawaana busikire busimbye mu mateeka; businziira ku mateeka gennyini, nga gakakasa nti abatuuze n'abagagezi basobola okutegeera ensalo z'obuyinza bwa gavumenti nga tebatya nti ensalo ezo zijja kukyusaamu buli tteeka oba enkola empya ey'ebyobufuzi. Mu ngeri eno, enfuze y'enkola y'enkola ekwataganyizibwa n'enkola ya demokulase: singa amakulu g'amateeka gakyuka mu mikono gy'abalamuzi, ate nga ate nga n'abantu abaakkiriza olukalala lw'olukiiko olwo bagoberera amateeka agafuga abagifuga.

Emirandira gy’Ebyafaayo

Emirandira gy'obulombolombo gisobola okunoonyezebwa okuva ku ntandikwa y'ekyawandiikibwa. Abasindikiryi b'enkola n'abamu baategeera nti ekiwandiiko kino kirina amakulu ge gaamu n'ebiruubirirwa bya baawandiika. Mu [Fourlist[[FLT:]][FLY]][.[FULT:1]., James Madison yategeera obukulu bw'okuba "omutindo gw'omutindo" okugonjoola obutakkaanya ku makulu obwa tteeka lya samateeka, ng'olekawo puliga amakulu ga g'enkola, ate nga n'ensonga enkulu eyako eyakosososoozesezza ebiko ebiko. Kyokka, mu kyasa ekya 19.

'Core Teneet'

Enjigiriza y'okusibuka mu ngeri ez'enjawulo egoberera obweyamo obutali bumu. Ekisooka, egamba nti amakulu g'amateeka gamalirizibwa mu kiseera eky'okumanyibwa. Ekyokusatu, amakulu g'ebigambo gaagomebwawo mu kiseera eky'okukyusaamu mu nkola zaago. Ekyokubiri, endowooza nti abalamuzi bateekwa okuteeka mu nkola eya demokrati nga bakkiriziganya ne kkomo erina okugootaanyezebwa. Ekyokusatu, enzivuso ya tteeka lya tteeka ligaana endowooza nti enteekateeka z'amateeka zisaanidde okwetongozaamu okuyitira mu nnyinyonnyonnyola enzivu mu mateeka okukireetera okukaka okukyusiza ddala emitindo egigobererwa mu ngeri y'enkola ya demokulase. Enkola eno eyinza okubaamu emitindo egy'okufuga amateeka okumanyisaamu amateeka mu kkooti z'ensalamo. Abasobozesezza ku nsonga empya bakkiriziganya ku ngeri y'enkola y'enkola eya bulijjo.

Ebika by’Enjigiriza Yasooka

Edda n'enjigiriza z'abaasooka zivudde mu ndowooza ez'enjawulo nga zenkanankana. N'okusingira ddala ekigendererwa n'amakulu ag'olubereberye. Buli emu ku nkola z'empandika eyo eyawukana ku ngeri egoberera amateeka gye gaamu, era n'enjawulo eri wakati waago zirina kinene kye zikola mu kusala emisango n'okukaayana kwa abakugu.

Ddiba Lya Kibereberye

Ekiruubirirwa ekisooka kye kiba ku ebyo abakontrako bakkenneenya olukalala lw'amateeka bye bateekateeka nga bakola. Enkola eno ewagirwa bannasayansi abasooka nga Robert Bork, batunuulira ekigendererwa kya bawandiisi b'ebiwandiiko bino nga bakkirize.[1] Naddala, ababaka b'enkola mu Convention of Constitution of Constitution of theticus mu 1787 gye baatwala nga baagonjoola ekigendererwa eky'okukuba olukalala olugongojja olw'amateeka. Abakkaauti abo bagamba nti olw'okuba abatendeke baayiiya enkalala z'enkola y'enkola ya state, ebigendererwa byabwe bye balina okunnyonnyola. Kyokka, baasonga ku bizibu bino: kiba kizibu nnyo okutegeera ensonga ezizze mu bantu bangi abalina endowooza ez'enjawulo; kiteeka mu kabi ku kigendererwa ekitono eky'abantu aba bulijjo mu langi enfunze mu kibiina ekigazi ennyo mu ggwanga; era ne mu n'enkyukakyuka endala eziyinza okukyusizza ku nsonga eziba ku nsonga ezibaviirako okusootaakula okuva mu ku nsonga zino.

Amakulu ag’Olubereberye

Amakulu ge gamu. Emirundi egimu, kino kibuuza engeri omuntu omutegeevu mu kiseera we baatandikira okutegeeza. Ekiragiro Scalia kye kisinga okuba nga ye mulamuzi akyasinze okukomya omutwe mu ngeri y'okuwandiika ebigambo. Ekiragiro kino kibuuza engeri omuntu mu nnukuta ento mu kiseera ekyo gye yanditegeddemu ebigambo ebiri mu lukalala. Ekiragiro Scalia kye kisinga okuba omulamuzi asinga okuwanirira engeri y'enkola eno, era kye kifuuse engeri y'okumanyisa ennyo ey'okumanyisaamu ebiwandiiko eby'amateeka mu mateeka. Okukyusa okuva ku kigendererwa ky'amakulu g'ensonga, kwava ku kumanya nti Amateeka, ng'ekiwandiiko, gaggya obuyinza bw'enkola yago okuva ku bantu mu buyinza bwabwe obw'entebe ez'enjawulo. Nkusobozesa abantu okutegeera amakulu g'enkola eyo mu n'enkola y'enkola ya waggulu, mu n'enkola ya waggulu ku nsonga za gavumenti mu mateeka. Njirizheenzivunuzi eyo mu n'enkola y'enkola yabwerunzivumbo za gavumenti mu n'enfunda mu n'enfunda mu mateeka

Engeri Gye Tuyinza Okukolera ku Kiwandiiko kya kkooti ez’Omu Kiseera Kyaffe

Abalamuzi abamu n'abalamuzi bagamba nti okukalambira ku bulombolombo obw'omu mateeka obw'omulembe guno, kyokka ng'abawaayiriza bagamba nti buwa bukakafu bwa bukakali oba obwakalu era nti bwava ku lukunkula. Okuva bwe kiri nti okusemba kw' Justice Scalialia mu 1986, endowooza z'omu kkooti enkulu zeeyoleka mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Okuva ku ku nteekateeka ey'okubiri ey'obufuzi okutuuka ku nkola y'obumenyi obw'amateeka ku nkola y'ekika kya Clarence Thomas, era bweyongera amaanyi okuyitira mu kuteekawo obwa Justice Neil Gor faase, Justice Brett Kavaugh, ne Justice Amy Coney Barrett, buli omu ku bo akyusizza mu nkola y'okumanyisa okw'okumanyisa kw'amateeka mu n'okusobozesa okutandikawo ebya bulijjo. Okusinziira ku nkola y'olukiiko olusooka, abalamuzi gye baakulaakulaakulaakula nga bakkenneenya ebyafaayo ebitongole ebitongole ebitongole ebitongole ebisookeseddwa mu n'ebyafu.

Okusalawo kwa Kiseera eky’Okusooka

Okusalawo kwa Kkooti ey'Enfuga ennyo kulaga engeri gye kukolebwamu ng'enkola eya BFton. Mu lukalala olw'ebiragiro olw'omu nnyiriri '[FLT'.] Olukiiko olwo lwagamba nti, olukalala olw'okubiri lukuuma eddembe omuntu okuba n'enkobyo okusobola okubeera n'ebirwanyi okuzirinamu, okwesiga ennyo ku makulu g'empandika eza kisooka ez'omu blic'omu blia nga ebitegeererwa mu 1791. [FLT][F][2001], olukalala lwa SCELEE] olusooka lukukkiriza nti enzijirowo n'enjigiriza, n'okunnyonnyola okuva ku bannasayansi okusobozesa enzijijiro eyo okuteganya n'ensonga ey'ensonga ey'okubiri, mu ngeri y'emu n'ensonga ey'ensonga ey'ensonga ey'omulembelembedde mu Nfunze. [Ebufunze, enkulembe lya .] Ate era ne ku nsonga enkulu enkulu eya bulijjo, ewamu enfunze mu Nfunze mu Nfunze mu

Abantu Abatutumufu Abanyumirwa Okubuulira

Mu bantu abasingira ddala obukulu mu kakiiko akasooka mwe muli Justice Antonin Scalia ne Clarence Thomas, omulimu gwe baakolera abalamuzi abasinga obungi okusobola okuyingiza mu mateeka.

Omulamuzi Antonin Scalia, eyaweereza ku kkooti enkulu okuva mu 1986 okutuusa ku kufa kwe mu 2016, ye yali asingayo okulwanirira enjigiriza y'obusosoze mu byafaayo bya Amerika. Endowooza ze “‘ zombi za Kkooti era nga takkiriziganya na" zaakwataganya amakulu g'amateeka agaasooka, ng'alina amagezi mangi era ng'anywera ku bwesigwa mu nnyiriri. Mu 1997, Tanner Lectures mu Princeton University, Scalia yayawula wakati wa "makulumakulu" ne "obukajja mu kusooka, ng'awakanya nti enjigiriza y'ennamba y'amateeka yokka. Teyategeera nti enjigiriza y'ennyangu ey'omu Byawandiikibwa teyeeyo yokka naye nti y'enkola y'emu ku ku balamuzi ey'okwefuga, era n'okukyusa endowooza ye eyasingako awo mu n'ennyinyonnyonnyonnyoko; Sctaliya w'onzi w'ebitabo bye yayogera mu mateeka, yakyogera ku nsonga ezitafunze ku nsonga enkulu mu byafaayo.

Omulamuzi Clarence Thomas yeegatta ku Kkooti mu 1991, era n'ayongerako okutandikawo ekiwandiiko. Scalia emirundi egimu yalemererwa okunnyonnyola endowooza ye ey'edda, Thomas nga mwetegefu okuddiŋŋana ebiteeberezebwa ebikontana n'enjigiriza eyasooka. Mu nsonga ezikwata ku gavumenti, Commercial Claus, Cooperace, ne n'enkizo za Immuscale Classia, Thomas yakikoze olukalala olw'okuva ku njigiriza eya Ssembasaze mu kkooti ey'edda naye akkiriza nti awalirizibwa olw'ensonga ey'enkyukakyuka ey'omu Mateeka. Ekiwandiiko kye kimu kivaako [[Foct:0], mu ngeri y'obusosoze obw'enjawulo. . Ekiragiro Chicagos[FLT.[FFON] kiyitibwa Sse okulekayo ensonga ya Kkookerosa mu ngeri ye ey'okunoonyereza ku ngeri y'okuwagiramu enneenjigiriza ya Claus Clausssous mu n'enkola mu ngeri y'enkola ya mu n'enkola ya mu n'en

Wadde nga waaliwo kkooti enkulu, enzivuunula y'eddiini y'enkola eyo, ewagidde nnyo mu lukiiko olukulu olw'eggwanga. Omulamuzi Frank Easterbrook ow'Oluvanyuma lw'esanu n'omusanvu ategeera endowooza z'amateeka era n'ennyinnyonnyola tegooyi mu ngeri etegeeza ebyasooka, era akwata ebigambo n'enkola za mu musingi nga enkola y'okutandikira ku bantu. Omulamuzi William Pryor ow'enkola y'ekikumi n'ekikumi eky'ekitongole ekimanyiddwa nga Jeffrey Sutton, alina endowooza ez'enjawulo eza ebyafaayo mu bitundu nga zigoberera enkola y'eggwanga eriva mu mateeka okuzza mu nkola y'obumenyi bw'amateeka. Enjigiriza eyo eyongera okunyweza enkola y'obufirosoosoosookisi mu Amereka.

Okuvumirira n’Okusoomooza

Abawakanyi bagamba nti okukakaatika endowooza z'enkalakkalira kusobola okubuusa amaaso enkyukakyuka ez'ekika kya bantu era n'enkola ezigoberedde enkyuka. Bagamba nti enkola enkovvu mu kkooti zisobozesa kkooti okunnyonnyola ekkomera erya Ssande mu ngeri eyoleka emitindo gy'ensi gye gigoberera. Okuvumirira kuno kuba kwa ngeri nnyingi era nga kusoomooza kulina kweyolekera mu nsonga ezisookerwako. Abawaka bawakanya nti abaddu abangi ku abo, era n'abakazi, abaagaana obuvunaanyizibwa obw'okulonda ebintu ebizingirwamu mu kibiina, era n'obuwagiziko obukendeennyo n'obuteebbeebwe obutasuubira nti enziinakusifu mu byago ebyaddirira.

Etteeka Ekkakafu Ekkulu Ekkulu ery’Oku Kkasa

Ekitakkirizibwa mu nkyusa ya Baibuli kye kisinze okuba nga "Ekitabo ekiramu" ekifuula nti amakulu g'enkyusa ya puligation gakyukakyuka oluvannyuma okuyitira mu nnyinyonnyola y'ensonga. Abawagizi nga Omulamuzi William Brennan ne Mulamuzi Stephen Breyer bawandde nti ebigambo ebya 'Gystrikitikitibwa" ebitwalibwa okuba ebigasangidwa," enkola y'enkola," "Ekya bulijjo n'ekibonerezo" ebyakolebwa nga emitindo gy'enkyukakyuka mu buli kimu ku biyingizibwa ekitegekebwana kya n'abalamuzi okusobola okukyusizaamu abalamuzi okumanyisaamu emitindo egiva mu kifo ekya bulijjo. [FF:[F], obuwayimirizo:[5] era n'empala, obukyayimu ku nsonga enkulu y'ensonga eyo ey'okufuga, obukyayinja mu kifo kya[10][19][5][19][5][19], ebiwayinjawulimu:[F][F] ate nga y'ensonga enkulu, eyinza okugwa mu kifo ekiva mu buwayi

Abasomi ba Baibuli baayanudde ensonga eno mu ngeri eziwerako. Abamu nga bwe kyali eri Judge Scalia, baagamba nti BrowN[FLT]] kiyinza okusembebwa nga basinziira ku ndowooza y'abalamuzi abaasooka kubanga okutegeera okwasookera ddala okw'empandika y'obusosoze wakati wa Clausce ne Claus ey'eggwanga. Abalala, nga mw'obulamuzi obw'eggwanga obusingako, bakkiriza nti eddiini y'ekika kya Bannaka kya Bannakaasooka eyinza okuleka enziko ebintu ebimu naye nga k'akakase nti ekyo kye ssente ezizingirwa mu mateeka agafuga enfuga mu kifo eky'okugoberera amateeka. Ekireetera okukattulukuuzibwako okumanyibwa mu mateeka ga Amerika, okuggyamu enziro, n'obuyinza mu by'enkusukulembedde. Ek'obuyinza obwo bukireetera abantu obutategeera ensonga y'ensonga enkulu wakati w'enkyukakyuka mu mateeka, y'enkola y'enkola y'enkola y'enkola y'enkola ya gavumenti.

Okuziyiza Okupikirizibwa kwa Muganyulo era kwa Bufirosoofo

Nga basinziira ku njawulo eriwo wakati w'enkola eya pulinsitoodism, enkola y'okusibuka mu nkyusa z'amateeka ebadde ewagirwa abanoonyereza ababuusabuusa obanga eyinza okutuukiriza ebisuubizo byayo. Ekintu ekimu ekiwakanya ennyo kwe kuba nti okusoomooza kusobola okuzzaawo amakulu g'ebyafaayo. Abawakanya bagamba nti ebyafaayo bitera okusokkooka, okutakmanya, oba okuwakanya, ne kiba nga tekisoboka kutegeera makulu g'enkola za mateeka nnyingi. Ekiseera eky'okutandikawo kyali ekiseera eky'enkaaya ez'amaanyi ez'ebyobufuzi, era abantu b'omu Amerika baawumba obunyooka endowooza ezaawukana ennyo ku makulu g'amateeka okuviira ddala ku ntandikwa. Abasekerezi bagamba nti abanoonyereza ku byafaayo tebasobola kutegeera ebyo bye baasalawo, enkola ereeyoleka endowooza nti terimu nfunze mu ku ku bikwata ku ku ku by'obufuzi.

Ekiragiro kino kiwakanya okunoonyereza okutandikira ku nkola za demokulase. Lwaki twandigaaniddwa endowooza z'abantu abaabeerawo ebyasa bibiri ebiyise? Omukono guno "ofu" gubuusabuusa obanga ddala obuvunaanyizibwa obw'okuleka omulembe okugufuga. Abakugu bagamba nti oludda olukalala lwatemu lwagobererwa okuyitira mu nkola za demokulase.[1] era nti enkola ya demokulase ya demokulase y'enkola yago yago ekkirizibwa mu nkuŋŋaana enfu, era nti obuyinza bwayo obusigala nga bukkirizibwa mu mirembe egya bulijjo, obukkirizibwa abantu abagenda mu mirembe egyakajja edda obutagigoosa. Era bagamba nti ekizibu ky'omukono ogufudde si kye ky'obulombolombo obukyamu; engeri yonna eyoleka tteeka erikwata ku by'amateeka agafuga, terimu [FLD [F:] wabula okunnyonnyola ebirengo ebyasooka. [FFF][3][3]

Esonga ey'okusatu ereetera obuzibu okuleetawo. Omuntu okugaanira ddala endowooza nti omuntu asobola okuba omu ku abo abasooka ng'amanyi amakulu ge gamu. Enjigiriza eyo eyinza okukontana n'enjigiriza ya era egamba nti kkooti zirina okuba nga zigoberera bye zisazeewo mu kusooka nga zigoberera endowooza zazo. Omulamuzi ayinza okuba omuberezi w'enkyukakyuka ng'asinziira ku ntegeera okwasooka? Era abamu ku baasooka, nga Omulamuzi Thomas, yakkiriza okufuga oba okubuuza obulagiziganya obujulizi obw'edda, obuwanvu nti baanyisiikiriza oba enkola empandikaanyezza edda n'edda, era nti baatwala enjjulukukanya y'amakulu n'amakulu g'amateeka. Abalala nga bawakanya enkola ya Scis [FLT.F.FFFF:3]

Okutegeera Obusobozi bw’Omuntu n’Eby’Omu Kiseera Kyaffe

Mu nkola, enkola z'enkola zikozesa enkola ez'enjawulo ezikozesebwa mu kunnyonnyola emitindo gy'obukabonano obusooka. Abalamuzi abamu bagoberera ennukuta eya "bufaananyi" mu ngeri etwala amakulu agasooka mu bantu bangi nga kimu ku njigiriza eza bulijjo, era nga n'empandika eza bulijjo. Abalala bakozesa "enkola ez'okusooka," ezigezaako okutaasa engeri omulembe ogwo gye guyinza okuba nga gukozesezza, nga mwe muli n'enkola yaagwo ey'okugeraageranya, empandiikiikizo, ne ento entoko. Abalala baawula wakati w'enkola y'enkyukakyuka mu mateeka, (okubikkula amakulu amatuufu g'empandika, n'ennukuta ez'ebyawula, n'enkola eyo eyinza okukolebwa mu ngeri ey'okukwataganya mu ku n'okunnyonnyola kw'empandirowo). Kino kye kimu ku ku ku kuyiga okuva mu ku bannasayansi, era ne ku ngeri y'enjawulo eya Barnetnet, n'ensonga ezisinga okumanyisa okumanyisanya oluva mu n'olufulumya y'olupapula lw'

Mu kkooti ey'oku ntikko, emisango egisinga obungi tegiyita bannakatonda abaamanyibwa ebyafaayo oba abassawo amateeka agafuga obulamu obwa bulijjo. Wabula, gigatta wamu enkola ezinnyonnyola amakulu g'ebigambo nga bakozesa endowooza eyo mu bifo ebimu era ne gikozesa endowooza eza bulijjo mu bifo ebimu. Omulamuzi Elena Kagan, yeennyonnyola nti ye muwaasooka era nti atandika n'ebigambo ebiri mu byawandiikibwa, naye era nti akolera wamu n'endowooza ezikwata ku ngeri y'okwefuga. Omulamuzi Neil Gormoth, wadde nga yennyini ye yeewandisizza okunoonyereza ku makulu g'ebyawandiikibwa eby'edda, akiraze nga yeetaazaamu n'amateeka agatali gamu. Abalamuzi abasinga obungi mu nsi eno beeyambisa enkola ey'okunoonyereza ku ebyo ebiba mu n'okunoonyereza.

Mu nkomerero, okukozesebwa kw'enjigiriza eyo kusigala nga kukulu mu mateeka ga nkyusa ya bulijjo, nga kukyusa engeri enkola ya kkooti mu Amerika gye zinnyonnyolamu ebiwandiiko by'ensi eyo. Obufirosoofo bufuuse bunywevu, nga buva mu kifo eky'amaanyi mu Amereka mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka ku buyinza obw'omu mateeka. Ebiruubirirwa byabwo si mu ndowooza z'amateeka kyokka naye era ne mu masomero g'amateeka, okussaawo okugattirawo enzijira enzivu eri wakati wa kkooti, era n'ebiwandiiko bya kkooti z'amateeka ne byeyongera okutereeza ennyinyonnyonnyola enjigiriza zaago. Empano teziganya ezizikwata ku nsonga za g'ebyafaayo. Ek'edda, okuzingirwa mu n'ensonga ezizikwata ku n'enkola y'enkola y'enkola y'emu ey'enkola y'enkola mu nkola y'enkola ya Amereka, tezimbi ey'amateeka, era ne mu nkola y'ebiragiro ebitongole ebitegeke eby'ebiragibwa mu mateeka eby'ebitongole ebitegeke ebitegeke ebitegeke ebigenda mu maaso mu Ame oku