Okutaputa Okusookera Ddala mu Mateeka: Okwekenneenya Okw’Abeekenneenya

Enjigiriza eyo yatandikira ku nkyukakyuka mu nnyinyonnyola y'amateeka mu Amerika mu kifo eky'okudda mu nnyinyonnyola enkulu mu myaka 50 egiyise. Nga wayiseewo enkola ekontana n'abalamuzi abatonotono aba bulijjo aba bulijjo, kati ereetebwawo abakugu mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Ekitundu kino kinoonyereza ku makulu g'ebiwandiiko eby'omu mateeka okusobola okutegeera obulungi amakulu gaabyo. Era kikebera engeri enkola z'enkumbula eyo.

Okutegeera Enjigiriza z’Obwannabbi: Waliwo Ebintu Bibiri Ebikulu Ebiyinza Okutuyamba

Enjigiriza eyo tey'eyo yokka, wabula eri mu nfumo emu. Abakugu mu bya sayansi baalondamu enzivuunula za njawulo wakati wa nkyusa bbiri enkulu: egendererwa ab'edda ne enfuze ya mu bantu abaasooka okutegeeza[[]. Ekireetera okuba nga kigendererwa nti abawandiisi b'amateeka baali bakkiririza mu ebyo bye baalowooza nti bye bakkiririzaamu oba bye baategese nga bakola nga bakola nga bak'ak'awandiika. Ekibuuzo kino kirabika kye kiragibwa bulungi: Bwe tuba twagala okumanya ekyo ekiba kitegeeza, tusaanidde okutunuulira abaawandiika ebyo bye baawandiika.

Kyokka, ekigendererwa kyaffe ekyasooka kirimu ekizibu: tutegeera tutya obulungi ebitiibwa by'abantu abangi oba ebikumi n'ebikumi, bangi ku bo abataaliko makulu mu birowoozo byabwe? Wadde nga tuyinza okukola ekyo, lwaki ekigendererwa kya baddu ba ba luganda abatonotono mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omunaana basibamu abantu abasukka mu bubonero abasukka mu 20? Okuwakanya okwo kwaleetera bangi abaasooka okutegeera amakulu g'ebyawandiikibwa mu Baibuli [[FLT:] mu bantu aba bulijjo[, nga baamanyibwa nnyo Omulamuzi Antonin Scalia ne muyivugibwa Randy Barnet. Mu nkyusa eyo, omuvvuunuzi tatunuulira ndowooza za bannannyini naye ate ng'eya bulijjo tezitegeera bulungi ng'omuntu abadde ategeera amakulu g'ebyo ebiri mu mpandiikaluufu mu kiseera ekyo. Kino kyakolebwa mu ngeri nti kyali kiwandikibwa mu n'okumanyibwa obujulizibwe mu n'enkola eyo ey'enkola mu n'edda.[2]

Mu nkyukakyuka zombi zirina obuvunaanyizibwa obw'amaanyi: amakulu g'amateeka gaterekebwa mu kiseera eky'okuteekawo enkola. Enkyukakyuka mu mpisa mu mpisa mu mpisa, ebya kampuni, tekikyusa makulu gaayo, wadde nga ziyinza okukyusa engeri tteeka lya 'Constitution' gye likwata ku mbeera empya. Ng'ekyokulabirako, amakulu ga mu bantu okutandikawo ebyabusuubuzi Claus mu 1789 tegaasuubira nti obulobozi obw'ensi yonna bugenda mu maaso, naye omukugunjufu omwesigwa ayinza okuteeka mu nkola eya tekinnansi kino nga asinziira ku musingi ogwasooka.

Omusango Ogwali mu Luyonaani

Obukakafu n’Okuteebereza

Abawagira enkola eyo bagamba nti, enjigiriza egamba nti okutandikawo amateeka ga Katonda kwe kussaawo omusingi omunywevu. Abalamuzi bwe bamala okutereeza amakulu g'amateeka, tebakkirizibwa kugazza mu kifo kya bannabyabufuzi oba mu ebyo bye baagala. Entebe enjawukana zino zisobozesa abantu okulagula ebinaabaawo: abatuuze, abateesiteesi, ne kkooti entono ziyinza okumanya ekyetaagisa ku mateeka. Munnamateeka wa gavumenti okussaawo etteeka wansi w'obufuzi bwa Crease, ayinza okunoonyereza ku ntegeera ebyafaayo mu kifo ky'okukuba zzaala endowooza y'etteeka eritategeerekeka.

Obufuzi bwa Demokulase

Etteeka ery'okugoberera enkola eya demokulase era ligamba nti likkirizibwa abantu era nti lisobola okukyusibwa mu nkola y'enkyukakyuka ez'amaanyi ez'Akatundu V. Abalamuzi bwe bakyusa amakulu ag'edda, bakyusa ddala tteeka eryali libafuga nga tebatuukiriza nkola eyo. Kino kitegeeza nti, abanoonyereza ku ntandikwa bawakanya gavumenti era ne bakyusa endowooza z'abantu ne bagoberera ebigendererwa bya balamuzi. Scalia bwe banywerera ku makulu agasooka, kkooti ziwa ekitiibwa ekikkirizo ku Nfunze. Mutuuti emirundi mingi, Amateeka tegaago gaago; gaggyawo obufuzi obwa bulijjo, era galina okukyuka okuggyako nga banna mateeka agaago gaagifuula enkyuka.

Yayigirizanga Okusala Omusango mu Ngeri ey’Amagezi

Ekintu eky'okusatu ekiwa ensonga kirimu ekifo eky'okusala emisango. Abawagizi baakyo bagamba nti, okusoosa obutereevu mu mpagi z'okusembya entebe ez'oku sistemu. Awatali mutindo ng'ogwo, abalamuzi balekebwa okwesigama ku nzikiriza zaabwe ezaabwe ez'eby'empisa n'ebyobufuzi, ne bafuuka bakabaka. Ebiwandiiko eby'edda eby'amakulu gaalyo bikola ku ndala, ne kiwaliriza abalamuzi okwewomaddala nga buli muntu yenna asinziira ku ndowooza ye. Kino kikulu nnyo naddala mu bifo nga mu kuggyamu empi, eddembe ly'obufumu, n'obuyinza ku bantu bwe butyongezi obutuufu.

Yategeka Amateeka

Ku nkomerero, etteeka eririna amakulu agatali gamu terikkirizibwa mu kiseera kino ate g'ekyama. Etteeka eryo likakasa nti Amateeka ga Musa gakyafuga mu kifo ky'okugoberera abalamuzi.

Obukyamu

Okumanya Amakulu g’Ebyafaayo

Oboolyawo ekisingirayo ddala okulwidwa kwe kuba nti empandika ez'enkomeredde tezisobola kugonjoola bya kuddamu mu nkyukakyuka ezo. Enzivuunula ez'ebyafaayo zitera okutategeerekeka oba obutatuukirira. Dictions eza 1780 zirina ennyinnyonnyola nnyingi ezikwata ku bigambo ebikulu nga "commece," "hermetic" oba "cuel ne'ekyewuunyisa." Evin Consticiation inssions ezisangibwa mu nkuŋŋaana z'ensi zibikkula ennyinyo ku bibiina eby'enjawulo. Era amakulu agasooka gaamanyibwa mu bantu, agassawo obujulizi obw'enkomeredde, nga gakwetaagisa omutaputa okusoozesa obusoozesezza ku n'obujulizi obulaga nti enkumbo zirina obuyinza okuziganya. Ng'ogezigezi mu mateeka agafuga enziro tegakkiriza bujuliziganya ebiva mu byafaayo. Naye ng'omuyinja mu ku nsonga ey'okukkiririmu tegoberamu. Omukujjuka w'ensonga z'omukko ono omukujjuka w'omutirnvu.[FL:[FL:

Omukono Omufu Kizibu

Ekiragiro eky'okubiri eky'okugaana kirina empalana n'emitwe ku bintu ebyayita. Lwaki abantu abafa ekiseera kiwanvu babadde bamala ekiseera kiwanvu nga balina obuyinza okufuga abantu ab'omu kiseera kye kimu ku nsonga ze bataayinza kuteebereza? Abavumirira gavumenti bagamba nti okukalambira ku mateeka ga gavumenti kwakkirizibwa ekitundu ekitono ekitakkirizibwa bantu aba bulijjo.[1] Ab'eru, abasajja, abaddu abaawere, abaawerera abasajja. Abakazi, Abamerika, Abamerika ab'ennanda, ne bannannyini Amerika, ne bannannyini bannannyini baakyewa bago bagoberwa. Okukalambira nti okutegeera kwabwe ku kugattika ku demokula si demokulasenti naye nga tekudyusizza, era nga n'amateeka agatali gaakulaakulaakulanya.

Obutakyusa mu Ngeri gye Bitegekebwamu

Okugoberera enkola y'ekiwandiike kyayitiddwa okulemererwa okutuuka ku nkyukakyuka mu mbeera z'abantu. Ng'ekyokulabirako, The Expandement Protection Claus, kyamanyibwa nga kiwandikibwa nti kiwandikiro okuleka abantu okusosola mu langi n'okusosola mu by'okwetaba. Okutaasa kwa nsibuko kwaleetera obusosoze obwa bulijjo okubufuula obwa nnamaddala ." akakiiko ak'Enjigiriza era n'akyenkana okw'ekikula kyonna okufuga ekya mu kyasa ekya 20. Okukyaza emitindo gy'agw'okusiikebwa kwago mu byafaayo. Obukaawuka obw'obumu obuli wakati w'obusosoze obw'ebifaana n'obuka obw'obukaavu, obusooka busigala nga buli "bunakulu obw'amakulu ag'amakulu agamu amakulu gaakyo obusingako ag'okuteeka mu n'okukubagattikaawula kwalina mu n'obulombolombo. Kyokka, abasosoze obuli mu n'obukulu.

Okuzannya Omuze ogw’Okukuza Abaana

Okunoonyereza kulaga nti okutandikira ku buwangwa kuleetawo enkyukakyuka ez'amaanyi. Mu kkooti esingayo obukulu, abalamuzi abeetwala okuba abagezi abasooka nga abo abamanyi ebyafaayo ebyasooka. nga Clarence Thomas ne Antonin Scalia(a) baasemba okukugira enkwaso ez'okuggyamu ebbeetu, okuteekako obutwa, okukoma, n'okukuuma enzivuunula z'eddiini. Wadde nga mu nnukuta ez'edda teziganya n'amateeka (bakkiriza nti abafuzi bawandikiro bawagira eddembe ly'okwogera erikkirizibwa okuwakanya obuwandise), okukolagana okw'enjawulo kuyinza okuleetawo endowooza nti enjigiriza y'obusosoze n'obuteennyonnyo tekusinziira ku ngeri yennyini okuleetawo enfuze mu ku nsonga ezikwata ku by'ebyobufuzi. [FLT:] Ryanton [FFLT:1] kye kiwakanya nti endowooza ya mu ku ku kunoonyereza okunnyonnyola mu ku ku ku nsonga eyo tekunnyonnyola mu ku nsonga eyo ey'okunnyonnyola mu kubaako.

Abeekenneenya Ebikwata ku Mateeka ab’Omu Kiseera Kino n’Endowooza Enkyamu

Leero, abakugu mu by’amateeka batono nnyo abakkiririza mu njigiriza za Baibuli mu ngeri nti amakulu agali mu nkyusa za Baibuli zaasooka geeyolekera mu ebyo ebyandivudde mu mateeka.

Obuwagizi bw'Ekitabo kya Baibuli

[[NTL:0] Randy Barnett[[FL:1], profesa w'amateeka mu Georgetown, awa asinga okutegeeza "enjigiriza ey'edda ey'okutandikirako". Barnett agamba nti, okusikirizibwa mu nnukuta ennya, kikuuma eddembe ly'abantu nga kikugira eddembe erya n'enkyukakyuka ez'ensi yonna. Awandiise bingi ku ky'ekika kya Classione n'ekitongole ekitegeka nti omuntu okusumulula enzijirizibwako. Omuntu okusobola okumanyibwa mu ngeri eyo, aba alina okumanyibwa ennyo enzikkiriza nti amakulu gaakyo tegagendera ku nkola eya bulijjo; alwanirira eddembe ly'obufumbo bwe limu. Enkola endala ey'enjawulo y'obukkulembedde mu nzikkiriza y'emu n'enkyukakyuka ez'omulembe ey'omulembe mu NFT [F] era n'eya waggulu, ayongera okumanyisa endowooza y'enkola mu ngeri endala ey'ensuuka y'emu ey'omu Busuubuzi ey'omu Bukiika obwa bulijjo.[Ginst][194][194] Kino kyo kyo kyo

Abakugu mu Kutaasa Enjigiriza n’Eby’Obunnaggwanga

Ku luuyi olulala, Erwin Chemerinsky (BERK]) kye kimu ku ebyo ebyatandikirwa mu lukalala lwa Baibuli. Ayagala okugamba nti, Amateeka galina okutegeeza enseera y'ebifaananyi ebiva mu nzivuunvu n'empandika y'ekika singa enfumbo zikozesebwa, ebivamu ebigenda okukolebwa mu Amerika leero bibalabala nga tebikkirizibwa. [[FLT:]] era ne 'FLT] [FLT] [FLT] [FLT]] [FT] [FLT]] [FON] [FLT] [FFON] [FFON]] [FFLET] [[5]]

Ennimi ez’Edda

Abayivu bangi balina ensonga ey'amaanyi mu kusooka. Jack Balkin (Yale) awadde enkola eya bulijjo bw'agiyita "Obulamu obw'oku ntikko." Balkin agamba nti amakulu g'olukalala ga kika kya nnukuta ento mu kifo ky'okuba nga geeko. [FLD] [KATANDIKA], yabasobozesa okuleka obukiiko obuwato obumanyi okuzi obwa bulijjo okuteekamu amateeka agateeka mu nkola ez'enjawulo. Mu ndowooza eno, enzijjuvu tey'enkola ebikontana na ndala n'obukaluufu, wabula gawayatibwa ne k'enkola ya protomu.[FLT][FFF][5]

Okugoberera Omusingire mu Kkooti Enkulu

Ebisawo bya Kooti enkulu ebyakayita byateeka obwetwaze obw'okutandikira ku mateeka. [FLT]]Diformor of Columbia v. Helter [2008], endowooza y'abalamuzi Scalialia yeesiga obujulizi obw'amaanyi okusobola okukomya obujulizi nti okutereezebwa okw'okubiri kukuuma eddembe ly'omuntu ery'okwekuumisa n'okusitula amagye ge. Ebirowoozo eby'ebyafaayo eby'Olungereza, amateeka agakebeereza, ebiva ku n'okuwandiika ku nsonga z'ebyuma, ebiwandiikibwa oluvannyuma lw'okuwandiika. Ebiragiro bya Scaliannyonnyola ebituufu bya ebyafaayo ebinoonya obutuufu bya Baibuli ebituufu byabunaannyonnyolako.

Mu mu New York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen , kkooti yakubisaamu emirundi ebiri ku lubereberye, nga kikakasa nti amateeka ag'omumu ku buwaŋŋanwa galina okutwalibwa nga gasinziira ku mateeka aga ebyafaayo. Endowooza y'Omulamuzi Thomas yalangirira "olukalala n'obulombolombo" ebisendeka okugezesa kkooti okulaba obanga amateeka agakontana n'ebiragiro eby'ebyokulwanyisa. Enkola eno esiimibwa abantu abaasooka okusobola okutegeera amakulu g'amateeka agasooka era n'okuvumirira agatali gamu agayinza okugobeeyisa mu ngeri eyinza okuviirako abalamuzi okuwakanya okunoonyereza okw'eby'edda.

Kkooti bwe yasalawo .[FLT]]Dobbs v. Jackson’s Health (202), eguyinjawo Roe v. era n'akozesa n'endowooza ey'omukaasooka. Omulamuzi Alito [bbs's] Kino kyayisa bubi nnyo endowooza nti eddembe okuggyamu embuto za tteeka teriri mu byafaayo by'eggwanga lino n'obulombolombo" era nti tekiyinza kutwalibwa ng'ennamba ku makulu ag'ekkumi n'ekkumi. Endowooza eyo yalaga nti amateeka agava mu ku ku kutandika. Endowooza eno yawakanya okunoonyereza ku nsonga ezisinga obungi; okuwakanya ebyafaayo ebisinziirwako mu byafaayo ebituufu ebireddwa mu ku ku ku nsonga ezisinzibwa okuggyamu.

Obubonero buno bulaga engeri enkola ey'obulombolombo gye yatandikira ku njigiriza n'efuuka enjigiriza entuufu. Kyokka era bulaga ebizibu ebibaddewo: okubuuliriza mu byafaayo mu kkooti kutera okutasaana, okukyusizaamu, era obutakkirizibwa. Era n'omwekenneenya w'eby'amateeka [[FLT:]Reva Siegel[1] [[[E]]] Kino kyalaga nti ebyafaayo ebyakozesebwa mu biwayitiddwa mu ngeri entuufu, oba [FLT] era ebisaagibwawo ebigenda okusobozesa okuvaamu ebiva mu nsonga endala?

Okutegeera Obulungi Ebirala by’Okozesa ng’Otannaba Kubuulira

Mu kifo ky'okukukozesa ng'ekyuma ekimu, ebyafaayo, ebyafaayo, embalirira, ebiyinza okukozesebwa, ebiyinza okuvaamu, era n'okunnyonnyola byonna birina kye bikola. [[FL:0]] Sunstein [Ky'okuba nti mu nnukuta ey'enjawulo], abawagizi baakirikuwa bawanudde ekirowoozesezza ku ku kusalawo okw'okusonga, era mu kifo eky'okusala obukwasisa byonna ebizingirwamu ku nsonga ezo, ekiwandikiddwawo mu ngeri eyinza okuzikwatako. Mu ngeri eno, enjigiriza ey'olubereberye ewandikiddwawo, ewandikiddwawo, terina kutwalibwa ng'enkola emu yokka. [FFFF:] Bactive [Furty][3] [Foctive] [Furty progrestism, omukussionive progressionment, mu ku nsonga ezisooka, ekigamba nti, ekiteego ekyo ekiteego ekiba kiteekwa okumanyibwa okumanyibwa.[ffffeyula okuk

Mu nnyinyonnyola endala ez'okunoonyereza obanga enzijjuvu zisobola okutuukana ne ekyo Mitchell Berman [Ekya bulijjo] (Ekya bulijjo mu lukalala lwa Pennsylvania]) gye kiwandiikirwa, ekiragiro gye kikoma okunoonyereza obanga enneyisa yaakyo entegeke obulungi, tekiri nti amateeka agaategekebwa buteefu naye gasobola okubeera n'enkola ey'okwefuga yokka. Okuvvuunula ku nsonga kuteekwa okuba nga tekutuukiriza bigendererwa bya projective.

Okufuba kuno okusobola okugatta enzivuunula za Katonda n'enkola endala, kiraga nti tewasobola kukendeezebwako ng'ennyinnyonnyola ya mateeka. Ekiragiro kino ekiwandiiko ekyawulu era nga kikolera ku mirimu emingi: kissaawo enteekateeka eya gavumenti, kikuuma eddembe enzivuunula, era kiraga emitindo emikulu egigobererwa ennyo. Omutaputa ow'amagezi ajja kukozesa ebiwandiiko bingi nga mw'otwalidde n'amakulu agaasooka, naye era ajja kutegeera ekkomo erina okusala omusango mu byafaayo.

Ebiseera eby’Omu Maaso eby’Okukubaganya Ebirowoozo

Enkaayana ezikoleddwa mu kutandikira ku njigiriza z'eddiini teziraga bukakafu bulaga nti ekiragiro kya dda eky'okugikolera kye kimaze. Kkooti ey'oku ntikko era ewa enjawukana. Kkooti esinga obukulu, nga erimu abalamuzi aba bulijjo abakkirizisa ennyo endowooza z'abalamuzi ab'edda, enkola eyo y'efudde nnyangu mu matwale g'amateeka mangi. Kino kyaviirako abakugu okutandika okubuusabuusa obanga enjigiriza za demokulase oba nga bwe kyali, okuba abeesigwa mu magezi era oba nga kyeyolekera mu ku bikwata ku ku ku nkola ya demokulase.

Abeekenneenya abamu, nga Joshu Kleinfeld [bugwanjuba], bagamba nti enjigiriza egamba nti ebyafaayo bya Katonda bikyusa amakulu agasingawo ku nsonga enkulu ezikwata ku bwenkanya n'obufuzi obulungi. Abagamba nti okuteekawo amateeka tegatwalibwa ng'ennyanjula y'empannyo ez'eby'obufuzi. Abalala, nga Ricard Primis[, wabula kitegeeza nti okutandikawo kwa ebyafaayo bya ebyafaayo bya Baibuli, tekiriiko kyeyoleka kakwakyo mu byafaayo.[5], naddala ekibiina ky'amateeka kifuba okuwakanya ensonga ez'eggumya envanyuma. Prus, kye kigamba nti, ennyinyonnyonnyonnyonnyo enziro wakati w'etereevu mu ku nsonga enkulu enfu mu kkooti ey'enkola eya bulijjo.

Ku luuyi olulala, bannasayansi baamanyidde nnyo engeri zaabwe ez'enjawulo ez'ebyafaayo era beetegefu okwongera okugoberera obujulizi obw'ekika kya ebyafaayo. Kino kiwandikira ku nkalala n'empandika en'empandika ez'enjawulo ezisangibwa wakati w'obulombolombo n'obusosoze. [FLT:] era n'ebibuuzo ebirengo eby'amateeka bibaamu enkaaya'amakulu n'obubonero obusooka obw'amakulu. Okuteesa okwo tekubaamu bujuliziganya ku makulu gaakirimu. Lawrivard Leactive Review [ Kino kiyambamu okukubaganya ebirowoozo n'okunoonyereza ku nsonga.

Omuntu okusobola okukitegeera, enjigiriza eyo ekwata ku makulu g'amateeka ku nsonga ezikwata ku bulamu obwa bulijjo. (b'enkola y'enkola eya bulijjo) eddembe ly'okwegatta, eddembe ly'okuzaala, obuyinza bw'eggwanga, eddembe ly'eddiini, n'obulonda. Okutegeera amaanyi n'obunafu bw'enkola ya sooka si kye nkola ey'okuyiga obuyigirize obusookerwako; kikulu nnyo okusobola okufuna obutuuze era n'okutegeera obutuufu bw'enkola y'obulagizi bwa mateeka. Endowooza z'abakugunjufu zijja kweyongera okukyuka ng'enkyukakyuka empya mu byafaayo, nga kkooti enkulu bw'ekubagasawo okusalawo okuppya, era n'okusoomooza okuppya mu ggwanga.

fundikira

Enjigiriza y'okutandikira ku njigiriza y'enzikiriza eyo emanyiddwa ng'enkyukakyuka mu nkola eya bulijjo. Ekibuuzo ekisinze okussibwako essira ku mpandiika y'obutundu, ebyafaayo, ne demokulase kiwangudde abagoberezi bangi, nga mw'otwalidde n'abamu ku kkono. Kyokka, abawakanyisi baagye bakiraze bulungi nti enjigiriza eyo ey'okutandikira ku ntandikwa tesobola kukakasa bukakafu obugirimu era nti ebitera okuvaamu bikwatagana n'ebya bufuzi eby'enkyukakyuka mu ngeri ezireetawo enkyukakyuka mu ngeri ezireetawo enjawukana mu ngeri ezikwata ku butabaako ludda olw'obufuzi. Ekibuuzo kino kiyinza okusobozesa abakugunjula obulungi okukwata amateeka agafuga.

Okumanya ebisingawo, laba [[NKULULA] Randy Barnett, "Original ne Tteeka ly'Amateeka"; William Baude, "Origino ne History"[; [[FLT:] Erkin Chemernsky, "Ellow of Origin"[; ne [[FLT:] .][FLT]