Emirandira gy’Abamerika egy’Eby’Engeri Ennungi n’Endowooza Ennuŋŋamu

Enteekateeka ey'okunoonyereza ku by'obufuzi teyawukana mu ngeri ereetebwawo gavumenti ya Amerika. Abataataagibwa baakoppa nnyo obufirosoofo bw'ebyobufuzi, bye baasanga mu bufuge n'ebbyabuyambi ebyalemererwa. Amagezi gaabwe gaangu naye nga makulu nnyo: amaanyi galina okweyawulamu era nga galina okukolebwa okuziyiza okusobola okwewala enkukakyuka. Okwolesebwa kuno, okwateekebwa mu Mateeka ga Bufumo mu 1787, kukyagoberera enkola eya Amerika, wadde nga buli kiseera gayolekagana n'okugezesebwa okuva ku kwegwa mu ttwale lya bannabya bufuzi ne k'ab'awukaawuka.

Ensibuko y’Endowooza z’Eby’obufuzi

Tewali mulowooze wa nfuge mu Amereka yakyusa nnyo enfaanana ya gavumenti Baron de Montesquieu. Mu mulimu gwe 1748]] Omwoyo gw'Amateeka[, Montesquieu yakigamba nti, okutongozebwa kwa gavumenti kwali kwetaagisa okulina okugatyo, omufuzi n'obuyinza bw'asala emisango. Yalabula nti, obufuzi bwonna obw'eby'eby'amateeka bwabula, eddembe bwe bwagattibwa mu mikono gye gimu, eddembe. Bataataatawaawe baasomanga Montesquieu. James Mas Madinee, mu [FL:] Factiverist.[47FFoct:], yamenyawo nga "Esquieusleak'omu ku ekyo, "oba kubaako ensonga y'okukulembejja okw'omulala."

John Locke era yakyusa endowooza y'abataandiike. Treasess ze emirundi ebiri eza Gavumenti zaateekawo endagaano mu ngeri nti gavumenti y'empandika n'empandika ez'enkola zikkirizibwa okufugibwa abagifuga. Lockee yakiggumiza nti amaanyi ga gavumenti gasaanidde okuba aga waggulu naye nga galiko ekkomo era nti n'omufuzi waasaanidde okuba n'obuyinza kukolera ku mateeka. Ebiragiro bino byeyolekera mu mateeka gannaabyo bikkirizibwa mu kuwa ab'obuyinza obwa nnamba n'obukwakulizo.

Okugatta ku ekyo, Abatandikawo baanoonyereza mu mawanga ag'edda ne mu nkola za gavumenti za Bungereza. Baalaba engeri Roman Republic gye yakwatamu olukiiko olukulu olw'ebika bya patricia, enkuŋŋaana ennene n'abakungu. Beetegerezanga enkola ya Bungereza gye baalondangamu engule, House of Lords, ne House of Commes (yalimu oludda olumu) nga bagaana obufuzi obwa bulijjo era nga bawagira enkola y'obutebenkenkevu mu bujjuvu. Ekyavaamu kyali kiva ku Amerika synthesis: gavumenti eyayawulibwamu amatabi asatu ag'enjawulo, nga buli emu ku ngeri z'okuziyiza ebiva mu n'amawanga amalala.

Eddagala ly’Enkyukakyuka mu Kiwandiiko kya Gavumenti

Ekiragiro kino kisobozesa amatabi asatu ag'enjawulo okuzingira awamu. Enkola esobozesa ettabi okukebera endala zaateekebwa mu bitundu I, II, ne III. Okutegeera enkola zino kye kiyamba okutegeera engeri enkola eyo gye yakolebwamu okuziyiza omubiri ogumu okufuga.

  • [[NKUMBO:0] Bw'ossaako akakwakkulizo, ojja kukebera ebiwandikiro ebifuga omusingi guba: Congress Kino kitegeka ebigambo ebya saante, ekiteekwa okukkirizibwa okusemba akasawo akalanti n'ogwa k'obukambi (Sayalina) ebiyinza okukozesebwa mu kulonda n'ebiwandikiro ebibiri ebiwerako, ebisobola okutongoza omukulembeze era n'okuggyawo abakungu abalala, era n'okusobola okukebera ebikolebwa ku nkola ya poliisi.
  • [[AKMENTI]] Enkeberwa ez'amaanyi ku Lukiiko Olukulu olw'ebiragiro: salawo ensengeka ya kkooti z'amateeka (kwataanye kkooti enkulu eteekebwawo amateeka ga gavumenti), zisobola okussaawo omuwendo gw'abalamuzi, okukkiriza enkiiko, era ne kiyinza okusazaamu abalamuzi ab'ensi era n'okuggyawo abalamuzi ab'ensi.
  • [[OMENTI] Ekola nga ekebera ku lukalala olw'amateeka: Prezidenti asobola okusemba etteeka lyonna erireetebwa Congress, era ayinza okuyita Consert okugenda mu kifo eky'enjawulo. Mukulembeze w'ekika ekyo akola nga pulezidenti wa Sset, ng'akuba obululu obumenya obubangi.
  • [[NKULU] Ekirabo kikebera ku Lukiiko olw'eby'obufuzi: Prezida asala abalamuzi mu bitundu bingi nga mw'otwalidde n'abo abasala emisango mu kkooti enkulu era ng'alina obusobozi okusonyiwa ebibi ebiba bikoleddwa mu gavumenti (kuggyako okuba nga teyayabulira).
  • [[NKULA] Ekiragiro kikebera amateeka n'ekitongole ekifuga enneyisa yaakyo: Nga kinoonyereza ku nsonga, kkooti zisobola okuyisa amateeka oba ebikolwa ebya bannakyewa ebitali bya butongole(*). Amaanyi agafuga tteeka tegakkiriza kutongola buggeevu bwalyo naye gaateekebwawo kkooti enkulu mu buttory v. Madison[ (183)]

Okwesambajja okw’Amaanyi n’Okugugubira ku Nzikiriza

Olukiiko lw'amateeka olwatandikawo mu 1787 lwabulako katono okugwa olw'ensonga ey'okukiikirira abantu. Amasaza amanene gaayagala obuyimbi obuli mu mayumba gombi aga Conset; ettuationss'eb'eb'eb'ayinza okuba nga genkanankana. Entebe y'Ababakaamu yagaana okukkiriza[, eyateesebwa ne Roger Sherman], yatandikawo olukalala: olukalala lw'abalabirizi (Olukiiko lw'abakiikirira abantu) ne Olukiiko olulina obukiikirira buli ssemasaza (gatte ku magwamateeka). Enteekateeka eno era n'ewandikiro n'empaka ez'ebitongole ebisabiina, era n'ebitongole ebisabigattiddwa mu makomera.

Ekitongole kya Prezidenti Veto: Kyali kikola bubi

Amaanyi ga voto ge gaasinga okukubaganya ebirowoozo ku lukuŋŋaana olwo. Abava mu nva mpandika abamu batidde nti yandikoze Prezidenti omunene ennyo. Abalala, nga mw'otwalidde ne Alexander Hamilton, baagamba nti kyali kikulu okukuuma ofiisi y'ettabi okukuuma entegeka zireme kukwata ku by'obuyinza. Abagabuzi ba gavumenti baatandikawo omulimu guno baagiwa Pulezidenti [ obujulizi obwa [[FLT:] obusooka obujjuvu], obwalaga nti omukulembeze wa gavumenti ateekwa okuba nga "[FLT:], so si mu bujjuvu, naye nga kyetaagisa okumenya amateeka aga waggulu ennyo agafuga. Fireda] [[2] Nful:3], Hamilton yannyonnyola nti n'obuyinza obusingawo "dmy'okukeberamenyesa" n'okusoosa amateeka amabi agamenyese.[Ft'akyungibwa mu byafaayo ebituufu ebitegekebwa mu Amelika abantu abarti 2,500] ebituufu ebituufu ebituufu ebituufu ebibadde bikozesebwa mu byafaayo ebituufu mu

Okwesiga Endowooza: Ekiruubirirwa ky’Obufuzi Ekisembayo

Okusala ekkomo kye kintu eky'amaanyi ennyo ekisinziirwako abakungu ba gavumenti okuvunaanibwa. Ennyumba ya Abakiikirira abalina amaanyi gayo gokka okusazaamu (okuleeta emisango), ng'ate olukiiko olukulu lukulembezza okuwozesebwa era nga lulina obululu bwa enkumi bbiri, lusobola okusingisa omusango era ne luguggyamu. Abatandikawo amateeka ga Bungereza naye ne bagateeka mu kifo ekya Briteni. Baasalawo mu buwandiike obwa "Tsoci, Ciscacy, oba obukyayirikiti obulala obunene n'obukyasinze mu bulabe oba Abasosoze abalala abangi"

Ebyafaayo biraga amaanyi n'obunene bw'enkambi. Munnaawula w'eggwanga Andrew Johnson yawagibwa mu 1868 olw'okumenya ekkomo lya Office Act, naye nga pulezidenti Richard Nixon yaggibwawo mu 1974 oluvannyuma lw'akakiiko k'okugaana okuyingiza olukusa olw'amateeka, okuyisa obubi gavumenti. Pulezidenti Bill Clinton yayisibwa bubi nnyo mu mateeka. Mu 1998 olw'okumenya amateeka n'okumenya amateeka era n'okuggyawo ebyamaawula kkooti. Mukulembeze w'ekitongole kya Dionald Trump yaggibwako ssente eddins'emirundi ebiri (209 ne 202) naye n'ekiso byombi. Ebyo biraga nti obutakola bw'ensonga ez'ebyawumba obutongole mu mateeka, obutundu obusinga obutongole obukolamumu obukola eyo oluusi kiyinza okunafuyasaamu.

Butundu bwa mpapula: Atandikawo Ubwerinda

Okusobola okukyusiza eggwanga likkirize okuzza etteeka ku kkomo, Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, ne John Jay baawandiika olukalala lwa 85 emboozi ezimanyiddwa kati nga [ empapula ezinoonya abawandiise ku mateeka. Ebiwandiiko bino bye bikyali ennyinnyonnyola ntuufu ekwata ku nkula y'amateeka, naddala enkola y'ebiragiro ebigasa.

Omukugu Omwekenneenya No. 51: Enjigiriza y’Okufuna Ekiwandiike Ekikuutira

Oboolyawo emboozi emanyiddwa ennyo, [[FL:0] Fateralist N. 51, ewandiikiddwa Madison, erimu ensonga ennungi ezikakasa obufuzi obwawulwawo: "Obwetwaze buteekwa okukolebwa okubuziyiza okugwagwagwa ku ttuttumu." Madison yannyonnyola nti abantu si bamalayika, gavumenti eteekwa okufuga era n'okwefuga. Engeri y'okuwaayo egobererwamu esobole okusobozesa ettabi lya 'systemmentation' n'ebiruubirirwa ebyayo okuziyiza ebikyamu okubunnyiikiriza ebiba birala ebiri mu nsi." Yannyonnyola nti amatabi galina okuba nga gategekeddwa mu ngeri nti buli muntu alina ky'ayagala, era nga kiva ku n'ennyimba ez'enjawulo. Okumanya kuno kusobola okukuumibwa ku mutima gwennyini.

Obufumbo Na. 10 Okufuga Amazima mu Kitundu Ekinene

Mu [[NKULA:0] Akawayiro aka '-[10', 'Madison''' yagonjoola ekizibu ekiri mu matsinda" nga gagattiddwa olw'ebbeeyi eza bulijjo. Yagamba nti mu lukalala lwa buli ggwanga omu omu omuwagizi omu kiba kizibu okufuga. Engeri y'okussaawo obulawuzi n'okwawula obufuzi esobola okutereeza endowooza ya bantu bonna era n'okwawulamu ebiva mu buttuttumu obusinga obungi. Ekiwandiiko kino kyateekawo omusingi ogusinzidde ku ngeri amatabi gye gayinza okukeberamu era n'okusobozesa empakagobererwa.

Emisango Egibadde gisonga ku Kintu Kingi n’Empaka Ennungi

Marbury v. Madison (103): Judice Review

Omusango ogusinga obukulu mu mateeka ga Amereka, Marbury v. Madison yassaawo omusingi gwa [ obwa nnamba].][1] Sirdenti y'Ekiwandiiko ekikulu okutongoza ebikolwa bya Constantive mu bukulembeze. Bwe kityo, kkooti eteekwa okulwanirira amateeka. Omulamuzi John Marshall yasinziira ku Kkooti eteeka tteeka ekkulu erifuga ensi, era nga gwe mulimu gwa Kkooti lya Kkooti lya Kkooti lya Kkooti lya Kkooti erisinga obukulu okunnyonnyola ensonga. Nolwekyo, singa waba nga waliwo okusokko okumenya amateeka n'enkola ya Kkooti. Ekyo kyasalawo ku lwokitaasaze ku kko, Kkootikko kyasalawo kyaleetera olukiiko olukulu John Marsha ya Kkolanga ettabi okukebera ekkulu era ne ku nkola y'obukulukukkufunja.

Akatabo Akayitibwa Stown Assembly Explay (1952): Ebbeesaawo Ekigazi eky'Awandiisa Ekizikiza

Mu kiseera kya Ssematalo w'e Korea, Pulezidenti Harry Truman yayisa ekiragiro eky'okusitula abakungu ba bannaawe mu bitundu bisatu okulemesa okukolebwa kw'entalo. Kkooti enkulu yasala ekiragiro ekyali tekiri mu mateeka, nga kigamba nti Prezidenti teyalina buyinza ng'amateeka oba amateeka kukola kino. Omulamuzi Robert Jackson yalina endowooza ey'enjawulo emanyiddwa ennyo ng'obuyinza bwa bapresidente mu bitundu bisatu: Prezida bw'akola mu ngeri ey'obwesimbu oba ng'akkirizibwa okuva ku Congresssion (omukulu w'obuyinza obw'ekitongole), Prezi bw'aba takyalina buyinza mu kukolera ku kkomo, era nga Pulezidenti w'ekikolwa kino kikontana n'ensonga ezikwata ku kkaluuganda (okukkakka wansi w'okukkakkakka).

Nixon (1974): Enkizo ey’Okwewala

Mu kifo kino, Prezidenti Nixon yagamba nti yali alina enkizo ey'okugaana okuyingiza tepioti n'ebiwandiiko ku bamenyi b'amateeka. Kkooti enkulu yasattululwa wamu naye n'egaana ekyo kye yali agambye nga bagamba nti omukulembeze w'eggwanga ateekwa okuwa obuddukiro ku byetaago bya bannabyabufuzi. Ekkubo eryamukaka Nixon lyalina okukkiriza okuteebwa, ekyaviirako okufulumya tepidiyo n'okuvaako obuwandiikibwa bw'amateeka.

Okusoomooza Okuliwo Leero ku Kkubo ly’Ebizibu n’Empisa Ennungi

Mu kwolesebwa kwa Bayingizza gavumenti etereeza yokka okumala ebyasa bibiri, naye eyoleka obuzibu obw'amaanyi mu kyasa kino ekya 21. Obwetwaze bw'eby'obufuzi, okweyongera kw'obuyinza, n'ekifo eky'essente mu by'obufuzi, byonna bibuusabuusa obanga enkola y'okugobereza oba ey'okwegoberera ebintu y'emu.

Ensi Etandika Okufuga

Okuva mu New Development, Congress ewadde abakwasi b'amatabi obuyinza bungi obw'okussaawo amateeka. Ebitongole bino bigatta amateeka, obukulembeze, n'okusala emisango mu ngeri abatandikawo gye bayinza obutategeera bulungi. Ng'ekyokulabirako, Environmental Protection Agency, ewandikiddwa (legislative), okugakkiriza (okukuba nti tewakyali mateeka), era n'okugoonyanyisa obutongole (ga gavumenti). Kkooti enkulu egasaze ebikaluuzi ebizikongo (ofissi). Kkooti enkulu etaddewo olukalala lw'okussaawo enfunze mu by'eby'eby'eby'enfuna, naddala eright Virginia v. EPA, ekyakozesanga ebikkirizo ebibadde kikkirizibwa mu kulagira entegeka z'eby'eby'eby'eby'eby'enfuna ne by'obufuzi.

Okukyogerako n’Essematalo Ennyo

Ebiragiro bya Ssemateeka ntegeka ya Ssettendekero bikkiriza abantu batono nnyo okukoma amateeka okuyitira mu nviiri za nfilbuster, ekyetaagisa obululu obw'amaanyi 60 okusobola okukomya aw'okukuba akakaafissi. Ekiragiro kino tekiri kitundu kya nkula y'abatandikawo projective. Ekiragiro kino kyetaagisa abangi okuteekawo amateeka. Neribuster bafuuse kikebe eky'amaanyi okusobola okukebera amateeka. Naye abanoonyereza ku nsonga kibawandikiro kiviiriddeko enkola ey'okuzza obulo, obuwagizi oba okuwera obugunjufu. Ekibuuzo kino ne kiviirako okusemba ab'emineemitwe gyombi nga bakozesa obuko obuko obukoddiza oba okusiibya ebiba n'okuteeka mu nkola y'okuteekamumu ku nkola y'okukebera ebibabiviirimu.

Okukulaakulana kw’Ebiragiro n’Okukola Ekibiina

Bannabyabufuzi abo ababiri beeyongedde okukozesa ebiragiro, ebitongole ebifuga emirimu, n'ekirango okuyita ab'obuyinza mu lukiiko. Wadde nga ebiragiro bya bakungu ba gavumenti bya bumaanyi, biyinza okusaanyizibwawo prezidenti eyaddawo oba okukubibwa kkooti. Kino kiviiriddeko enkyukakyuka ez'amaanyi mu nkola z'obukulembeze bw'ennyumba, era ne kikomya obutebenkevu. Abatandikawo basuubira nti Congress ze z'ettabikko, naye nga gavumenti y'ekola ku nsonga eno.

Okufaayo kw’Abaatandikawo Okwolesebwa

Wadde nga wabaddewo okusoomooza kuno, enkola ey'okugeenya ekyayinza okusobozesa bannabyabufuzi ba Amerika obutatuukibwako ntalo za ggwanga, embeera y'eby'enfuna egezeseddwa mu by'enfuna, era n'empalana za bannabyabufuzi.Baatandikawo baali bakimanyi nti tewali gavumenti yandibadde etuukiridde, naye baalowooza nti bwe baayawulamu amaanyi era ne bawa buli ttabi engeri y'okuziyizaamu, basobola okuzzaawo emirembe.

Leero, abatuuze kye bayiga: Buli ttabi bwe liba nga lirina obuyinza okusasula abakungu baalyo, era nga buli ttabi liba lirina kuvunaanyizibwa ku buli kifo ky'erina okutuulamu, liba lirina okulabirirwa abakungu baalyo.

Ebiri mu Bizimbe Ebipya Ebisobola Okutuyamba Okuyiga Obulungi

  • [[Act:0] Ekiragiro ekya Amereka kikolera ku tterekero erisookerwako ebyaterekebwawo[[[KATANDIKA] – Kebera ekiwandike ekyasooka era genda kuyiga ebikikolebwa.
  • [[:0] Ekiragiro kino kiyamba mu kukyusa enkyuuka y'amateeka mu ggwanga – Akatundu I [ – ennyinnyonnyola ezikwatagana ez'empandika za gavumenti n'ebiragiro ebizeeyambisibwa.
  • [[AGUMENTI:0] Olupapula olw'omuwandiike (Mulimu ogw'Empandiika)[[AK'OMUKITO]] – Soma ebyo ebya Hamilton, Madison, ne Jay bye baawandiika mu bujjuvu.
  • Madison (103) – Oyez[[:1] – Cases obuwayiro buleetera ekiragiro okuwandika ku agumenti n'okuziteekamu ebigambo mu biwandiko.
  • [[AK'AMU:0] – Empandika[[:1]] – Kiwandiiko oba enkola ey'okufuga.