Okutandika: Endowooza Ennuŋŋamu Ekwata ku Buyinza bw’Abannassaayansi mu Amerika

Constitution ya United States, eyawagibwa mu 1788, esigala nga etteeka ekkulu mu nsi, nga lissaawo entegeka y'enkola mu matwale ga gavumenti. Ekimu ku ebyo ebisinga okukolebwa naye nga bibuusibwa amaaso, kwe kukyusa enkola y'ensi n'enkyukakyuka mu bbanka ey'omu masekkati. Ekiragiro kino kirina kinene kye kikola mu kukyusa enkola y'ensi n'enkyukakyuka mu mpandiika y'ensi yonna. Wadde nga ko n'ebiwandiiko bya gavumenti teyogera ku nukukkiriza lukalala lw'amateeka okuteekawo olugo, era nga n'abo abayinza okuteekawo enkola y'okwemalirira ku ngeri y'enkola ya FF, oba enkola yaago mu ngeri y'okwegobeewaawo.[b'okutegeera essente ze kiyinza okusobozesa okumanyisa obulungi eb'ensi ya F.]

Akatundu I, Ekigabaanyi 8, Ekyasa 5 ku k'etteeka erya Clause, kawa Congress obuyinza “Okwawula Ssente, Okutegeka Omuwendo gwazo, n'Ekiwandiiko eky'omu nsi endala, era n'okuddaabiriza Standard of Weights and Magees.” Ekiragiro kino, nga kigattiddwako ne propatities Clause Clause (Clause 18), kiwa olukusa oludda olumu oluva mu ka n'okuteekawo olukalala lw'amateeka agasobozesa okuteeka mu nkola amaanyi gazo ag'ensimbi, era n'okuyisa mu ngeri esobozesa enzijanjawulo eno okukozesa obulungi obusobozi bw'ensimbi, n'enkolagana n'okutereeza emisingi egiba girongookeddwa mu kkooti z'ebyobufuzi, era n'ebyo ebiba birongookebwa mu kkooti z'eby'ebyobufuzi.

Ekitundu kino kiraga engeri amateeka ga gavumenti gye gaakyusaamu enkola ya madiini n'enkola yaago mu Amerika. Tugenda kwekenneenya amateeka agakwata ku banka mu matwale ga United States, ebiwandiiko ebyaviirako okutondebwa kwa Feed, okukugira kw'amateeka, n'ebiruubirirwa ebijjawo mu kiseera kye kimu eby'amateeka gaago. Bwe tukola bwe tutyo, tujja kulaga ensonga lwaki ekitongole kya Féderal Reserve kikolera mu ngeri y'emu nga bwe kiri era n'ensonga lwaki ewandikiro zikyeyongera okubunyisibwa ku bikwata ku ku ku nzijima y'embalirira y'ensi, ne ku ngeri enzikkiriza obuyinza bw'ensi n'ensi yonna okujjawo.

Enteekateeka y’Okukuba Banka mu Kizimbe ky’Essaza mu Amerika

Ekiragiro kino kiwa gavumenti gavumenti eddembe okutongoza bbanka emu ey'omu masekkati. Wabula, kiwa gavumenti ekiragiro ekyawulibwa mu Congress, nga mu kitongole eky'okutaano Amereka terikkiriza buyinza bwonna eri gavumenti oba abantu. Ekibuuzo eky'okulaga obanga Consert esobola okuwamba bbanka y'eggwanga yonna okutongozebwa (ko n'okugassa awamu, obuwanvu bwa banka y'ekitongole kino) era nga kyewawaanyi obwa ssemateeka ennyo essira ku nsonga eyo. Ekibuuzo ekyagiwandiikiriza kyateekawo ekikongo ekisinziirwako mu Federal Reserve.

Ekitundu I, Ekitundu 8:

Ekiragiro kino kikkirizibwa mu kitundu I, Ekigabaanyi 8. Nga wasukka ku kyana, Consell alina obuyinza okwewola ssente ku b'amawanga amalala, okutegeka ebizingirwamu mu mawanga agatali gamu ne mu mawanga agatali gamu (Ekkolero lya Claus), era n'okuteekawo amateeka gonna ageetaagisa okutta amawanga ago agabadde waggulu.

Ekiragiro era kigaana n'ebiwandiiko ebitandikira ku kussaawo ssente, okufulumya amasawo, oba okukola ekintu ekirala kyonna okuggyako zzaabu ne ffeeza okusasula amabanja (Artle I, Ruttulul 10). Kino kikakasa nti obuyinza bw'ensimbi bwe buvunaanyizibwa bwa gavumenti, okuggyawo akajanjawulo akazze n'obutebenkevu akaayonoona ekiseera kya Conference. Federal Reserve, ye banka y'eggwanga ektongole ekola mu kuteekawo obwannannyini obwa kampuni y'ebyenfuna.

Ekintu Ekikulu Ekireetera Claus Okukolera Amaanyi

Ekisaanyizo ne Fant Claus (Maryland[[FLL:1]) (1819), kye kiragiro kya kkooti enkulu eya Claus 18) ekibadde kikwata ku mateeka agafuga tteeka erifuga tteeka lya 'Federal Reserve'. Mcloch v. Maryland[[FLL:1] [1819]), Omulamuzi Omukulu John Marshall yakkiriza nti Consement yalina obuyinza obusinga obumenyeseddwawo mu Mateeka era obumenyesemenyese bulungi. Omusango gwava mu mateeka ga Maryland okugezaako okusasula Bank ey'okubiri ey'omu United States, eyatongoogerwa mu bbanka. Kkooti eyo yali ngeri “esaanira era esaanira” mu ngeri y'okutuukiriza obuyinza bw'ekibiina nga biwayungibwa, nga mw'esolooleza ssente, ne bwenkanankana n'obusuubuzi bw'ongo.[5]

Omusingi guno ogufuga amawanga kwe kussaawo omusingi gwa 'Federal Reserve' gye gubeera. Bwe gwayisa akakiiko akafuzi mu 1913, kyesigamye ku kukozesa endowooza y'emu: okukola banka ey'omu nninga kyabanga kya muganyulo nnyo mu kukozesa obuyinza bwa gavumenti ku ssente, bbanja, oba ku banka. Ekiragiro kino kiwandikawo emisango gy'olukiiko olukulu, nga [[FLL:0] United States v. Butler[FL:1] [193][FLT]]][Wickard v. Filburn] [192])]

Ebyafaayo: Okuva ku Bank eyasooka okutuuka ku Federal Reserve Act

Okusobola okutegeera obulungi etteeka eryali likwata ku ttabi ly’eby’obufuzi, kya muganyulo okutegeera ebyafaayo ebikwata ku nkyukakyuka mu banka mu Amerika.

Banka Esooka n’Eyokubiri ez’omu Amerika

Alexander Hamilton, ng'omuwabuzi wa Ssente, yawa amagezi ku Banka eyasooka ey'Amerika mu 1791. Yawakanya nti Amateeka ga Claus gaaleka banka y'eggwanga okuteekawo banka y'okuddukanya obulungi ssente z'eggwanga. Thomas Jefferson ne James Madison baawakanya banka, nga bagamba nti eddiini teyawa kkaanya eyo. Pulezidenti George Washington yawagira Hamilton, n'assa omukono ku banka eyo mu mateeka. Bank eyasooka yakolera wamu okutuusa mu 1811, nga kiwandiiko kyayo eky'amateeka bwe kyateetaagibwa.

Bank ey'okubiri eya Amerika yawandiisibwa mu 1816, oluvannyuma lw'okuggibwawo kwa ssematalo mu 1812. Gavumenti yaayo yaddamu okusoberwa naye kkooti enkulu yasalawo mu [FL:0] Mcloch v. Maryland yakakasa nti kaweefube asobola okuwamba banka. Kyokka, Andrew Jackson, omuwakanya ennyo Bank ey'okubiri, yagikomyawo mu 1832, ng'agamba nti yali terina kkomyantiti era nti obufuzi bwayo bwali tebukkirizibwa busaanira ate nga busaanira. Jackson yasobola okuwamba banka ey'okubiri mu Amereka tewali bbanka y'omu Amerekawo mu mwaka gwa 80.

Okutya kwa 1907 n’Okweegayirira Okuleetawo Enkyukakyuka

Banka ey'omu masekkati ga Bulaaya bwe yalekera awo okukuba banka mu Bulaaya. Eky'enjawulo kyalimu okukaluubirirwa kwa Konsitalunti ya 1990, eyayanika obunyoolagano bwa banka mu nsi eyo. Mu ngeri y'emu, Congress yatandikawo National Monetary Commission eyanoonyereza ku banka mu Bulaaya era n'ekubiriza okukolebwa kwa banka ey'omu masekkati. Atementi eyakolebwa ya Federal Reserve of 1913, yali akakwakkulizo ak'amaanyi mu by'obufuzi ne k'amateeka. Abawagizi baatirisiteesi baa baatirizo baatwala nti obuwayinja bw'eddiini obwo n'obwewandikiro obusingako obunene obwava mu ku ku kussaawo essente ezibagirwa mu byuma eby'eby'obusuubuzi obwa bulijjo. Abavuziganya, bakkiririza bas ow'ebyo bye bawawawawawawawawawawawaago.

Mu nkomerero Congress yayisa ekikolwa ekyo, era Prezidenti Woodrow Wilson yakiteeka mu mateeka. olukiiko olukulu olw'eggwanga lwakola nga banka ey'amaanyi.[1] Olukiiko olwo lwakola nga banka y'abatya obuyinza n'abo abaagala okuba n'obuyinza mu by'ensimbi. Enteekateeka eyo yalimu b'ekkumi n'ababiri abakungu ba gavumenti, akakiiko ka ba Gavana mu Washington, D.C., ne kakiiko akaFederal Open Marketment Sy (FHOMC), akakola enteekateeka y'embalirira ssente.

Etteeka n’Emasimu mu Kkanisa

Ekitongole ekikola ku by'enkola n'obuyinza kya 'Federal Reserve' kisengeka ebigendererwa bya Fed'. Wadde nga Amateeka tegafuga biruubirirwa bya ngeri ki, kissaawo enteekateeka akatundutundu akakiikirira enteekateeka za kakiiko akaawerera ddala obuyinza ku Nsigalira y'amateeka. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, kakiiko akategese ekiragiro kya Fed, naddala nga wayiseewo 1977, kaakkiriziddwamu ebigendererwa eby'emirundi ebiri.

Okukolera Awamu: Emirimu Mingi n’Emitemere Etagudde Lubege

Ekitongole ekikessi ekiyitibwa Federal Reserve kitera okwogerwako nga kirina “ekiragiro”: okutumbula omulimu n'emiwendo egitereevu. Ekiragiro kino kiva mu kkaadi y'amateeka okutegeka eby'obusuubuzi n'ebitundu ebya ssente. Amateeka tegawa biruubirirwa bya ssente oba eby'okugula ssente. Naye Consert yasalawo nti ebigendererwa ng'ebyo biteekwa okukolebwa okusobola okutuukiriza ebiruubirirwa byago. Ekiragiro kino kirimu enkola y'amateeka efuga emitindo gy'ensirimu egifuga obutebenkenya eby'eby'enfuna n'obulungi.

Mu nkola, ekitongole kino kinnyonnyola “empeereza y'omulimu ennungi” ng'omuwendo ogusingayo obunene ogw'emirimu egikwatagana n'okukmanya kw'ebbeeyi y'ebintu.“ Emiwendo gya ffuuti nga n'ebbeeyi y'ebbeeyi y'ebbeeyi y'ebintu 2% mu bbanga eriwanvu, nga bwe kirabikwatibwa n'ebbeeyi y'ebbeeyi y'ebbeentungo (PCE). Embalirira y'omuwendo gwa ebikozesebwa mu kugulamu ebikozesebwa ebikozesebwa ebikozesebwa ebikozesebwa ebikozesebwa, n'ebbeetaayi y'etaayi y'eyambisibwa mu ku bikwata ku biruubirirwa bino.

Okwefuga kw’Ekisolo n’Obwetwaze bw’Ekibiina ky’Ekibiina

Ekimu ku ebyo ebikyasinze okubuusibwabuusibwa ku kifo kya ssemateeka wa Federal Reserve kwe kwefuga bokka. Fed si kitongole kya kakiiko akakolera ku buwaze mu gavumenti. okusalawo kwakyo ku by'ensimbi tekukkirizibwa Prezidenti oba Consement, wadde nga abo abakirimu balondebwa Prezidenti era nga Akakiiko akakkirizisa akakiiko akafuzi, era nga Congress kayinza okukomya Federal Reserve Act ekiseera kyonna.

Obwetwaze buno bwesigamye ku misingi egikwata ku kwawula ab'obuyinza n'enkyukakyuka. Abaatandikawo baali bamanyi nti obuyinza ku ssente n'ebbanja buyinza okukozesebwa mu bya bufuzi. Nga baziyiza bbanka ey'omu mabbali okuva ku kupikirizibwa kw'eby'obufuzi okw'ekiseera ekimpimpimpi, Embaga ziyinza okusalawo nga zisinziira ku mbeera z'eby'enfuna so si ku nkyukakyuka. Mu kiseera kye kimu, amateeka ga gavumenti gonna galina okukozesebwa okusobola okusasula obulungi ensonga zaago. Lipoota ezo zisobola okuzigoongera ku kkansa, n'abakungu baago nabo bawagidde ebitongole ebikola ku by'eggwanga.

Kkooti enkulu yawagira kyeyetongodde mu nsonga eziwerako, wadde nga era ewagidde nti Congress asobola okutereeza oba okuggyawo ekitongole ekyo. Lovel v. United States [1988] n'emisango emirala, kkooti yakitegeera nti Consert eyinza okusigira abakungu ba ofiisi z'amatabi obuyinza obw'okussaawo omusingi bwe kibawa obulagirizi mu bye bakola.

Okukugira Empisa z’Ebikolwa by’Abannantameggwa

Wadde nga etteeka lino lye musingi omutuufu, era liteeka n'obubonero wakati w'amateeka n'enkola ya CFederal Reserve.

Endowooza ya Claus ne Egyawukana ku y’Abaana

Ekitongole ekitegeka nti ebintu ebya kampuni bikozesebwa nga tewali asasula, ekifuga ettutumu ery'okutaano. Okugattibwa kw'okuddira ssente mu nteeko kwateeberezebwa okusobola okugula ebintu ebya lukale nga tekibalirwamu. Kyokka, abakugu mu by'amateeka bawaayiriza nnyo okusobola okukakasa obanga ebintu ebyo bibaamu “okuddoola. Ssawaawa eziba ziteekeddwawo ku ssente eziyinza okukozesebwa mu ngeri ematiza. Ssaze zigamba nti enkola y'ensimbi ezikwata ku ssente tezirina kye ziyinza kukolawo nga ssente eziyinza okugula ebintu, kubanga zikozesa ssente za kampuni. Kyokka, amateeka gago gaayamba okujjukiza F ensalo ezikwata ku n'obutebe bw'amagoba.

Enteekateeka n'obuteeyambisibwa by'obufuzi

Ekiragiro ekiyitibwa Sceeve Process Claus ku Amereka ey'okutaano era kikwata ne ku 'Federal Reserve' singa kiba kiwa ebiragiro ebikwata ku banka, ebitongole eby'eby'ensimbi, era nga kirina okugoberera enkola y'okufuga, okuwa amagezi n'obuyambi okukakasa nti amateeka gaayo tegateereddwawo buteekwa ku buwaze. Ng'ekyokulabirako, singa etteeka erikwata ku by'okusalawo oba ebigezesa ebizikobera, liteekwa okukola ekyo mu ngeri etuukana n'obusobozi obwa mateeka obufuga enfuga. Wadde nga by'ofisseteeka amateeka gaayo tegalina kuba nga geebiwandiiko ebireetebwa Fad, naye nga bigoberera obutuufu.

Afrânce ne Rystras of the Fed

Ekiragiro kino kyakolebwawo nga bank'ebitundu kkumi na bibiri ebikola ebbenseni eyoleka embeera z'eby'enfuna ez'enjawulo mu nsi eyo. Buli banka erina pulezidenti eyeetaba mu nkuŋŋaana z'e FOMC era n'ewagira endowooza y'ekitundu. Enkola eno eyoleka ebigendererwa by'abantu mu kifo ekimu. Era ekwatagana n'omusingi ogufuga eb'eby'enfuna.

Empaka ez’Omu Kiseera Kino Ezeetooloddwa Ekiddukiro

Egyo emirundi mingi giba gikwata ku ngeri gye kiyinza okugobererwamu, engeri gye kikwatibwako, n’engeri gye kiyinza okukozesebwamu.

'Akamenti Resourcess: Department of thesed of org

Mu 2008 nga wazzeewo obuzibu mu by'enfuna, ekibiina kya Freded kyabuuzanga nnyo akakiiko akaakozesebwanga okusasula ensimbi 13(3). N'olwekyo, okusobola okuwa obukiiko obutali bwa nsale, gamba nga banka n'abayinzi b'eby'obusuubuzi. Ekiragiro kyayisa etteeka nti okusaasaanyiza mu kakiiko ka gavumenti kwaleetawo ebibuuzo kulaga oba nga ssente eziweebwayo teziri mu ntegeka ya gavumenti nga tezikkiriziddwa. Ekiragiro kya 'Dodd-Frank' mu 2010 kiragiro kyateeka ekkomera eriggya ku Kitundu 13(3) era nga k'ok'okko okkirizo ekiteeredde nga kikyetaagisa okukkirizibwa okufuna enkumbo ezibalwa mu Nkola y'okugaba ssente mu kifo eky'okusasula ssente mu makolero geeyambisibwa mu makolero. Okukyusa okwo kulaga nti enkbookita z'obukulembeze bw'empalaafunjabwa.

Mu DEUtsche Bank National Trust Co v. Federal Reserve Bank of New York (203) ne misango emirala, kkooti ziwagidde nnyo okusasula ab'obuyinza ku kabukulu akagabanyizo nga ziraga enkozesa, nga zoogera ku ngeri ennukuta eweereddwa Congress. Kyokka, etteeka erya lisigalawo: obwetwaze bwa Fed mu nkola ya ssente obutereevu era n'enkola ya CRCM ne kkosettulumu z'okutongoza enzikkiriza enkola ya kkaze ey'amagye.

Okugeenya Obulungi Amateeka n’Etteeka

Fade okusalawo okugula emigabo gya gavumenti n'emigabo gye gisasula oluvannyuma lwa 2008(*) era mu kiseera kya kawumpuli w'ekibiina era yaleetawo okuwakana mu mateeka. Abawakanya abamu bagamba nti okusemba enkyuukano wakati w'essente n'ebiwandiiko bya gavumenti, kisobozesa gavumenti okugula ssente awatali lukusa. Abawandiisi baakirizi nti Fedd ekozesa obuyinza bwayo obw'enkuukate okutegeka ebbanja era nti Consement akkiriza enkola eyo okusazaamu nga bakkiririza mu kiwandiiko kya Cederal Reservation okusasula ssente.

Ekibuuzo ekijjawo mu mateeka kisinziira ku ngeri ebyo bye yakola gye bikolebwamu mu bitundu ebiterekeddwa akakiiko akafuzi ka gavumenti.

Whatting Application

Ekiragiro ekirala kye kyawaanya. Ekitongole kino okusobola okukikuuma n'okukikuba ku mpapula z'amawulire. Ekiwandikiro kya projective ekisooka okubaamu okumanyisa oba obutamanya ebyo ebiba bisaliddwawo. Mu 1993, kkooti enkulu eyatuula mu Fulleral Opentrant Comment v. Merrill] yagamba nti, FIMC tekyasembebwa kutegeeza nti enzigirogobeerwa kwayo okwesalirawo mangu olusenyiizi oluvanyuma, naye okukyusiza n'enkyukakyuka ezizzewo mu nkola yaayo, bye kkokyusizza mu lukalala. Leero, okunoonyereza okw'eby'eby'ebyenfuna kukolebwa mu masaza ga demokulasenti n'okunoonyereza kuyinza okulemesa okumanyira obulungi ensonga eyo. Abavuunvuunika abamu bagamba nti okumanyisaamu omuteeyaga ay'enkola ya demokulase.

Amateeka n’Ebinaabaawo mu Kiseera eky’Omu maaso eky’Edda

Ng'ekyokulabirako, mu kukulaakulana kwa digitation, wajjawo ebibuuzo bingi ebireetawo ensonga ezikwata ku maanyi g'ebiwandiiko bya gavumenti okuwa ssente era ne kiba nti ekifiid kiyinza okuteeka mu nviiri za banka eziba ziteekeddwawo wansi w'amateeka. Abakuutifu bataddewo endowooza ku ky'okulabirako n'okukuŋŋaanya obubaka mu nkola eya kompyuta.

Mu ngeri y'emu, ebiteeso eby'okuzza obusambajja ekifo ekiragiddwa mu by'ensimbi nga okuteekawo etteeka eryandisinzidde ku ngeri y'okuleetawo ssente nga liraga nti omuntu akyayinza okukkirizibwa mu kifo ekirala.[1] Singa Consert yali alina okukugira amagezi ga Fed, kiyinza okutwalibwa ng'obuteetongodde ku b'obuyinza bwa gavumenti; singa liba liggula nnyo, liyinza okumenya etteeka eritakkirizisa ekkomera erikwata ku nkola y'amateeka. Kkootikko esingira essaawa ekyaka ennyo gye buvuddeko awo okuzzaawo ensonga ez'okufuga, kiyinza okugezesa ekkomo lya gavumenti.

Empeera Esembayo: Integeka y'Ekiwandiiko eky'Ekkanisa Okukyusa Ekkuuka kw'Enfuna

Ekitongole kino kyakolebwa mu mateeka ga gavumenti nga kyateekebwa wansi w'obuyinza obwateekebwawo Conset , obwayingiziddwa okwawulawo obufuzi era obugattiddwa eddembe n'enkola za gavumenti. Ekiragiro kino tekisalirawo bantu kalonda yenna akwata ku by'ensimbi naye kiwa ebiragiro ku muzannyo nga mu guwandikiro oguteekeddwa okukoleramu . Okuva ku banka ya Hamilton okutuuka ku y'omulembe ogwa FIMC, emisingi gy'amateeka egya buli lukalala lw'obuntu, amaanyi ageeyoleka, era n'okuvunaanyizibwa kwe buwanjufu okuzza endowooza y'essente n'okwewomanyisa Amerika.

Ka kibe nti ensonga ereetebwawo nnyo oba nga waliwo ekkomo lya kwefuga, etteeka lino lijja kusigalawo ekiwandiiko ekiraga nti obusika bw'ensimbi bwa Amerika bulina amaanyi era n'obukugira ssente. Okutegeera ensonga eno kikulu nnyo eri buli muntu yenna ayagala okufuna ekifo mu ggwanga erifuga Amerika.

For further reading, see the Federal Reserve’s official overview of its structure, the Constitution Annotated’s analysis of the coinage clause, the text of McCulloch v. Maryland, and the United States v. Butler decision on the spending power. These sources provide deeper insight into the constitutional issues discussed above.