Obuwanguzi Kye Ki era Lwaki Bukulu?

Féderalism kye kibiina kya Lyamateeka ekyawulamu amaanyi wakati wa gavumenti y'ensi yonna ne gavumenti z'ensi. Mu Amerika, enteekateeka eno tebeera y'okufuga obuyisi.[1] Eno nteekateeka ya bugenderevu etegekebwa okuziyiza okuteekebwawo kw'obuyinza naye gavumenti zikole nga demokulase. Okutegeera nti gavumenti z'ensi kikulu nnyo okusobola okutegeera engeri abafuzi gye bafugamu Amerika mu buli kifo, okuva ku ttendekero okutuuka ku k'ebitundu ne ku kkampala, era n'engeri abantu gye bakolaganamu ne gavumenti zaabwe buli lunaku. Omukago oguli wakati w'ab'obuyinza n'ab'obuyinza bwa gavumenti gulina kye gusinziirako okuzza omusango ku nsonga z'eby'obulamu ebya lukaze, ne ku misingi egikontana mu mateeka ga U.S.

Ensibuko y’Ebyafaayo eby’Obufumbo bw’Amerika

Abakola ku lukalala lw'amateeka ga Amereka baayolekagana n'ekizibu ekikulu: engeri y'okutandikawo obumu obw'amaanyi obusobola okukola obulungi nga bakuuma eddembe n'obufuzi bwa gavumenti emu. Ekiwandiiko ekyaddako, Articles of Confederation, kyatandikawo gavumenti ey'enkobyonnamu erina obuyinza obw'okusasula emisolo, entegeka, oba amateeka agagifuga. Kino kyaleetawo obutakkaanya mu by'eby'enfuna, enkaayanya, n'obuteekwate'owanjula okugonjoola ebizibu ng'okujeemera Gavumenti ya Shays'. Ekiragiro ekyakwatibwa mu 1787, kiwandikibwa "GUNIRGUPU] mu kifo kya siteesiteesi eno enziro eziba ziteereddwawo, ne gavumenti z'amawanga nga ziteekawo amatwaliro gonna.

Eggulu eririmu ebirombe by'awamu, ebiwaanyi ebi'okuwagira enkola y'obutuuti obutuufu n'ebyo ebikolebwa wakati w'ekitongole ekiwandiikiddwa abakuguwanya [[FOLT]] abannassaayansi [[FOLT:3] (abaatya obutwa) (omulembero ogwasembayo]. Amabaluwa nga [1] goolekawo [[[FLT:] era ne ne Fieration.[5] [5:] Kino kyakyusa ekiwandike ekiwandikiro ekisembayo] era ne kiyinza okukikuuma obulungi ensonga eziva mu buyinza n'obuyinza. Ate era ne ku buyinza obusinga obungi, ebiva mu bitundu ebiva mu Amerika bireeteebirimu. Era ebiwera obungi, ebitongole ebikola enzikyula okusobola okukyula ekko. [5]

Enteekateeka Enkulu Ebikwata ku Kugaba Obufumbo

Yakozesebwa, era n’Amaanyi Agatali Bumu

Ekiragiro kino kissaawo entegeka ey'ebitundu bisatu eby'obuyinza. Amaanyi ag'ennamba ge gano agasengekebwa mu Article I, Ekitundu 8, nga mwe muli n'obuyinza obw'okusiiga ssente, okulanga entalo, okutegeka obutundutundu, n'okussaawo ob'entebe ez'amakomera. Agumentirikiti E] Ebiri mu Ndala y'enkola ya Classione (Ekiteesitebwa I, , Ekitundu 8, Classiitea, ekiwandikiro, ekiwagira Kko amateeka gonna okuteekawo “amala n'okuteekawo amaanyi agago. Ekiragiro kino kye kiko omusingi gwa g'amasaza amatwalidde mu nsi, okuva ku ku kukolebwa ku nkola y'entegeka ya ggwanga eri mu kudda ku nkola ya k'enkola ya k'enkola ya k'ebuk'ebuk'ebuk'enno.

'Ebuyinza obubadde bukozesebwa bwe busigire ddala gavumenti. Buno butwaliramu obuyinza okulonda, okutegeka ebizimbe, okuteekawo gavumenti ez'omu nfuga, okuteekawo gavumenti ez'omu bitundu, n'okufuga embeera z'eby'obulamu. Omulongo ogw'ennono kye kitebenkezo kya gavumenti ekiterekeddwa, nga kikakasa nti gavumenti teyinza kufuga mulimu awatali bulagirizi bwa gtonde ekiwandiiko.

Ebirala Ebiriwo n’Ebya Claus

Ebya bufuzi ebimu biwagirwa gavumenti za gavumenti ne gavumenti. Buno [bufuga] nga buzingiramu obusobozi bw'okusasula omusolo, okwewola ssente, okuteekawo enkiiko, n'okukwasisa amateeka. Amateeka aga gavumenti bwe gatakwatagana, oba obuswazi bwa Claus (Akabonero ak'okusasula VI, Clausce 2) era ne tteeka erifuga enkobyokka. Kino kitegeeza nti kkooti zikwatibwa n'amateeka g'ensi yonna. Era n'empalako n'empanya z'amateeka ga gavumenti bwe gaamenya amateeka ga gavumenti, oba singa gawakanya amateeka oba amateeka. Kkootikko [FLD], 'MLY'.'. Mary: [19] Ekiragiro ekitongole ekitongole ekitongole ekitongole ekitongole ekiremya enzika enkola eno, tekiyinza okumanyisaamula amala amagoba olw'obuyinza okuva mu mateeka.[FLC.][F.'omuteerkirkig.'omutemos][F.'erki

Okukkiriza Okujjuvu n’Obusanyufu n’Enkolagana Ennungi

Akatundu ak'olukalala olwo era katwaliramu enteekateeka ezigatta awamu amawanga ng'eggwanga erimu. Okukkiriza okw'Enkomeredde ne Claus by'oteekako obuyinza obw'okussa ekitiibwa mu bikolwa bya gavumenti, ebiwandise, n'ebiragiro ebiragibwa mu bitundu ebirala. Prigegegeges ne Immustias ebigatta awamu bikkirizibwa okuzza eggwanga eri eggwanga eriba limu obumenyi bw'amateeka, Clauslee[ era nga bitegeeza nti abantu abanoonyi b'omusango bakomezebwawo mu ggwanga. Bino bitegeka nti, okugoba ebitongole ebikola amateeka bwe bikuuma amateeka.

Endowooza y’Obufumbo: Yava mu Kukolagana N’Okugatta

Dual Federalism (1789-1930)

Ebyafaayo bya Amerika bingi, gavumenti ya sirverikiti yayisa ensonga ezikwata ku bunene bwa zzaabu ne “kkayiti". Gavumenti ya Amereka yafuga ensonga ezikwata ku ggwanga lya Isiraeri(war, ensonga ez'amawanga, eby'obusuubuzi, ne mu by'obusuubuzi). Wadde ng'ebiwandiiko bya gavumenti ebyafuga ebintu eby'omu kitundu gamba ng'enjigiriza, amateeka g'obufumbo n'enkwaso. Ekiseera kino, kimanyiddwa nga [ olukalala , olulagirwamu emitwe egy'obuyinza obwa bulijjo. Kkooti n'ebitundu ebya bulijjo kyakuumanga obufuzi, nga kimenya amateeka g'ensi agasukka mu mu b'ebuvirondo. C.[FLT], Kkooti eyo yafuga enkola eya gavumenti za gavumenti z'ebyempalaawulamu, nga zirdenti za gavumenti za gavumenti za gavumenti za gavumenti za gavumenti za gavumenti za gavumenti.

Ekibiina ekikola nga ekiwandikiro (1930s-1970s)

Great Depression and Pulezidenti Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal yaleetawo programu mu kifo ekitaago. Gavumenti ya okutandika okuteekawo ssente ezizisobozesa okufuna ensimbi ez'okukola obulungi, eby'enkola, n'emirimu, okutandikawo “kakolo” mu kifo eky'obuvunaanyizibwa. Kkooti esingayo obukulu gye kyasangibwamu. Enkola ya Kkooti enkulu mu [[FLL:0] NLB v. Jones & Laughlin Sel Corp. (37) yakkiriza enteekateeka y'eby'eby'enfuna okukkirizibwa mu nsi wansi wa Claus Claus. Kino kyasobozesa amaanyi g'ekibiina okumanyibwa mu nteekateeka z'eby'eby'obutebenkero, Médid, ne mu maduuka. mpulamenti y'ensi yonna okumanyisa ebigobeegatisebwa mu ggwanga lya ggwanga lya ggwanga. [

New Federalism (1970säPresenter)

Mu kuddamu enkola y'obufuzi bwa gavumenti okugattika, Pulezidenti Richard Nixon ne Ronald Reagan baalwanirira New Federalism, nga bagenderera okuddiza ab'obuyinza n'obuvunaanyizibwa mu gavumenti. Kino kyali kizingiramu okugabana essente, okugabana obutereereza, n'okukukoma. Kkooti enkulu wansi wa Kkooti y'Ekikulu William Rehnquinst era n'etongoza obuyinza bw'eggwanga mu mbeera eziwera, nga [[FLT:] United States v. Lopez [19595], ekyakubagattiza gavumenti mu bitongole ebikola ebitongole ebikola enzijanjabi mu by'obusuubuzi, ne mu ngeri y'emu, era ne mu mpaka za Poko. Stockseasessoase, ebitongole ebiva mu ggwanga ebirala, ebiva mu kawe, ebiva mu kawero ate ebiva mu ggwanga.

Obutuuti obufuga engeri y'okuddukanyaamu obutundu bwa: Twale esatu

Obujjanjabi

Ekiragiro Act [Fffordcable Creasure Act (ACA) ekya 2010 kiraga engeri gye kikozesaamu obuyinza bw'ensi ya Amedicaid mu 2010. naye olukiiko olw'eggwanga olumu olw'ekika kya 'FLT'edentil'er'ebuddel'. Sebelius[[FLT]][3] Kino kyalaga nti gavumenti yagiwagira kyeyagalire. Ebivaamu, amawanga agamu gaagaziyitibwa nga Medicaid bwe gataasaawo, ne galeetawo obutakkaawukanya obw'amaanyi mu ku nsonga z'eby'obulamu. Ekiragiro kyatandikawo enzivvuunuzi y'ebusuubuzi, naye nga n'eby'obungi bisalawo okubugunjula mu butango. empapula bino byo byombi biyoleka engeri ez'okweyisaamu n'enjawulo mu Amerekani.

Obuyigirize

Wadde nga waliwo ekitongole ekirabirira eby'Enjigiriza mu Amerika, enkola y'obuyigirize mu 2015 eteekawo emitindo egigobererwa abaana n'eggyo egyakolerwako. Kyokka, amateeka agakwata ku ddembe lya bantu n'okussaawo empandika ezigobererwa mu by'enjigiriza gasobola okugobererwa wamu n'okukuuma abaana abava ku bunafu. Ebitongole by'essomero ne bapaapaapassssssssss emirundi mingi bikontana n'abakungu ba gavumenti mu ngeri y'emu nga bagezesa, ebisomebwa ku ssomero, ne ku ddembe ly'okutwala LBTQ, ebireeteezebwa mu masomero, ne ku ku nsonga z'eby'obuyigirize.

Obwenkanya n’Amateeka Agateekeddwawo

Etteeka ly'obumenyi bw'amateeka okusingira ddala likola omulimu gwa gavumenti. Amasaza gassa essira ku kusalira omusango ogw'amaanyi olukalala lw'amateeka, okugobererwa kw'amateeka, n'okulumiriza abamenyi b'amateeka. Gavumenti era ne kooti z'eggwanga zissa essira ku kuyisa obuzzi bw'amateeka obw'omu nviiri nga biri kungulu, okutunda amalagala, n'okumenya eddembe ly'abantu. Kyokka, amateeka ga gavumenti tegafaayo nnyo. Ng'ekitongole kya gavumenti kino kiteeka essira ku ngeri enkola y'olukonkonkovvuwa olwo gye luggulaamu olukumbongo olukulembeddwawo olukuutiutiuti ezikkirizibwa mu by'ekisawo oba mu by'enkola.

Fiscal Federalism: Grants, Mandates, n’ebikuuti

Enkolagana ey'oku sistemu ey'ensi leero mutabaganya okuyitira mu ssente. Fossicalism[ Kino kitegeeza okukozesa enzivvuunuzi ey'ensi n'empandika ez'enjawulo eziweebwa gavumenti. ] Ekirabo eky'enjawulo[[, Community Broughts]] [[FLT]] [[FLT]]] Kino kitegeeza nti mu kuzimba essoosaawo, ebiva mu by'eyingiso bisingawo ebikolebwa.][FLT:][FLT][5][5] era nga tewagibwaw'omulembe omutemwa w'essente eziba okuziteeka mu kifo ekiteeyitiribwa.[5][5][5][5]

Mu kawumpuli w'ekiwayi ekya 19 ebyakolebwa mu Covid, gavumenti yateekawo obuwumbi n'obuwumbi bw'abantu okuyamba mu masaza okuyitira mu ttikiti y'essente ezikozesebwa okusobola okufuna ssente eziva ku misomo gy'empandika n'okubulwa emirimu. Gavumenti ezimu zaakozesa ssente ezo okugonjoola ebyetaago; endala zaasasulwa olw'ebyo bye zalaba nti bye bikosezza obukujju. Akabenje kano kaayoleka obwetaavu bw'eby'obugagga by'ensi n'okuyomba okwajjawo nga zigoberera ssente ezizirimu.

Ebizibu Ebiriwo Leero

Ebiruubirirwa by'Ettaka oba Obuyinza ku Bukulu bwa Bunnaabwo

Emitwe gy'emitwe gy'ennamba gamba ng'okuva mu ggwanga, okuggyamu embuto, n'okufuga emmundu, bikebera ekkomo lya gavumenti. Arimara v. United States (202]), kkooti enkulu yasaze ekitundu ekikulu ekya SBB, nga ekutte etteeka erikwata ku bannaggwanga eryawula eryago. [FLT:]] Dobts v. Jackson’s Organization of Health Organization [2022]] K'awuluuk'asalibwa ekiteeso eky'okugoba [[FL:]. Wade v era n'ozza ekiragiro eky'okuggyamu etteeka eriva mu mateeka. Gun'eggwanga kireetera okuleetawo envumbo.[FLT]

Okutuuka mu Mitala w’Amerika

Obudde busobola okuleetawo enjawukana. Abatuuze mu magatte agakola enteekateeka ez'okugaba banyumirwa okusasula Medicaid ssente ezisasulibwa, oba obuyambi obwa waggulu ababeera mu nsi endala bwe batalina. Wabula, olw'okuba tewakyaliwo mateeka mangi, baaww'okusikiriza bannabizineesi naye ne bagula abateesite nabo basobola okulekulira. Kawumpuli w'ekika ekya 19 yakirabwa kino: ente ezikolagana n'obujjanjabi bw'eby'obulamu obunywevu zisobola okuganyula ennyo n'okumanyisanjawukanya n'okugezesa okw'enjawulo. Endowooza ng'eyo ereereetera okuleetawo obuwangwa oba obutalaga nti gavumenti zikola ku nsonga ez'enjawulo era n'obuteebwetafaayo.

Okuyaayaana mu by’obufuzi n’Okugabana kw’Ebirabo

Ebibiina bino ebinene bwe bigenda bitongozebwa mu bitundu ebirala, enkola ya gavumenti eyinza okuleetera eb'amawanga okubaamu ebbugumu eriva ku nkyukakyuka z'obudde. Eggwanga emyufu ne gavumenti eza bbulu ziyinza okuyisa amateeka agaawula ku nkyukakyuka y'obudde, eddembe ly'okulonda, n'ensonga z'abantu, okuganyweza obuwangwa n'obuwangwa. Kino oluusi kiviirako okubuleetawo obukuubagavu mu nsonga z'ensi, gamba nga gavumenti bwe zisemba baliraanwa b'obutonde bw'obutonde bw'ensi oba singa bagavana bagaana abasibe okuziina enzibe mu mawanga amalala. Ate era kisobozesa gavumenti okugaana okumenya amateeka g'ensi, nga bwe kirabibwa ku “amateeka agakwata ku ku ku kukwata amasaze ne ku ku ku bubugwenyuma. Okuziyiza okwawukana kw'eggwanga, era ne ku ku ku ku ku nkola ey'eggwanga okuleetawo enfuga.

Ebinaabaawo mu Kiwaawo

Obufuzi bwa Tekinologiya n’Eby’Ebitongole Ebirala

Intaneeti ne nfunamu y'obutunzi ereetawo okusoomooza okutali kumu ku sistemu. Ng'ekyokulabirako, empagi z'eby'amakutu ku mikutu gya kompyuta: California’s Consumer Act kikwata nnyo okusinga amateeka aga gavumenti, era gavumenti endala zikwasizza amateeka agafaanagana. Okutaba na mateeka ga gavumenti agafuga ekyamako awatali muntu kitegeeza nti babizinesi balina okusala amateeka mangi agafuga gavumenti. Mu kiseera kye kimu, eby'obufuzi bya gavumenti eby'obuteesitenziko biwandikiro bya Classiasce arguay'okutegeka e-quecommerce mu ggwanga lyonna naye nga bya bufuzi bwe biremesezza enkola y'emu.

Enkyukakyuka mu Nkyukakyuka y’Enkuba n’Obutonde Obw’Ennansi

Kakwate ow'obutonde era n'enkola endala gye ziwanirwa. Etteeka eririna enzivuunvu z'amateeka era ne gavumenti gye ziteekawo amateeka agafuga obutonde bwonna, naye liteekamu emitindo gya gavumenti. California, nga kiriko omuteesi wa njawulo wansi wa Act, ekiteeka emitindo gyayo egisobozesa okufulumya emmotoka. N'ebitundu ebirala ebitegekebwa gavumenti bwe bigobera ku mateeka ageetaagibwawo, amateeka nga California ne New York gagoolekawo n'amateeka agakyangu. Ebizibu ebiva ku kwonoona okwonoono kweya kw'ofu (umz., nga empakalu, empanvumbuka empanvu mu migwa gya ssemateeka) z'ensi eyo ziteekwa okukolagana n'okukyusa. Olw'obukyungi obwa bulijjo, gavumenti eyinza okusindiggala amateeka eri mu ggwanga erimu ne New York, naye nga yo ebiva mu mateeka ebiva mu mateeka eby'okuyongojja bisigala by'ebiragiro byayo.

Emizannyo n’Ebikolwa by’Abantu Bisibukako Amaanyi

Obufumbo buleetawo engeri nnyingi ez'okunyigiriza abantu okukolamu enkyukakyuka mu mbeera z'abantu. Enteekateeka z'eggwanga zisobola okuzikola, okuwangula mu mateeka agafuga enfuga, era oluvannyuma ne basemba okutongozebwa mu ggwanga. Okusinziira ku ngeri gye kiragibwamu, okuteeyisaamu okw'onkana kwatandikawo bya kkooti enkulu mu maaso ga kkooti. Obergefell v. Hodges[[FLD]] [2015] okusalawo okwetaagisa okumanyibwa mu ggwanga lyonna. Mu ngeri y'emu, okuwagira okulongoosebwa kw'amateeka, okugattulula ebyamasaza byeyongera, era n'okukuba oba okukuba kampulumengo kusinga okukola mu kkooti enkulu mu kuzimba ebigenda mu maaso. Bwe kityo, enkola ya 'Federal' ey'okukyusa ebizibya protookita'''ebitundu ebikola mu malwabugweemputaafu'''okunoonyereza okusobola okumanyisaamu.

fundikira

Fraderalism ekyakola ekifo ekikulu mu gavumenti ya Amerika, nga eyoleka obwetaavu bw'obumu mu ggwanga n'emiganyulo gy'okwefuga. Okuva ku nkyukakyuka zaayo mu baatandikawo okusobola okuziraga mu nkola zaabwe ez'eby'obulamu, mu by'enjigiriza ne mu mateeka, okugabanyizibwa kw'obuyinza wakati wa gavumenti ne gavumenti, okuteewala okujjawo. Okutegeera nti gavumenti kitegeeza nti obufuzi tebulina kifo kya waggulu era tebufugibwako ddala era tebussa kitiibwa. Wabula, obuwagizi bwa bya tekirina buyinza kufuga mu U.