Akabiina Akaziyiza Obuddu n’Enkomerero y’Obuddu

Abakola ng’aba Frederick Douglas ne Harriet Tubman baayamba nnyo mu kumanyisa era n'okuwagira eddembe ly'Abafirika.

Frederick Douglas, eyaliko omuddu eyafuuka omulabirizi era omuwandiisi, yafulumya ebitabo ebijuliziddwa ebikwata ku byafaayo bye. [FULT:0] Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglas, omuddu Omu Amerika mu 1845] yatuusa obubaka ku bantu mu nsi yonna era n'ayoleka ebikolwa eby’obukambwe mu kibiina. Harriet Tubman, mu kiseera kye kimu yakulembera emirimu egitali gimu okununula abantu abaali mu buddu okuyitira mu kizimbe ekya wansi ekya Railroad.

Ekibiina ekyo era kyesigama ku kusoomooza okw'omu mateeka n'enteekateeka z'eby'obufuzi. . Ekibiina kya American Anti-Xladyry Society, ekyatandikibwawo mu 1833, kyakolagananga mu kwegattika emboozi n'ebitabo. Wadde nga kkooti enkulu ya '1857' Dred Scott v. Sandford kye kyasalawo obutakkirizibwa okuba omutuuze wa Baafirika, ensonga eyava ku nzikkiriza okugaanyibwa kweyongerayongerayongera. Okulonda Abraham Lincoln mu 1860, ne kugoberezebwa kwa Ssema w'eggwanga, kyatandikawo amateeka.

Ebirungi Ebisinga Okukolebwa mu Kiwandiiko kya mateeka

  • [[NKULA] Ekirabo (1863): Etteeka lino erya Prezidenti Lincoln lyayisa mu bitundu eby'ebukiikaddyo. Wadde nga lyali liko ekkomo, lyakyusa ekigendererwa kya lutalo era ne likkiriza Abaamereka okuva mu Afirika okuweereza mu magye ga Kijaasi.
  • [[NKULA]] 13th Amerekance (1865): Mu bufunze, okuggyako nga yabonerezebwa olw'omusango. Kino kyava mu kugoba obuddu mu Amerika era n'obuwanguzi mu kibiina kya Union.
  • [[NT:0]] 14th Amerekance (1868): Obutuuze eri abantu bonna abazaalibwa oba abaamanyibwa mu Amerika, nga mw'otwalidde n'abo abaali abaddu, era nga n'obukuumi obw'enkola wansi w'amateeka. Ekiragiro kino kyafuuka ejjinja erisookerwako erisinziirwako eddembe ly'obuntu mu biseera eby'omu maaso.
  • [[NT:0]] 15 Kayisaali y'etteeka (1870): kyategeeza nti obusosoze mu bukiikaddyo bw'ekkati n'obusosoze obw'okukka wansi okusinziira ku langi, langi, oba obuwangwa obwali bubaddewo. Wadde ng'okugobereza abakwasizza ekiragiro kyali tekyetaagisa okumala emyaka nga kikumi, kyateekawo omusingi gwa mateeka.

Okuzikirizibwa kw’ekibiina ekyo kwalaga nti obuwagizi mu by’empisa ne mu by’obufuzi bwandigonjodde obutali bwenkanya obw’omu mateeka, naye okulwanirira omuwendo gw’abantu ab’enkizo eza nnamaddala kyali tekinnaggwaako.

Ekibiina ky’Abakazi

Ekibiina ky’abakazi eky'abakyala eky'omululu kyalwanirira eddembe ly'abakazi ery’okulonda, ekyatuuka ku kutuuka ku kutuuka ku kuwummuzibwa okw'omulundi ogw'ekkumi n'omwenda mu 1920. Abakulembeze nga Susan B.Amston ne Elizabeth Cady Stanton baawandiika obutambi, ne bawandiika ebitabo okusobola okukakasa nti eddembe lino likyali kkulu. Ekibiina ekyo kyava mu kibiina ky'abafuzi abangi abaakyenyigira mu by'obufuzi, era ne bakiraba nti nabo tebaalina buyinza.

Mu 1888, olukiiko lwa Seneca Falls lwatandika ekibiina ky'abakazi ekikola ku ddembe. Olukuŋŋaana lwa lwatandika nga kaweefube ow'okulangirira eddembe ly'abakazi .

Ebintu Ebikulu Ebiriwo

  • [[NT:0] Enkolagana y'eggwangakazi eyitibwa Suffnge Association (NWSA) ne American Women Suffrage Association (AWSA): Ebibiina bino oluvannyuma byagattibwa wamu ne biteekebwa mu kibiina kya National American Women Suffnge Association, nga byetegekedde mu nsi yonna.
  • [[Akawayiro:0]Ekitundu eky'omu nviromenti (1869)[[Akawayiro]]]: Ekiragiro ekisooka okuwa abakazi eddembe ery'okulonda, nga kissaawo ekyokulabirako eri gavumenti endala.
  • [[NKULULA]]1971 [1920]: Oluvannyuma lw'emyaka mingi nga bakuba kaweefube mu kiseera kya Ssematalo I, enkyukakyuka mu ndowooza z'abantu zaakkirizibwa. Kasaze kaagamba: “Eddembe ly'abatuuze mu Amerika okulonda teriyinza kugaana oba kuwerebwa Amerika oba kuvvugibwa gavumenti yonna olw'okwetaba.”

Ekibiina ekyo kyawa abakazi omukisa okulonda, era kyassaawo engeri ez'enjawulo ezikwata ku kwenkanankana okw'ekikula, naye era kyalaga nti waaliwo enkyukakyuka ez'amaanyi mu mateeka okuyitira mu kupikirizibwa kw'omuddo ogugenda guzingizibwa mu bitundu ebitali bimu.

Ekibinja ekikola ku ddembe ly'obuntu (1950s-1960s)

Ekitongole ekiyitibwa Civil Rights Movement ekya 1950 ne 1960 kyalina ekigendererwa eky'okumalawo obusosoze mu langi n'obusosoze mu Amereka mu Afirika. Abakungu nga Martin Luther King Jr., Rosa Parks, ne Malcolm X baalabika mu kiseera kino, nga bawagira okubeegattako okubeesamba, okusoomooza mu mateeka, era nga n'ensonga ezimu zikolebwa. Ekibiina ekyo kyaggyamu enkola ya Jim Crow ey'okumenya amateeka okuva ku nkomerero y'ekitongole ekitongole ekitongole ekikirimu.

Okuwangula Obuyambi n’Okuyita mu Buwandiike mu by’Omu Mateeka

Nga 1960 tewannabaawo kwekalakaanya okw'amaanyi, ekyatongole ekya NAACP Legin Defense Fund, ekyakulemberwa Thir Good Marshall, kyakola olukunkumuli lw'amateeka okukomya obwetwaze obwa bulijjo. Obiwandiiko ekya 1954 Brown v. Agoodoota g'e Education of Topeka gaasalawo nti “yawuka ate nga yenkana” amasomero ga gavumenti tegaayinza kutuukiriza bunafu, ne gagobera 1896 Plaves v.CM mu kusalawo kuno kwateekawo omusingi gwa ssemateeka mu kifo ekirala mu bulamu.

Ekitongole kya Montgomery Bus Boycott ekya 1955-1956 kye kyakola eky'enjawulo ekyalaga amaanyi g'ekibiina. Oluvannyuma lwa Rosa Parks okugaana okulekerawo okutuula, Abamerika baagoba bbaasi z'ekibuga okumala omwaka gumu. Omuzannyo gwagoota gwakoma nga kkooti enkulu egasa gavumenti egattiddwa mu ggwanga.

Omusango Omunene n’Enkyukakyuka mu Kteeka ly’Etteeka

  • [[NT:0] Act eya 1964: obusosoze obusingirwa ku langi, langi, eddiini, obukaba, oba obusika mu bifo ebya lukale, emirimu, n'enteekateeka ezisabibwa gavumenti. Bulimu ku mateeka agakyasinzeeyo okuba n'amaanyi agakwata ku bukyayi mu ggwanga.
  • [[NKULA] Era Ekiragiro kino kyamalangako akakwakkuliro ak'okulonda aka 1965: okukebera okutendekebwa n'okukola ebintu ebirala ebyakozesebwa okusazaamu abantu ba mu Afirika. Kyali kyetaagisa enzigi ezimu ezifuga ebyafaayo ebicaawulamu okusobola okufuna enzikiriza mu ggwanga nga tannakyusa amateeka g'okulonda ([]Ssoosa 5 nga bukyali obwa bulijjo). Kino kyayongera nnyo obuwandise bwa bannabyabufuzi mu bukiikaddirikiti bwa Blackerrook'okulonda n'okukireetera n'okukkopa obukkiririmu mu bukiikaddinfu.
  • [[Act:0] Akakwakkuli k'okulonda ebizimbe awalala awaakolebwa : okusosola mu kutunda, okupangisa, n'okusasula ennyumba ezeesigamiziddwa ku langi, eddiini, enneyisa ya ggwanga, era (oluvannyuma) n'obulema. Ekyo kyava ku kutemula omutemu omuwagizi wa Martin Luther King Jr. era kyakolebwa ku ngeri y'okulagamu nti mu mayumba ne mu busenge bw'ebibanja byammwe eby'ensi tebyawulibwamu.

Obukodyo bw’okwekalakaasa okusobola okuleetawo okusoomooza okutali kumu mu Amerika, n’okukubiriza okulwanagana okutali kwa maanyi, n’okukuŋŋaanya abantu bangi okusobola okubutuukiriza, bye byagobererwa mu bibiina bingi ebyaddirira.

Akakiiko k’ELGBTQ+ Eddembe

Ekibiina LGBTQ kyenyinyigidde mu kukkirizibwa mu mateeka era ne kiziyiza obusosoze. Ebyaliwo mu ngeri ey'ekika kya Rowall Riots mu 1969 byawandiisa ekiwandiike eky'okwenkanankana, ne kiviirako okukulaakulana mu mateeka okumala emyaka mingi. Nga Tennabaawo ebikolobero, abalyi b'ebisiyaga baamenyebwa emirimu, baagobebwa mu nsi, era ne poliisi yaabayisa bubi.

Oluvannyuma lw'okuwulira , LGBTQ+ abalwanyi baatandikawo ebibiina nga Gay Liberation Front ne kaweefube wa ddembe ly'abantu. Baagezaako okulwanirira eddembe ly'abantu era n'okuziyiza eddwanyi, nga mw'otwalidde alipoota, okusiikiriza abantu, n'okusoomoozebwa mu mateeka. Mu 1970, ebibuga ebimu byasalwawo nga tewali mateeka, era ne American Psychiatric Association ne baggya obulyinjabi bw'ebisiyaga mu lukalala lw'obwongo mu 1973.

Obuwanguzi Obukulu mu by’Amateeka

  • [[NT:0] LAWREnce v. Texas (2003): Kkooti enkulu yasattulula amateeka aga sodomal, ne kikomya ekikolwa eky'obugwenyufu mu ggwanga lyonna. Kino kyagobereza omusango gwa 1986 Bowers v. Hardwack[ era ne kikakasa nti ekikolwa eky'okwetaba okw'enyigo kiva mu bitundu eby'omunda.
  • [[NKULULA] United States v. Windsor (2013): Kkooti yasalawo nti gavumenti ya gavumenti eteekwa okukkiriza obufumbo obw'obukaba obukkirizibwa mu mateeka. Kino kyaviirako obufumbo obwo okusattululwa.
  • [[NKULA:0] Obergefell v. Hodges (2015): Kkooti enkulu yagamba nti abafumbo ab'obukaba balina eddembe lye limu ery'okufumbiriganwa nga bagoberera Kkukyusa kwa 14. Ekiragiro kino kyafuula obufumbo okuba nga bulimba wakati w'amateeka g'ensi, era nga waabawanguzi ba maanyi oluvannyuma lw'emyaka mingi egy'okwegatta.
  • Bostock v. Clayton County (2020)]: Kkooti enkulu yasalawo nti Olukiiko VII olw'omu kitongole kya Civil Rights mu 1964, olugaana obusosoze mu mirimu, era lukuuma obusosoze nga bwesigamye ku ndowooza n'ekikula.

Ng'oggyeko obufumbo n'emirimu, ekibiina kino kiwagidde abantu okukuuma ennyumba, ebisawo by'obujjanjabi, n'ebifo ebya lukale.

Ekibiina eky’Eddembe ne ADA

Enteekateeka z'entegeka z'abantu abaliko obulemu, ezaakulabibwanga mu myaka gya 1970 zaamalawo okusosola okw'amawanga, okusosolwa.

Ebirungi Ebiyinza Okukolebwa

  • [[NKULA] Okusosola 504 ku Act eya 1973: okusosola abantu abalina obulema mu mpagi za gavumenti. Ek'awulamu 504 kisigala nga kifuga-ins"ngng'obuwanvu bwaakyo obwali mu kizimbe ekya San Francisco ekyatongozebwa gavumenti okutuukiriza etteeka eryo.
  • [[Act:0] Act y'enjigiriza ey'ekika ky'abalema (IDEA) (197)[[[FULT:1]]: Yakakasa obuyigirize obwa bantu bonna obwa bwereere eri abaana abaliko obulemu, okusobola okukakasa nti basobola okugenda mu masomero aganene nga galiko obuwagizi obwetaavu.
  • [[NT:0]Americans Kino kikwata ku nkola y'obulema (ADA) (1990)]: okusosolwa ku bantu abalina obulema mu mirimu, aw'okusula, entambula, ebigobererwa bya gavumenti, n'eby'enkola ey'oku nnansi. ADA kye kyassaawo ekigo ku “kwebakira okumanyibwa okwa bulijjo” n'okuggibwawo kwa kizimbe.
  • [[NKULULA]] ADA Amereka Act (2008): Yayamba okunnyonnyola amakulu g'obulema okuzza obujjanjabi mu kkooti mwe zaali tezikyannyonnyolwa bulungi, ne kisobozesa okukuumibwa kwa ADA okusigala nga kunywevu.

Ekibiina ky'abo abalina obulemu era kyawangula obuwanguzi obw'amaanyi mu kkooti enkulu, gamba nga Olstead v.L.C. (1999), ekigamba nti okuteeba abantu abaliko obulemu kikontana ne ADA.

Eddembe ly’Obwannannyini mu Amereka n’Obufuzi

Mu 1924, abagigina ba Amerika bawagidde obuwangwa bwabwe okuva mu buwaŋŋanguse. Ekyasa ekya 20 kyawangula obuwanguzi obw'amaanyi mu mateeka obukwata ku bufuzi bw'eggwanga, ku buwangwa, n'okukuuma obuwangwa.

Ekitongole kya American Indian Movement (AIM) kyatandikibwawo mu 1968, nga kissa essira ku ntegeka z'endagaano, ebikolwa eby'obukambwe n'obwenkanya bw'eby'enfuna.

Okukulaakulana mu by’Omu Mateeka

  • [[NKULA] Ennux-Didian Self-Ditection and Education Act (1975): Buli kirese abantu okuteekateeka programu eza gavumenti ezaali zikozesebwa Bureau of Indian Affairs, nga zikubiriza enkola ey'okwemalirira.
  • [[Act:0] Indian Child Welfare Act [1988]: Yasemba okuggya abaana ab'enzaana eza Indiro mu maka ga nnamba, nga awa emboozi mu byafaayo okutwala abaana mu masomero g'abasuwere oba mu maka agatali ga nnansi.
  • [[Akawu.0] Act eya American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act : Kyetaagisa ebitongole bya gavumenti n'ebiwandiiko eby'edda okuwamya obusimu bw'abantu abangi ba Amerika ensajja n'ebintu ebirala okusobola okuddiza bazzukulu n'ebika.

Mu myaka egyakayita, ekitongole ekimanyiddwa nga Staving Rock (2017) mu Dakota Access Pipeline kyalaga nti waaliwo okufuba okw'amaanyi okukuuma ensi z'amazzi n'enkomera, ate kooti enkulu ey'omu D [FL:0] McGirt v. Oklahoma (2020) kyewanjudde nti ensi nnyingi eziri mu buvanjuba bwa Oklahoma ezisangibwa mu Amerika ez'esudde okusobola okukola eby'amateeka.

Ebibiina eby’Omu Kiseera eky’Omu Maaso n’Eby’Okubeera n’Abantu Abalinga Omu Mateeka mu Kiseera eky’Omu Maaso

Wadde nga wabaddewo enkulaakulana ey'amaanyi, wakyaliwo okusoomooza okusobola okuleetawo okulingana mu mateeka.

Kikulu Okukuuma Obulamu n’Okukyusa Endowooza

Yafulumizibwa mu 2013 oluvannyuma lw'okuyita George Zimmerman mu masasi ga Triovvon Martin, Black Lives Matter (BLM) nga kye kikola ennyo okukugira ettemu n'empisa embi ez'abapoliisi. Enteekateeka eno ekozesa enkola ey'okutegeka emikutu, enkola, okuwaliriza abantu okuvunaanibwa. Oluvannyuma lw'okutemulwa kwa George Flyd mu 2020, BLM yayamba okukubiriza akakiiko akakiiko akayitibwa George Floyd Justice mu Policicial Act, wadde nga ekitongole ekyo kyakimalirikitiddwa. //ekikugaana okukomya omulimu gw'okuteekako kamera, ebisaanyizo ebikolebwa ku kikaanyiikibwa kinneebwe, n'okulabirira obulambe obwa kyewandiikibwa mu magye mangi mangi agaasa.

Ebibiina ebyo bwe bissa essira ku kwawulaŋŋana, okusosola mu langi, obusosoze, n’okwetaba, kikakasa nti langi, obuwangwa, n’okwetaba bibeera wamu mu nkola y’okunyigiriza.

Okuwa Eddembe mu Kyasa 21

Oluvannyuma lwa kooti enkulu eya 2013 okusalawo mu Shelby County v. Hender yasaanyawo Ekitundu 4 ku mukutu ogukwata ku ntegeka z'ebitundu ebitegese, ogusalawo amateeka ki ag'enkola eza nukuta, agawera agaateebwa okulonda ebinnyonyola, okukebera n'okusangula obuvvuzi obunoonya. Ebibiina by'abalonde baakirizi baawakanya enkyukakyuka zino okuyitira mu kutandika n'obukwanguzi bw'eby'eggwanga. John Lewis Vointing Requence Act (Eddenment Act mu bitundu ebisukka mu kimu) ebiragiddwa mu ku mateeka ga n'okuzzaawo ebitongole ebibadde biyingizibwa.

Eddembe ly’Abagwira n’EDACA

Enteekateeka eyategekebwa nga baddukanya enkola y'obukulembeze bw'abaana mu 2012, esobozesezza abavubuka abasukka mu 8000,000 okuva mu nsi engwira okutwalibwa mu nsi endala. Okusoomooza okutali kumu mu mateeka kukolebwa mu DCA era n'abawagizi ba gavumenti okusobola okugonjoola ekizibu kino.

Era ekibiina ekyo kirimu enkola ey'okuyisa obubi abakozi, okuba nti kiri mu kkomera, n’okuweebwa obujulizi mu mateeka.

fundikira

Amawanga agakola ku ntegeka z'obuntu mu byafaayo byonna ebya Amerika gayambye nnyo okuleetawo okulingana n'obwenkanya mu mateeka. Buli kibiina kyesigamye ku buwanguzi n'ebyasomebwa abo abaakiriwo, nga kitandikawo obulombolombo obukubiriza abantu okuba abaddu mu biseera eby'omu maaso. Okuva ku kuba nti obuddu okusobola okumanyibwa nti abantu benkanankanankana, okuva ku ADA okulwana okulonda obwenkanya, ebyafaayo bigendera ku bwenkanya okuyitira mu kukakaasa okw'amateeka, n'obuvumu bw'abantu aba bulijjo abaagala okuyisibwa ng'abantu aba bulijjo. Okutegeera enkola zino tekuteeka kitiibwa ku nfuzeeko y'obufumbo, naye kitusobozesa okweyongera okuzzaawo omulimu gw'okulonda eddembe ery'okweyoleka mu byafaayo, nga bagoberera obutuufu, era nga bannabyabuli mu mateeka, era nga bannabyabuwanyisa abantu aba bulijjo abaagala okuyisibwa ng'abantu abatunzinzi.