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Engeri Ebikwata ku Busobozi bw’Omuntu obw’Ebyafaayo Gye Bikolamu ku Ntegeka Ezimu
Kkooti enkulu ekyusa endowooza z'abalamuzi okuzza ebirowoozo ku nkyukakyuka ezaakolebwako mu nkyusa ya demokulase. Abakugu bakkiriziganya nti amakulu g'amateeka gaateekebwawo mu kiseera eky'okugatta eddiini. Abawagizi bagamba nti enkola eno ekugira ensala ya demokulase okuzza ennukyuka ne demokulase. Abanoonyereza ku ngeri enkomyunizimu gye zigoberamu amateeka ga demokulase. Bawakanya nti gateeka mu mateeka agaddala, era nti gateeka mu kabi ak'obutali bwenkanya singa obusososookisi bujjawo. Obukyayi n'okwekenneenya ebyafaayo ku bwenkanankanankanankana mu byafaayo, amateeka g'eby'obusosoze n'emirimu egikolebwako.
Okutegeera Enjigiriza n’Ebyafaayo
Enjigiriza eyo tey'eyo yokka. Enkola ebbiri enkulu zikkusizzaamu: ekigendererwa eky'olubereberye ne amakulu ag'edda ennyo. Amakulu ago gatuuka ku ekyo abo abagoberera emitindo n'obukalu obwa bulijjo kye baatwala. Amakulu g'olupapula gagikkiriza. Amakulu g'ensonga, gaago gaago gaagobererwa Omulamuzi Antonin Scalia, n'ensonga ez'omunda zissa essira ku ngeri omuntu omutegeevu gye yanditegeddemu ebyawandiikibwa ebyo. Bino byombi bituuka ku bujulizivu ebyafaayo, empandikaatirivu, ebitera okubuwayirwamu, n'amateeka aga bulijjo. Kyokka, bye bisobola okuvaamu olw'enjawulo kubanga ebiruubirirwa eby'okungulula ebiteetatatatatataasa mu bigambo bye babadde bye bategeera.
Mu nnyiriri eziriraanyewo ku ddembe lye limu ery'obw'obukaba, abalamuzi ab'edda ennyo batera okusangamu ebigambo ebitali bingi mu byafaayo. Ebyawandiikibwa bya 'Constitution' tebyogera ku ngeri gye kituukirizaamu okwetaba. Bill of Rights ne 144th Ame Ame Amerekation byalondebwa mu biseera ng'enkolagana ez'enjawulo wakati wa bannakyewa ekoleddwako, oba nga tezimanyibwa. Abakoddookisi baasalawo obanga emisingi egya bulijjo egyateekebwa mu bigambo nga “obukuumi obwa bulijjo obw'amateeka” oba“ obubeegguzi obwa “obusobozi obwa bulijjo” busaanidde okukozesebwa ku mbeera z'okwegatta okwetaba. Abamu ku abo abagoberera enkola ya Clarealmenti Thomas, baawakanya ensonga eziba nga zigobe nga zigobeteeta ziko ddala nga bwe zigoberera enkola eya Creal Thomas Thomas; bateekwa okunnyonnyola emitindo emippya egy'okufumbiriganwa.
enjawulo ey'amaanyi eriwo wakati wa “okunnyonnyola” ne“ enkyusa.” Okutaputa kunoonya amakulu ag'ennimi agali mu kyawandiikibwa; okubuuka kubuuka kubuukamu amakulu we gabeera. Abeekenneenya ab'edda gamba nga Randy Barnett ne Lawrence Solum bagamba nti amakulu ag'olubereberye bwe gatategeerekeka oba nga gaasooka, abalamuzi bateekwa okukozesa emitindo emirala egy'amateeka emirala, naye nga tebagoberera mateeka gaabwe. Okwawula okwo kufuuka kwa maanyi mu ngeri y'amateeka mu mbeera z'emu, gye kibeera nga “ribeedexhex ,” era ne“ obukuumi obwa bulijjo bwenkana. Ekibuuzo kino kitegeeza nti amakulu g'obufumbo bwe gamu n'obugattidde ddala.
Ebyafaayo Ebikwata ku Ddembe Erya Nnamaddala Erya Nnamaddala Erya Nnamaddala Eryali Limu
Ebyafaayo ebyabunyisibwa mu byafaayo biraga nti enkolagana ey'oku lusegere ey'okwetaba yasiigibwa omusango. Amateeka g'ensi mu 1868 era n'ago agasooka gaamenyebwa mu ngeri y'obwenzi, nga gatwalibwa okuba ag'amaanyi. Ebiwandiiko eby'amateeka ebyabangawo mu kyasa ekya 18. Tewaaliwo gavumenti eyawandiisa ku bufumbo wakati w'abantu ab'ekikula kimu ne 19 obwatongoza ebiwandiikibwa nga “obubaanese.” Enkyukakyuka mu by'okwetaba ebya 1450, ezakkirizibwa mu mwaka gwa 1868, mu kiseera ng'amateeka ga gavumenti gaagaana okukkirizibwa okufumbiriganwa wakati w'abantu ab'ekikula ekimu.
Kyokka, abakugu abamu bagamba nti olw'okuba abaayisa ekiwandiiko kino eky'okusirika tebaakkiriza nti Amateeka ga Buwandiisi bwa 14 gaakuuma enkolagana y'okusembera kw'abantu ab'ebifaananyi, ebigambo ebimu tebiyinza kusomebwa. Abalala bagamba nti ebiwandiiko ebyakomebwa bisobola okukuumibwa mu ngeri y'emu amateeka nga bwe gandikuukiriziddwa mu bugenderevu, nga kirina ekigendererwa eky'okumanyibwa ng'abantu okutegeera okuba n'obwenkanankanankana. ebyafaayo ebireeteendwadde ku nsonga z'okwegatta awamu n'obusosoze mu biwandiike biraga engeri eno ey'amaanyi: Consementation eyawandiika ku by'ebiwandiiko ebyakkirizibwamu mu biwandikiddwawo n'abakazi. Kyokka, leero tewaliikukugira ku bakazi mu langi oba okugaawula olukalala oluvanyuma lw'ebitongole.
Bannabyafaayo bazudde obujulizi obulaga nti enkolagana ey'okwetaba yaliwo mu Amereka ey'edda wadde nga yateranga okukwekebwa oba okusalirwa omusango. Ebiwandiiko by'amateeka okuva mu kyasa ekya 18, biwandiise okuvunaanibwa mu ntalo, naye era emirundi egimu okuggibwa mu mateeka. Olw'obuteekwa kw'omutindo ogw'okulaga obukaba n'obukaba ku kwegatta ku bifaananyi, tetegeeza nti abo abagoberera enkola ez'okwetaba tebalina ndowooza; kitegeeza nti endowooza ezo teziwandiikiddwa mu mpandiika y'amateeka. Nolwekyo, abagoberera enjigiriza z'obulombolombo balina okusalawo oba obanga bafuga endowooza y'emitindo gya kiseera oba emisingi egitali gya Byawandiikibwa.
Okusinziira ku Mateeka n’Okutegeera Obutuufu
Kkooti enkulu bwe yeegatta n'enjigiriza ez'ekika ky'obusosoze mu misango gye gimu emirundi mingi, eyoleka engeri enjigiriza eyo gy'eba yategekebwamu. Lawrence v. Texas (2003), Judge Anthony Kennedy, yawandiika ku buwandiike 6-83 ku nsonga ez'ekika kya bannaalwa b'enkola, yasaze etteeka lya Texas sodomay eryesigamiziddwa ku nkola eya bulijjo. Omulamuzi Scalia yakiteeka ku mateeka agasingako omusingi, ng'okugamba nti amateeka agaamenyekaamenyeka gaasaasa mu n'ebyafaayo aga bulijjo agaagobererwa mu kiseera ekya 1450, gaali gagobererwa mu mateeka agatali ga bulijjo. Yasalawo nti amateeka mangi agafuga fuga enfuga enzikkulu n'omu ku zza ku mutwe ogwa ddyo.
Okusoma mu bujjuvu [[AK'AMUTANDIKA] [[AK'AMUTANDIKA]] Omusango [[[KITONGO]][[AK'AMUTANDIKI]]
Mu obergefell v. Hoddell (2015), gye yakakasa obusika obw'omu mateeka obwa demokulase, endowooza ezitakwatagana ne za Kenalac Thomas zeesigama nnyo ku ebyo ebyasooka okugambibwa. Roberts yawakanya nti “omukisa ogw'okufumbirwa" gwayogerwako ng'omusajja n'omukazi, era nti okutaputa amakulu ago gandivudde ku demokulase, tegajja mu nkola za demokulase. Thomas yeeyongera okukakasa nti amakulu ga “ng'enkola y'enkola eyo" gaakoma ku ddembe okuva ku kwefuga mu mubiri era tegasobola kuyingira bufumbo. Kyokka, abasinga obungi, tebaagoberera enkola ya demokulase. Mu kifo kya Kennedy, yaggumiza nnyo emitindo gy'okukwata ku nsonga enkulu mu ngeri y'okufuga mu bya byasavuwanya okumanyibwa mu byasa.[4] Enkola y'obufunze mu ngeri ey'obufunze.
Okusoma mu bujjuvu [[AGUMENTI] Obergefell[[[KITONGO]] kye kisalawo[[AK'AMUTANDIKA:3]
Gye buvuddeko awo, Bostock v. Clayton County (2020) yayogera ku mutwe VII ogugaana obusosoze mu by'okwetaba ne gukuuma abawagizi abalya ebisiyaga oba abo abasukkuluma ku kika kya nnukuta. Omulamuzi Neil Gorth, yennyini yennyini, yawandiika endowooza y'abalagisi n'oyo awandiika ebyafaayo. Yalekayo endowooza y'ebyafaayo ebikwata ku “okwetaba mu ngeri ey'okwetaba” era n'ateeka essira ku byawandiikibwa: okusosola obusosoze mu Byawandiikibwa olw'okusinziira ku kwegatta kw'abasosoze ate n'okusosola mu ngeri ey'okusosola mu mubiri. Endowooza eyo teyawukana ku ndowooza za bantu mu byafaayo. Mu 1964, yakkiriza nti Concercessionedgen mu birowoozo bye yali asokebwako “mu ku nsonga ey'okusosola obukabaati kubanga obusosoze mu by'okwetaba by'okwetaba bisobola okumanyibwa mu kifo eky'okumanyibwa ennyo mu kifo eky'okumanyisa mu kifo eky'okumanyisa obutuufu mu kifo eky'okumanyibwa.
Ekiragiro bwe kiba kisoma ennamba ey'ekika [[AKITANDIKA:0] Kiteekwa okuba nga kyaggwamu omutemwa ogw'okukwata ku [[[AK'AMUTANDIKA][[:2]
[[NKULA:0] Ekiragiro kino bangi baasoberwa nnyo Samuel Alito Omulamuzi kubanga ye yawakanya endowooza ye. Allito yawaayiriza nti amateeka agafuga enneyisa ya bulijjo gandibaddemu n'enkyukakyuka ez'amaanyi .Arito obutassa ku musingi ~ist[=grasts] kubanga akakiiko aka 88th Consective tekaalina kubaako kye kakola kye kimu mu bukiika obwa bulijjo, Kkooti tesaanidde kusoma mateeka okugagoberera. Empakaadi ey'omu Oluyonaani gyennyini. Ekiragiro kyatandika n'okukubagattira ku nnyiriri zennyini ezo nga y'ey'okubiri.[5]
Okusalawo mu Kkomera n’Okulowooza ku Bikwata ku Bufumbo
Ng'oggyeko kkooti enkulu mu ggwanga, kkooti z'ensi era ziwagidde okusoosa obutuufu bw'eby'obukaba mu misango gye gimu. Kkooti ezimu ez'omuti ogumu zinnyonnyola tteeka lya ssemateeka, nga zikozesa amakulu gaazo okukomya okuwera obufumbo. Ng'ekyokulabirako, kkooti enkulu mu Iowa enfuga ennyo yasalawo mu Varnum v. Brien[FL] [2009] [2009] (2009]) zesiga tteeka lya Iowas Constitution erective ekiragira ekiragira ekiwandikiro eky'enkola nga bwe limu, era nga kkooti eyo emanyibwa okuba n'amakulu nti erina amakulu genkanankanankanankanankanankanankanankana ennukuta ezibeera mu mifumbo. Kko mu mateeka kino tekirimu. Kkootikko mu mateeka eky'obufunze mu byafaayo bya bulijjo kye kikozeeko.
Eddembe ly’Okwetaba Limu
Emiganyulo gy'endowooza y'emu ey'ekitongole kino tegikkirizibwa. Nga Obergefell, kkooti z'ensi nnyingi zakozesa enkola ey'okusibuka mu nfumbo okuwanirira obuwagizi mu bya bufuzi. Ng'ekyokulabirako, kkooti Sikisi ey'omukaaga ey'oku Kibiina ey'oku Kibunnyonyooze mu Deoer v. Sny [[FLT]]] [yagamba nti, amakulu g'ebyafaayo gaabyo gaayamba okugattika obufumbo ng'obufunze wakati w'omusajja n'omukazi, gayinza okusobozesa abakugunja abakugunjufu okumanyibwa, era n'okusalawo kwa demokula okuva mu ngeri y'obufunze, naye nga kusinziira ku ku ku ku kuginnyonnyola mukinyonyonyonyonyonyi okumanyibwa. Ebibiina ebiva mu mateeka ebirala ebirala ebibadde bikola enzinnyonnyola ebigamba nti, ebiva mu ngeri y'okusinziira ku ntandikwa y'okufumbiriganwa ebiva mu bungi, ebiva mu bungi
Mu nsonga ezikwata ku ntegeka z'abantu, enkaayana ez'ekika kya extern egenda mu maaso. Abalamuzi abamu bakyaziyiza obusosoze mu bantu. Abalamuzi abamu, nga bakozesa enkola za structural Bostock, basososolwa ku mirimu nga bakolera wansi wa mutwe VII, so si nga ba mateeka. Obusosoze mu kkooti ez'awantu obutono tebusinziira ku bulombolombo bwa tteeka lya Kirati nga obukkirizibwa, naye buziyiza obusosoze mu kuteekawo abantu ab'enkola eya bulijjo. Abalamuzi abamu bazudde nti amakulu g'okulonda obwa “sokisi” mu ngeri y'obusosoze obw'ekikula yennyini, era n'okusosola okwesigamye ku bantu ab'ebifaananyirimu, tekusobozesa kwongera kumanyibwa na ku kubali ng'ebyo ebiteefaananyisifu. Ate abalala, era nga beesigama ku mitindo egy'okulingana n'enkola y'ennamba ey'abantu, bazudde okuwakanya mu ngeri ezikontana n'okusosola.
Okukwata Obudde mu Ngeri Egitagudde Lubege
Enkaayana ezikwata ku nsonga z'eby'obukaba ezikwata ku byafaayo mu nsonga ze zimu, ziraga nti waliwo okukontana okw'amaanyi wakati w'ebirooto ebibiri ebimanyi obulungi amateeka n'enkyukakyuka ezigakwata ku mateeka. Bannassaayansi abamanyi ebifa ku mateeka bagamba nti amakulu g'amateeka gajja kufuuka n'enkyukakyuka mu ngeri entegeke obulungi. Balaga nti eddembe ery'ebiwandike emirundi mingi, nga mwe muli n'okugatta obuwangwa bw'ekikula, n'okuzaala abaana nga benkanankanankanankana, tebyamanyibwa mu ku nyinjabibwa, naye nga bakkiriziddwa nti kino kitegeeza nti abalamuzi ab'enzikiriza enzikiriza z'eddiini ez'enjawulo zisobola okukakaatiisaamu.
Abeekenneenya bangi bawa amagezi ku kifo ekimu. Ng'ekyokulabirako, “enjigiriza y'amateeka” egamba nti amakulu g'amateeka ga'edda gatera okubaamu emisingi egitategeerekeka egitategeerekeka egitasobola kukolebwa ekiseera ekiwanvu. Mu ndowooza eno, amakulu gaasooka gagamba nti“ obukuumi obwabanga bwenkana obwasooka oba“ebbeert” gwe mutindo ogugazi ennyo abantu gye basobola okuteeka mu kifo ekigereke nga tebamenye tteeka eryasooka. Kino kibasobozesa LGBTQ+ obukuumi nga tebaleseeyo ensibuko ya makulu. Mu ngeri y'emu, Randy Barnett agamba nti, amakulu g'omu mateeka okusobola okukuuma eddembe, nga mw'otadde n'enkola za muntu kinnoomu.
Abakugu mu by'amateeka bagamba nti ebintu ebyakolebwa edda mu byafaayo tebiyinza kutegeerekeka bulungi. Wadde nga bannabyafaayo bakkiriziganya ku ngeri gye bakolaganamu n'abantu ab'ebiti ebimu, nga bagoberera okumanya okwo okukwata ku nkola y'enkola y'enkola y'enjawukana mu mateeka. Abo abagoberera enkola y'enzikiriza ey'ekika kya diractisnesme tebaategeera nti omuntu bw'aba yeegatta kimu kirina emirundi mingi okusinga bwe kyali kibadde.
Endowooza z’Abayizi ba Bayibuli ku Nzikiriza Yaabwe
Abeekenneenya eby'amateeka bafulumya ebitabo bingi ebikwata ku nnukuta ez'enjawulo n'enkola eya LGBTQ. Ekitundu ekikulu ekya Profesa William N. Eskridge (Essomero ly'Amateeka) kyekenneekenneenya engeri endowooza nti enjigiriza y'edda yakozesebwamu okuwera obufumbo obw'ekika kya nukuta. Awaanya nti enkyusa ya Baibuli esingirayo ddala okuba ennungi mu kutegeera amakulu g'enkola y'okwenkanankanankana wakati w'ebiwandikiro ne +ebitundu ebyakaaweefube. Bino byekennesssssss by'okwekenneenya ebirala ebya Purofessootaant Sherif Girgis, omuwandiki w'obufumbo obuwandikiddwa mu kusooka bwetaagisa abalamuzi okunoonyereza ku nsonga ezisookerwako.
[[Act:0] Ekiragiro bwe kigenda okusoma ebisingawo ebikwata ku kutandika n'obufumbo obw'ekikula ekimu mu Yale Law Journal
fundikira
Ekifo eky'enkola mu byafaayo mu kusalawo kw'omusinze era okw'obusobozi obw'okusiiga enzivu, esigala nga nsonga ya maanyi nnyo mu mateeka ga Amereka. Enjigiriza tey'eyawula ekiva mu nkola emu. Wabula, ewa kamera ez'enkola eziyinza okuvaamu eby'enjawulo okusinziira ku nkyukakyuka ki eya musoofo omulamuzi gy'akkiriza era n'engeri gy'annyonnyolamu obujulizi obw'ebyafaayo. Ebyo ebisalibwa mu , bye bivuddemu, nga bisinziira ku ku ku bufirosoosoozo, ne ku ngeri gy'annyonnyolamu obujulizi mu byafaayo. [FLT:] Kino kiraga nti endowooza ya mu kusooka eyinza okutegekebwawo n'okugaziwanyisa n'okusobozesa LTT-QQPGENS, gye yeeyongera okukubaganya n'enkola n'ensonga ez'abantu abalala, ebibaliraakulabisi, ebibagirwa mu bitundu eby'ebimu. Ebitongole ebipya, ebibadde binnyonnyola ebituufu eby