Mu kuwa obujulizi obwa nnawookeera mu ddembe ly'abantu, obuwandiikiddwamu businga kuba busonga bukulu ku ngeri ensonga gye ziyinza okugonjoolwamu. Obujulizi busobola okulaga oba okuwakanya obusongasonga ku busosoze, empisa za poliisi, oba eddembe erya puli. Enkola eno eyinza okukolebwa nga kifugibwa amateeka agakubiddwawo amateeka. N'olwekyo, abawagizi ba mateeka bakuuma amateeka nga bakakasa nti abakwasisa amateeka n'abakwasi b'ab'obuyinza tebagugubira ku ddembe lya buli muntu kinnoomu nga bakuŋŋaanya obujulizi. Nolwekyo, okutegeera engeri amateeka gye gaafugamu ensonga ezikwata ku ddembe z'obwewawawawawawa, abakkugizi, n'abo abawagira obugolokofu bw'obwenkanya bw'amateeka.

Okutegeera Ebisaanyizo Ebitutuusa ku Lutalo

Etteeka eriteekeddwa okukwasibwa liba kiragiro ekiweebwa omulamuzi oba omulamuzi atabaako ludda lwokka lwo lwokka olukkiriza abalamuzi okukaka akakwakkulizo ak’okunoonyereza, okunyaga ebintu oba okukwata omuntu.

[

] “Eddembe ly'abantu okubeera n'obukuumi mu bantu baabwe, amayumba, empapula, n'ebivaamu, nga banoonyerezebwa mu ngeri etategeerekeka oba nga basirika, tebijja kwonoonebwa, era nga n'abawagizi tebayinza butabuzibwa, naye nga bawagirwa Oath oba obujulizi, era nga bannyonnyola ekifo eky'okunoonyezebwamu, era n'abantu oba ebintu eby'okunyagibwa.”[

Enkyukakyuka eno eleetawo emisingi ebiri: okusooka, okunoonyereza n'okugwa ensimbu biteekwa okuba “makulu”; era n'ekyokubiri, ebikakasa nti kyetaagisa enkola okukakasa obutuufu. Okufuna obukwasiddwa bw'amateeka, okusobola okufuna obukwasibwa, omuteesi oteekwa okulaga ensonga [[], kuteekwa okulaga ensonga eggukako.], kirina okukyogerako nti obwetaazi obw'enkomeredde, obwewandidde, obwetaavu buno buteekwa okuba nga bujulizi obutuufu, oba obulaga nti obumenyi bw'omusango buliwo mu kifo ekimu. Obujulizi obutuufu buteekwa okuba nga [:] obutuufu obwo bulaga we busangibwa ne bikiyinza okukwatibwa. Obubonero buno obusinga obungi obuteeyambisibwa mu ku “bunoonyamu, obunoonyamu obutuufu.[FLT][kasaamu][FLT:]

Mu byafaayo, ekiragiro kino kirina kkomo lya mateeka ga Bungereza aga bulijjo era n'ebitongole bya bannaakyemalira ebigaana obuwagizi obwa “buwa obuyambi obwandiweereddwa,” obwasobozesa ab'obuyinza mu Bungereza okuseesa mu maka awatali nsonga ntuufu. Abakola ekkomera ku ddembe eryasooka baagenderera okusala amagezi agakwata ku ddembe ery'okuna okuyisibwa mu ngeri eyo, nga bateekawo olukalala oluwandikiro abantu basobole okufuna eddembe ery'okwetongodde. Mu kiseera kino, amateeka gakkirizibwa okuba nga gagobererwa mu kukuuma amateeka ne mu nsonga ezikwata ku ddembe ly'obuntu, naddala mu nsonga ezikwata ku ddembe erya nnamba, era n'ekitiibwa kya bantu.

Emiganyulo Egiri mu Kwetaagira Okutereka Obujulizi

Abakwasi b'amateeka bwe bagoberera enkola etuufu eziba ziweereddwa okulwanirira eddembe ly'abantu, obukakafu obuba buzzeewo tebusobola kuggibwawo era busobola n'okuziyiza okusoomooza okutali kumu. Kyokka, singa omuntu abaako akakwasizza obujulizi ku nsonga nga yeesigama ku bukakafu obuzingirwa mu nsonga z'obwannannyini, obukalu ne bulemererwa okuzikkiriza.

Okutuukiriza Emitindo gy’Empisa n’Egy’Amateeka

Ekiyinza okuvaamu kwe kuyitira mu mateeka ag'omu buwandiike, agalaga nti obujulizi bumenyeddwa ku Kkooti ey'okutaano okutwalira awamu tebusobola kutuuka ku bamenyi b'amateeka era n'ensonga ezimu ez'omunda. Ekiragiro kino kyateekebwawo kkooti enkulu mu Mapp v. Ohio [1961], ekyagaziya amateeka eri mu kkooti z'eby'omunda. Mu nsonga ezikwata ku nsonga, amateeka n'okugoba amateeka okusobola okufuna ebilagibwa nga kiremesezza obujulizi. Ng'ekyokulabirako, okunoonyereza okunoonyereza ku by'eby'okulwanyisa ebireetebwa mu makubo, singa abakungu balemedde okukoma mu kkooti z'amateeka okulekawo oba okuzuula amateeka, singa enziresebwamu ku mateeka, oba okuzuula ebitongole ebirengo.[]

Okukuuma Enkolagana Yaffe n’Ekiseera Kye Tubadde Tubaamu

Ebisaanyizo ebikugirwa okukuuma obukwasibwa kw'abantu kinnoomu, nga kino kye kisinga obukulu mu kuleetawo obwannannyini. Singa tewabaawo kkomo, abatuuze ba gavumenti bayinza okusemba amayumba, ofiisi oba emmotoka nga beekengera oba nga basosola. Kkooti enkulu era n'egyojjooooooozezza nti olukusanya oluwandikiro lwe luba “bulkurk” eri obutegoosoozi obwa buli muntu kinnoomu ([ Katz v. United States, 1967). Mu nsonga ezibakwata ku nsonga ezibakwatako, n'okunoonyereza ku langi oba okutabangawo ku nsonga ezibakugira. Singa abakungu babadde banoonya mu kifo eky'obwewamu nga bawagidde eddembe lyabwe mu mateeka, bayinza okuwakanya eddembe lyabwe ery'okugoba eddembe lyabwe.

Okwewala Obusobozi bw’Okunoonyereza

Ekiragiro kino kikugira obunene bw'okunoonyereza ku kifo ekimu oba ku bintu ebyawogeddwako. Abakulembeze b'amateeka bwe batabanga n'obuyinza obukakasa kuyisa bannabyabufuzi, nga banoonya mu ngeri enneekusifu, nga buno tebusobola okusaasaanyizibwawo, era nga buno buyinza okusaasaanyizibwawo n'eby'obufuzi. Obubonero obuzingiramu okukuba obulumbaanyi bwa poliisi, obuwagizi bwa gavumenti, obuwera obungi bw'obukalu bwabwo busobola okugwa mu nsonga, ate n'obuvubi obuba nga bukkirizibwa busobola okubumalawo, era n'obukodyo bw'obukujjungi obwo buyinza okubuyingira mu mateeka. [[FLT:] v.[FLCK:1][197][9:][18][9][8][9][7][9][9][9][9][9] Ofityo ekiragiro ekyako, olupya Kkopulmooti, olukkiriza okunoonyereza olw'okunoonyereza olw'ebiragiro, ate ne kubaako, ate ne kubaako

Okwawulibwa ku Byetaago Ebituwa Empeera

Wadde ng’okuvaawo kw'Emitendo ogw'okuna okwetaagisa obusawo, okuggyako ng’abakwasi b'amateeka bateekeddwawo okulonda obujulizi mu mbeera ezimu, era bateekawo ekkomo ekkulu erina okusalirwa abamenyi b'amateeka.

Ekibindedwa kinnamateeka ey'ekyabulikimu kinnaakyo

Singa omuntu akkiriza kyeyagalire okunoonyereza, tewali lukusa luteekwa kuweebwa. Okusemba kuteekwa kuweebwa kyeyagalire, nga tewali kukakibwa oba kukakibwa. Ensonga ezikwata ku ddembe ly'abantu zitera okujjawo singa abapoliisi basaba olukusa mu kiseera eky'okuwummula kw'ebidduka oba mu bifo ebituulamu abantu abatono. Kkooti zikebera obanga okukkiriza okw'embeera zonna okukkirizibwa mu buwagizi obwa kyeyagalire. Ng'ekyokulabirako, Kkooti Empali Esinga Obukulu mu .[FLT][127]][127]]

Endowooza Enkyamu

Ng'ekyokulabirako, singa omukungu atwala emmotoka mu mateeka n'alaba ekyokulwanyisa ku mmotoka, bayinza okukinyamba awatali bukakafu. Kyokka, enjigiriza ekyetaagisa okugobererwa eyinza okutegeeza omusirikale okujja mu kifo awavuunulirwa amateeka era ensonga ezikwata ku nsonga zireetebwewo mangu mangu. Emirundi egimu eddembe ly'abantu liba liba nga liwakanya obwangu obw'okutambula era ne libategeeza nti omuntu asoose okutunuulira ebiba ku lubalaba takkirizibwa.

Embeera Enzibu

Bwe wabaawo embeera ey'amangu, nga banoonya mu bwangu obujulizi obujulizi obuba bulaga nti wazzeewo akabi ak'amaanyi, oba nga bawambye obujulizi obwangu obwakayutla, bayinza okuyingira mu maka oba obutafuna bujulizi. Embeera bwe ziba nga tezitegese. Mu nnyankano z'abantu, abakungu bayinza okugamba nti obwangu obwakolebwa oba okukaluubirirwa okulaga nti obujulizi tebuliiko musango. Ng'ekyokulabirako, mu BRAM v. Sturt[2001] (2006], kkooti enkulu ewatutte nga bawulidde abasirikale nga balwana munda mu nnyumba. Naye singa embeera ziba nga ziteeredde bulungi abakungu abo abagamba nti tewali bujulizi bwonna obutuufu.[FLT][FLT.[FLY]][2001]]

Ebintu Ebirala Ebiyinza Okulabika

Ng'oggyeko okunoonyereza ku nsonga ezikwata ku bantu ab'amawanga amalala, waliwo n'okunoonyereza ku bantu abakwatibwa (abakungu ba gavumenti okukebera omuntu n'okunoonya obujulizi obw'omu kitundu aw'okwerinda). Ekifo ekimu bwe kiba nga kyawuliddwa, emmotoka ezikkirizibwa okukebera emmotoka nga tezinnabaawo, n'okunoonya ensalo z'empandika z'empandika mu nsasa, oba okuseekenneenya ensalo z'ebitundu by'empandika mu nsi yonna nga tewali bukakafu bulaga nti zirina lukusa). Buli mulundi, abasirikale bannagw'okusemba baapima bannazo era batera okuzikolako. Ng'ekyokulabirako, emmotoka enzijanjabibwa mu bifo ebibalwanira obutuufu mu bifo ebiyimirira ebirengo, omukungu oyo anoonya ensonga z'ewalibwa zza zza empirimu oba n'empaka z'okugwa.

Okunoonyereza ku Misango Egikwata ku Ddembe ly’Obuntu

Omuntu bw'aba avunaanibwa obukyayi oba obujulizi obulagira okukuŋŋaanyizibwa, oba bw'afuna obujulizi obulagira obutuufu bw'ensonga z'eggwanga, aba avunaanibwa obukyayi bwa poliisi, oba okukwatibwa mu bukyamu, oba okusalirwa omusango, era n'engeri gye kyafunibwamu, oba gye kiyinza okutongozebwa.

Etteeka ery’Olubunaala ly’Omunda Liyamba Okugonjoola Ebizibu

Mu nsonga ezikwata ku ddembe ly'obuntu ezireetebwa wansi wa 42 U.S.C. 1983, abawaabi bannabyabufuzi bayinza okunoonyereza ku nsonga eziba ziteekeddwawo mu kunoonyereza oba okukwatibwa obulwadde obwa kansa. Etteeka ery'okuggyamu empalana terikwata ku bikolwa eby'okugoonoona gavumenti, naye liyamba abalyi b'amateeka okunoonyereza ku nsonga awatali kuvunaanibwa awatali kusalirwa. Ate era, singa okunoonyereza okwo tekusobozesa bantu kumalawo nsonga ezibaviirako okukaluusibwa obujulizi, essooti eziba nga zigenda zigenda ziggyibwawo oluvannyuma, tekiyinza kunywezebwa. Okutegeera emitindo egikwata ku nsonga ziyamba abalwooya z'amateeka okulwanirira eddembe lyabwe.

Ebikola ku Kakodyo k'Okuzigguka kw'Emibango

Abakungu ba bannamateeka abakiikirira ebitongole ebikuuma amateeka bagoberera enkola ezikkirizibwa okugobererwa. Obubonero obutuufu bukkirizibwa okulwanirira eddembe ly'obuntu. Obutuufu bukkirizibwa / okuyambibwa olw'ensonga eziyinza okuviirako abakungu ba poliisi okuvunaanibwa ebintu bingi ebikyamu. Kyokka, abakungu ba gavumenti bwe balemererwa okufuna olukusa oba okuteeka obwesige mu bukwasiro obukyamu, obujulizi obuba buviirako ababakankanyi oba abajaasi okukajja.

Obukakafu Obuli mu Bitabo

Ekiragiro kino kiwadde obuwumbi bw'enkyukakyuka ez'ennamba obunene mu ngeri esobozesa ebisaanyizo ebizingirwamu okukola obulungi. Okunoonyereza ku ssimu ez'omu ngalo, kompyuta, ne ku ebyo ebizuuliddwa ku kompyuta kireetawo ebibuuzo ebikwata ku “seesa... era ne ku kigero ekiba kyetaagisa. Kkooti enkulu ekirango kya nviiri za bannannyini ze kirowoozesezza. California (yakkiriza nti buli muntu yeetaaga olukusa olw'okunoonyereza ku ebyo ebiri mu nnyingo z'omusimu, nga akitegeera nti teri n'obusobo obunene obwa bulijjo bulina data eya bulijjo. [FLT][5]][5]][5][5]][5]]]

Empisa Ezisingayo Obulungi mu Maaso

Abakungu ba gavumenti abakola ku nsonga ezikwata ku ddembe ly’abantu, balina okukola ebintu bino wammanga:

  • K'okayita ku kiwandikiro oba nga kwa '[[NKUMBO' tekituukirizidwa.' Okwetegereza obanga ebikolebwako bibadde bituukiriza kiragiro ekyo biteekwa kuba nga bituukiriza biteekwa kuba nga bituukiriza biyingizibwa.[[-FLT:1] Obuwayiro buno buleetera ekiragiro okuzuula ensonga ezikiwagira kwe kikomye.
  • [[Act:0] Obubonero obukkirizibwa bukkirizibwa:[[-FLT:1] Gezaako okulaba obanga omuntu yenna tabukozesa, n'akakansa ku nsonga lwaki tebukwatagana.
  • [[AKIT:0] Kiwandikiro enjegere ez'okusinziramu abaana:[[[KITANDIKA]] Ne bwe kiba nti ekiragiro kikkirizibwa, okuwa obujulizi busobola okuwerebwa.
  • [[Akabonero:0] Abajulizi: Abeekenneenya ebiva ku Amereka eky'okuna oba abaakakwasisa amateeka mu biseera eby'edda basobola okuwa obujulizi ku ngeri gye banoonyezzaamu.
  • [[Act:0] Enkola ey'okukuzaamu fayiro mu biseera ebyasooka: mu kusalawo okw'amateeka aw'okugissawo oba ensawo eziba zifaanagana, okugattidwa okusooka kuyinza okubaako kye kukola ku nkola y'olukalala olwo lwonna.

Okufuuka Okuva mu Bujjuvu mu Byafaayo

Okutegeera obulungi engeri ensi gy'ebadde ebeeramu, kyetaagisa okwekenneenya mu bufunze ku ngeri ebisaanyizo gye byajjawo. Amateeka g'Abangereza gaali geetaagisa okunoonyereza ku by'okunoonya obukwasiddwa mu ngeri eyo, naye abatuuze ba Amerika abaagezaako okulaga obulaguzi obwa bulijjo. Etteeka ery'okunaana mu ngeri eyo lyali likola ku “buyambi obwa bulijjo.” Mu kyasa ekya 20, Kkooti enkulu yatongoza ekiragiro eky'okufuga enfuga okumenya amateeka (]Walf v. Coloradow, [[FLT:]]]MP],[OK] v.OUM., 1961], amateeka gaafuulibwa agamu ku nkola y'okkaanna mu Amerika ey'onna.

Mu ntegeka z'abantu, Kkooti ya Warren bwe yagaziwa era n'okukubisa obujjanjabi mu Kitundu 1983, byawa abantu eby'amaanyi okunoonyereza mu ngeri etali ya mateeka. Oluvannyuma kkooti nga mw'otwalidde Rehnquist ne Roberts Courts, zewandisizza amateeka ageetaagibwa mu ngeri ezimu (g., United States v. Leon, nga wabaawo 1984, nga wabaddewo ebiwandiiko ebireetebwawo enzikiriza ennungi mu by'eddiini). Kyokka, ekiragiro kisigala nga kitongoddewo etteeka eriko amusingi gwa Amereka obunene.

fundikira

Ebisaanyizo si bya kuteebereza bumanya bumanya nti omuntu alina ddembe, naddala mu nsonga ezikwata ku ddembe ly'obuntu. Biragira ddala engeri obujulizi gye busobola okukuŋŋaanyizibwamu, era n'obukakafu bwe busobola okulaga obanga obwenkanya busaanira. Abasaawe bamanya nti waliwo emitindo egitagobererwa era nti bategeera emitindo egitagobererwa, basobola okugonjoola ensonga.

Tekinologiya bwe yeeyongera okubaawo, ekisaanyizo eky'okuyita eky'okwerinda kijja kweyongera okufuukafuukafuuka. Obuwayiro obufaananako Kartent era ne Riley[ bulaga nti judiary mwetegefu okutuukanya emisingi egy'okutaano egy'okukyusaamu n'egy'ennono. Attonney ategeera obulungi enjigiriza zino zijja kusobola okuwanirira eddembe ly'obuntu era kibeere kibeere nga kikakasa nti obujulizi obutereevu tebukyuka bukola era nti obujulizi bukkirizibwa.

Ekiragiro kino kikebera mu ngeri gye kizuulamu omukutu ogw'okuna ogwagiwandiikibwa , 'ACLU'ss mu by'obugagga eby'okunoonya n'okubuggya[, ne ku by'enkumbo [[FLT:]U].S.'S's'eb'eby'enjigiriza ku by'omusingi ogw'Ekkumi obusatu.