Engeri Ebyo Ebiba Bikontana ne Kkooti z’Ettaka gye Bikwata ku Buzibu bw’Okuwoolera Eggwanga

Obukuubagano mu mateeka ku ntegeka z'ensi n'obuvunaanyizibwa bwa kampuni butwaliramu ebibuuzo ebikwata ku ngeri amateeka gye gataputibwamu mu bifo eby'enjawulo. Kkooti ezifuga ebibiina n'ez'ensi ezimu zisalawo mu ngeri ez'enjawulo ku nsonga ezikwata ku kugatta awamu, okuleetawo okubuusabuusa mu mateeka era n'okukaayana mu kuwabula okugo ku mirimu gya kampuni, bannabizineesi, n'abakwasisa ba mateeka. Obutakkaanya obwo buva ku ntegeka kw'amateeka mu Amerika, gavumenti gye zibeera n'obuyinza obusinga obukulu ku mateeka ga gavumenti, kyokka n'enkola y'okugooziganya. Kino kivaako okugattikaanya kw'amateeka agayinza okuleka ensonga y'enkola y'emu nga y'amateeka mu nsi ya gavumenti oba mu kkooti z'amateeka.

Okutegeera obunyoolagano buno kikulu nnyo eri abasawo abawa obulagirizi ku nkola za kampuni, ku bukuumi, n'okugondera ebitongole. Era kikulu nnyo eri bannabizineesi abangi, kubanga okutaputa ebikontana kiyinza okukwatibwako endagaano zonna okuva ku bukwasifu bwa kampuni ne ku bukwasiro bwa kampuni obwa nnawookeera. Ekitundu kino kikebera ebifo ebikulu kkooti z'amateeka gye ziva nga ziyingiza ensonga, era ne kwekenneenya ensonga ezizikwata ku mateeka eriwo n'ensonga ezizikwata ku ku abo ababunnyiikivu, era ne kirowoozesa omugaso ku ddembe ebizikwata ku magbo ga magye agakolera mu magye agatali gamu.

Endagaano y’Okuvvuunulwa kw’Amateeka

Okutongozebwa kwa Amereka kusibuka ku mateeka ga gavumenti. Buli ggwanga lirina ekitongole kyalyo ekifuga ebigendererwa bya bizineesi ebifuga enzivuunula y'ekibiina, eddembe ly'abaganzi, emirimu gy'abadayirekita, n'enkobyo ebyasigirwa ekkomo. Ekiragiro kya U.S. tewa gavumenti obuyinza ku nkola enfuga mu matendekero g'enkola ez'eby'obusuubuzi, wadde nga Consert eyinza okuteekawo ebibiina ebikola enzijjuvu mu mateeka ga gavumenti (nga Fannie Mae) olw'ebigendererwa ebiragiddwawo. Kkooti enkulu ekkiriza ebya munda by'ekibiina, ebikolerwamu ng'obutunzi, emirimu egitali gya gavumenti, n'obusobo obugaba bw'obuteerezi, era n'obuteeyambi obukola emirimu egiragiddwa mu mateeka ga ssemattuunizo. Ekiragiro kino kimanyiddwa ng'amateeka g'etteeka lya Amerika, nga geenjigiriza.

Kkooti ezikola enkaayana zenyigidde mu kugatta okusingira ddala mu makubo ga mirundi esatu: (1) enfuga ez'enjawulo, ebiwanyi gye biba abatuuze ab'amawanga ag'enjawulo era n'omuwendo gw'enkaayana eziba zisukka mu doola 755,000; (2) gavumenti w'ensi w'ebuwagizi. Omuwaabiro gulina okuzingiramu okuwamba obuwagizi wansi wa U.S. Ekiragiro, etteeka erifuga oba amateeka g'ensi yonna; ne (3) obuyinza obw'okuggyawo, omuwayiti bw'asa omusango n'agussa mu kkooti y'ensi emu. Kkooti eyo bw'eba n'eba n'eba nga erina amateeka agafuga, erina okuteekawo amateeka agafuga mu nsi enfumo.

[[AKITANDIKI] Rie[[AKITANDIKI]] Enjigiriza n'empandika yagyo

Kkooti enkulu ey'omu 1938 yasalawo erina erina olukalala lw'amateeka agatali gamu. Tompkins era n'ekyusa engeri kkooti z'ensi gye zikwatamu ebiragiro bya gavumenti. [FLT]], olukalala lw'amateeka agafuga, ebiseera ebimu gaateeka mu nsonga ez'enjawulo ezikwata ku nsonga ez'enjawulo, ne zivaamu ebiva mu mateeka agatali gamu. Kyokka, amateeka agafuga gayinza obutaba mazibu okugakkiriza. [ [FLT:] [19] Enkiiko z'ensi yonna] bwe zituula mu ngeri ey'enjawulo, ziteekwa okuteeka mu nkola amateeka, nga zigoberera amateeka g'eggwanga. “Essomero erimu amateeka. Ate era kiyinza okugoberezebwa okusinga amateeka. [[FOT: 4]

Ng'ekyokulabirako, kooti emu mu Delaware ennyonnyola amateeka ga Delaware agataawebwa butereevu kkooti enkulu ekola ku nsonga za Delaware. Ebyo kkooti ya gavumenti by'etaputa bitandika kukolebwa mu ssaza eryo mwokka naye tesiba kkooti za gavumenti za Delaware. Singa kkooti enkulu mu Delaware oluvannyuma ziwa butabo obukasa, enkola y'emu mu kibiina eyinza okukkirizibwa mu mateeka wansi w'omusomero ogumu, okusinziira ku ngeri ensonga gye zitwalibwamu mu gavumenti oba mu kkooti za gavumenti.

Obutakkaanya Obukulu Wakati wa Kkooti Ezikola Empalana ne Gavumenti

Ebitundu ebiddako biraga ebifo ebitali bimu kkooti za gavumenti gye zigattiddwa ku nsonga ezikwata ku nsonga. Ebyokulabirako bino biraga akabi akava mu kwawulamu okw'engeri y'okweyisaamu mu nsi.

Bwe Wabaawo Ebiba Bikoleddwa, Kiyinza Okuviirako Omusango Okukendeera

Ebbanja ekkomo liteekeddwa ku sipiidi enkulu ey'okugattibwa: abalina obukujjukujju tebwetongola ku bikwata ku mabanja n'obuvunaanyizibwa bw'ekibiina. Kyokka, kkooti ziyinza “okukutula ku nsawo za kampuni” era ne zisobozesa abo abalinako eb'ekibiina okuba n'emikisa singa bakozesebwa okubba, okukomyawo obululu, oba okuyisa emitindo gy'okubikka ku kibikka ku kiwandikiro. Emitindo egigo gikwata ku ku mateeka ga gavumenti, era amawanga agamu galina okubaamu okugezesebwa kwa njawulo.

Kkooti ezikola ku nsonga ez'enjawulo bwe zigoberera etteeka lya gavumenti mu nsonga ez'enjawulo, emirundi egimu zifunye emitindo egimenyesebwa oba egiwera okusinga kkooti z'eggwanga. Ng'ekyokulabirako, kkooti ezimu ez'ensi zikkirizza okubikka ku maaso ku “bubweyamovu” enjigiriza okusinga ebiwandiiko ebiziwagira. Kyokka, kkooti endala ez'ensi zigaanye okufumita wadde nga okuteekawo ekyokulabirako kya gavumenti kyakikkiriza, okujuliza ekiwandiiko eky'amaanyi ekikkirizibwa mu ku mutindo ogwa wansi w'enkomerero. Ekyawuka ez'enkomerero kyakolebwa mu Speessa-Land Trea, Inc. Ekiwandiiko eky'okulaawula olukalala kiyinza okuba nga kigaanidde okumenya ekiko mu mateeka ga Illino olw'okunoonyereza okw'embalibwa. Wadde nga waliwo obujulizi mu ngeri ey'enjawulo mu kkooti z'eby'eby'empalango, wadde nga kyali kigambibwa nti tewandikiddwako obujulizibwe mu ngeri ey'okukusensekero ezigo.

Obutakkaanya ng'obwo buleetera abo abawola ssente oba abakungu ba gavumenti okubuusabuusa. Oyo abawa obuwola ssente mu kkooti y'ensi avunaana ekitongole ayinza okwolekagana n'omutindo ogw'okwebikka ku maaso mu kifo ky'okusala omusango nga gusigadde mu kkooti ya gavumenti, wadde ng'amateeka ge gamu ga gavumenti bwe gafuga.

2. Eddembe ly’Obwannakyewa Wansi w’Omulongo Ogwasooka

Ekimu ku bintu ebireetawo obutakkaanya kitwaliramu obunene bw'enkwaso z'enkalo eziba ziteekeddwawo nga ssematalo eyasooka mu matendekero. Kkooti ezifuga obutonde bwonna za Amerika n'okusingira ddala zigazizza obukuumi bwa kampuni obwa bwereere mu myaka egyakayita. Kitamiisans United. FC[FL:1][FLD] [2010]] [2010] [19], kkooti enkulu mu kkooti enkulu mu Amerika yakkiriza nti kampuni zikozesa ssente ezakyewa okutunda, nga ziwanyisa amateeka agamu mu by'obufuzi, nga gaamenya amateeka agamu gavumenti. Mu ngeri y'emu, mu Burwell v. [LT], Inc.[FFLT], Kkooti yennyini y'ekibiina kya magoba mu kibiina ky'eddiini ebikola Enzireego, era ne kigobeewagira mu ngeri enfumoozemu, mu ngeri enfu mu ngeri enfumodenti z'ego za Bukko.[FL

Kyokka, kkooti z'ensiri tezikyakola mu ngeri y'emu mu bujjuvu. Kkooti enkulu nnyingi ziwa buwa buwanyisi gavumenti zinnaazo okuleka etteeka erisingawo ery'okukwata ku nkola ya kampuni mu by'obufuzi. Kkooti enkulu ey'omu Montana yasooka kuwagira okuwerebwa kw'amateeka ku nsaasaanya za gavumenti ne bwe kiba nti Kino kitegeeza nti gavumenti yali elina ky'eyagaliza okuziyiza obulyikebeeyi bw'enguzi. Kkooti enkulu ey'omu Montana yalina okukomyawo ensonga eyo naye obuzibu busigala busigalawo. Singa okusoomooza eri mu kkooti mu mateeka wansi wa gavumenti kuyinza okwawukana ku ekyo ekiyinza okubaawo mu kkooti y'eggwanga wansi w'olukiiko oluvanyuma lw'eggwanga. Ekko kigyenya engeri eno essa essira ku ngeri kigobeegobeetaanyawo n'abantu ab'empala amateeka.

3. Amateeka agafuga obusosoze gawakanya gavumenti

Ekiragiro kino kikakasibwa n'amateeka agafuga enkwaso z'obukankano. Kyokka, okugattikako akakwakkulizo ka badayirekita, n'okugattika ebiwandiiko ebiwakanya enkyuukanya n'eby'okugoba obukwasiddwawo enzikkiriza. Ekiragiro kino kikakasibwa kkooti za gavumenti ne Kkooti ezigabanyizaamu obukwakulizo bwa kampuni mu nsi. Kyokka, okugattizako okulonda abalabirizi ba ba badayirekita, obusomero obutongole obukola ku ku ku kulonda, n'okusasula ebbeempaka z'amateeka. Empakaasa zire okusobola okuleetawo enkyungizo mu mateeka (umb. g.'obusobosobozi bw'obukulembeze bw'obukulembeze bw'eggwanga era n'obutongole obukola mu mateeka.

Kkooti ezikola ku bukulembeze oluusi zikozesa “amateeka aga bulijjo” ag'ebitongole bya gavumenti mu 1995 we gaayimirizibwa oba gye kitwala emitindo gya gavumenti nga gisaana. Ng'ekyokulabirako, mu bifo empansu eza kaabuyonjo, kkooti za gavumenti zitaddewo ebisaanyizo ebyetaagisibwa okusumulula okusumulula ebbeesa eritafaanagana na mitindo gya kkooti. Amateeka g'obukwafumbo mu 1995 gaateekawo amateeka ag'enjawulo ageetaagisa okutereeza ebizingirwamu mu by'eggwanga, naye ensala y'amateeka eyinza okuteekawo amateeka agagobeeyisa mu ngeri egobererwa mu ngeri y'okwewalawo ebintu ebiteeyagasaamu.

Okulondawo Amateeka n’Okugagoberera Bitali Bimu

Olw'okuba ebibiina bitwalibwa ng'abatuuze ab'embeera yaabwe era n'ekifo kyabyo ekikulu mu kukola ebigendererwa eby'enjawulo, enkaayana nnyingi zikoma mu kkooti z'ensi eyo. Bwe zimala okukiikirirwa, kkooti z'ensi egoberera etteeka erifuga amateeka agagifuga. Amateeka ago gayinza okulagira kkooti okussa mu nkola etteeka erikwata ku nsonga ez'omunda ez'omunda oba etteeka ly'eggwanga eriri ku nsonga ez'enjawulo. Kkooti, ez'ewakazi, zigoberera amateeka ga gavumenti agago agago, agayinza okuvaamu amateeka agatali gamu.

Lowooza ku kibiina ekigattiddwa mu Delaware naye ekiriko omusingi mu California. Sset y'ekirwanyi ekiva mu ssemasaza mu California eyinza okugoberera etteeka lya California singa kooti ekiraamo ezuula California ebeere nga y'esinga okuba n'okwagala okugonjoola obutategeeragana. Sseti y'emu ereetebwa mu kkooti y'ensi eyo mu California, wansi w'obuyinza obw'enjawulo, esobola okukozesa amateeka agayinza okukulembera amateeka ga Delarus. Ekivaamu [1] Omuntu agiwagidde ayinza okuleeta ekitiibwa eky'ekiragiro, ekifuga, era ekiyinza okukakalaaweerwako ne kikozesebwa mu kkooti enkulu. Ekikalu, ekika kino tekikkirizibwa kuyisa mu nsonga z'amateeka nga [FLD:0] Kkompmer.[FFFON]

Ensonga ez’Okununulibwa

Esonga endala ereeta obutakkaanya zisibuka mu njigiriza y'eggwanga enzijira. Consell eyinza okusa amateeka g'ensi mu mateeka ga gavumenti. Kkooti bwe zituula ku nsonga ezikwata ku kampuni, kkooti z'ensi ziyinza okusoma okusobola okuziyitamu, ne kkooti z'ensi bwe ziyinza okusoma okusobola okusobola okusigaza obuyinza obwo obw'ekiwandikiro. Ekyokulabirako ekikulu kye National Bank Act, ekifuga banks. Kkooti ezifuga amateeka agamu ga gavumenti bwe gagobera amateeka agamu, ne galeka banka z'eggwanga okuyingiza ssente mu maka gaabwe. Kkooti z'eggwanga okukaka emiwendo gy'ebyebbeewawaanyisa ssente mu nsalo za gavumenti. Kkootizo ezo mu gavumenti emirundi egimu ziziyiza okugoba obuwanjula amateeka ga gavumenti.

Nga basinziira ku kabi akadda ku kampuni, ekitongole ekiwa abapangisa omulimu omulimu kigootaanya essomero linnaagootation Income Security Act (ERISA) ereesa amateeka g'ensi agagamba nti “abakozi bamala gakola nga” gaganyula ebigendererwa by'abakozi. Kkooti ezikola nga zo ziwa ERIS assura nga b'ebbeeyiti era nga zigaana okuwa ERIS etteeka erikugira okumenya amateeka ga gavumenti okumenya etteeka oba okugaana emiganyulo egiva mu kkooti z'eggwanga. Kkooti za gavumenti, okusingira ddala zizudde amateeka agagaataba na kugo, naddala singa etteeka terirwanagana butereevu ne ERISA. Kino kireetawo omulimu: omu ku bakungu mu kkooti z'eggwanga naye nga tegasazesemba mu kkooti z'eggwanga, oba ebitongole ebigobeego, nga bye by'ebyo bye by'ebyo kkooti bye zisalawo.

Engeri Obusuubuzi n’Eby’Eby’Omu mateeka gye Bikwatibwako

Ku bibiina n'abo ababawa obulagirizi mu mateeka, obutakkaanya wakati wa kkooti z'ensi n'ez'ensi mu ngeri y'amateeka buleetera ensonga okusooka okujjawo. Okusalawo oba okusemba mu kkooti y'ensi mu ngeri eyo kiyinza okugobera etteeka eriteekeddwa mu kibiina oba mu kkooti y'ensi, amateeka agakwata ku ngeri gye gagobererwamu, sipiidi ya bya kukwatibwa, era n'obusobozi bw'okwetegereza. Abakola batwala obuyinza obuva mu nkola y'obuko ate ne baggyako amateeka aga bulijjo. Amateeka agafuga gago gayinza okuba ag'omuganyulo omugatte.

Ng'oggyeko enkola ey'okusala emisango ku bukodd'omutwe, okusala emisango gino, kukwata ku nkola eziba zisaliddwawo ba kampuni. Kampuni ezikola mu masaza mangi ziteekwa okutegeeza nti kooti y'eggwanga mu buyinza obumu era ne kooti endala ziyinza okunnyonnyola etteeka lya kampuni y'emu mu ndala. Okubuusabuusa kuno kuyinza okuviirako enkola y'enkola ez'enjawulo, gamba ng'okugondera obukwasifu obukwasiddwa obukwafu mu matendekero ga kampuni, okusobola okunywerera ku mutindo ogusingayo obulungi ogw'okwetegereza.

Abakola ba kampuni n'abawi ba mateeka bagezaako enfunda n'enfunda okuteeka mu nkola amateeka aga gavumenti n'ag'ensi, naye tekisoboka kukyusaamu mu ngeri gye zikolamu ebintu.

Okutunuulira Ebintu mu Biseera eby’Omu Maaso n’Okuba nga Twetaaga Okumanya Ekituufu

Bwe tutunuulira mu maaso, ebiwerako biyinza okuleetera obutakkaanya wakati wa kkooti z'ensi n'ez'eggwanga okweyongera oba okubuwewereza ku nsonga. Ekiragiro kino kiyongera ku mateeka agafuga engeri kampuni gye ziyisaamu ebintu.[1] Ng'ekyokulabirako, okuyitira mu biragiro ebizingirwamu, amateeka agafuga, n'amateeka agakwata ku bulyi bw'obulyikebe bwa kompyuta, n'amateeka agakwata ku nnyinyonnyola ebya data ebyamaguzi, n'okufuga, ebijja kuleetawo okukajja okuleetawo okukajja okukajja okukajja okukajja okulala. Kkooti enkulu eyinza okugonjola obukaanyi n'okussaawo amateeka aga waggulu, naye nga kiyinza okuleetawo ebibuuzo ebippya ku n'emigambo gy'obuyinza bw'eggwanga.

Ekintu ekimu ekiyinza okusobozesa okubunyisa obulungi bwe buteeberezebwa bw'okuteekawo obukulembeze bwa kampuni ezifuga ensonga ezimu. Ng'ekyokulabirako, abeekenneenya abamu bawa amagezi nti okuleka amakampuni okutunda obuwagizi mu lujjudde okusobozesa enkaayana ezimu eziba zizzeewo (nga aw'okulonda n'okulonda) okukoma mu kkooti y'ensi yonna okukakasa nti ekola nga eyo ekola nga bw'ogattiddwa. Kyokka, okunoonyereza ng'okwo kuziyizibwa okw'amaanyi kuyinza okuva mu gavumenti nti omulimu gwabwe ogw'okunoonyereza ku mateeka ga kampuni.

Mu kiseera kino, babizinesi n'abavuzi mu by'amateeka balina okulaba oba nga n'obudde bulina okubaamu. Ebyo ebisalibwawo mu masaza nga Delaware, kkooti ya Tchancel w'eteeka bingi ku mateeka ga kompanyi mu ggwanga. Mu bitundu ebya bulijjo, ebinoonyezeddwamu biba bya [] Contemporactive Information [ Kino kiwandikiro kisobozesa ebitongole ebinoonyeze ebiba biwandiikiddwako ebikwata ku nsonga ez'enjawulo. [[FLT:][FLT]][FLT]]

fundikira

Obutakkaanya wakati wa kkooti za Amereka n'ez'ensi ezigattiddwa bwoleka engeri enjawukana ez'amaanyi ennyo. Ekiragiro kiwa olukusa ekifo ekikulu mu kufuga engeri gye kifugamu embeera za kampuni, naye tekuyinza kufuuka bbugwe w'amateeka singa amateeka g'ensi n'entegeka, oba obutuuze obw'enjawulo butandika. Erie Enjigiriza ezigezaako okukwatagana n'ebiva mu nkola ebizingirwamu, naye okuziteeka mu nkola zize tekuyinza kukakasa nti si za butuukirivu, naddala mu nsonga z'amateeka eziba zikyukakyuka oba enjjulukuka ez'enkyukakyuka.

Abakungu mu by'amateeka ne bannabizineesi bwe bategeera obunyoolagano buno, tekisinziira ku buyigirize. Enkyukakyuka mu ngeri gye zikolebwamu, oba engeri gye zigobererwamu, era n'okumanya nti entongole z'amakolero gye ziddukanyaamu, bigendera wamu mu magye. Emirimu gy'eby'eby'enfuna bwe gyeyongera okukolagana mu bitundu bingi ne mu matwale g'ensi, obwetaavu bw'okumanyibwa ennyo okumanyibwawo.[1] Obulagirizi bw'amateeka obugobeetaamenyebwawo mu kkooti enkulu, obukyongerayongera amaanyi. Okutuusa olwo, okuteesa wakati wa kkooti z'ensi n'ensi mu Amerika kujja kweyongera okunnyonnyola ensalo z'amateeka agafuga enfuga.