Ensibuko y’Enjigiriza Ekwata ku Kintu

Enjigiriza eno ekiikirira ekimu ku nzikyuka ezikyasinze okukyuka mu mateeka ga Amereka, era nga n'enkolagana wakati wa gavumenti z'ensi n'egye. Enjigiriza eyo esalawo buwangwa bwa Bill of Rights essaawansis essaawarawo. Ekiwandiiko kino kisalawo buwagizi bwa gavumenti obwa Centre commentation of the Develoption. Ek'enkola ya Sset Tribuulis. Ek'enkola ya Sset'enkola ya Sset mu ku Kkommenti eya 141 Consolation. Ekkom'embega za Kkom'okufuga kwa Ssaze kiwandikiro kya Sazanti ek'okuba nti gavumenti z'ensirikiti zonna ezifuga, ezifuga tezikozesa mu ku nsonga ezo. Mu kkooti ezisinga obungi, tezitongozaamu kkooti z'amateeka ezimaze okunnyonnyola ensonga ezimenyeddwawo.

Okumanyisibwa kwa kkooti ey'edda ku Kizimbe eky'e 1450 eky'empeereze mu mwaka gwa 1868, nga n'enkola ya Claus Claus, oba Immunity Procession, (Manst Claus, oba Ekirawulo Claus) ebikyasibukamu bya ssemateeka ssemateeka ya ssemateeka ya Kkooti enkulu okunnyonnyola ebiwandiiko bya Ennyumba ey'okubiri [ Ennyumba [1873]) yaggyawo bulungi eddembe erya n'entebe oba Immussobo, era yateeka obukuumi mu n'enkuunukko, ne bukoma ne bukoma ku ku ku kussa mu ngeri ekiwandiiko ekyasooka enzikko, ekyatandika okunnyonnyola ensonga eyo.[5] Ennamba enfumomenti eya bulijjo yakko.[5]

Ekiviirako Endowooza Okukontana mu Kukyusa Enjigiriza

Wadde ng'endowooza ezisinga obungi zigendera ku mateeka, endowooza ezikontana ze zisigibwawo endowooza eziviirako enkyukakyuka mu by'amateeka mu biseera eby'omu maaso. Mu nzivuunula za Incorporation Doctricts, endowooza ezitakkiriziganya nazo zakola ng'enkola ey'amagezi abalamuzi gye baakyogeramu ebirowoozo ebirala ebikwata ku gavumenti, enkola esaanira, era n'enkwaso y'enkwaso y'ensonga. Ebyo ebikontana tebyagoolwawo butakkiriza butakka butakasa bukkiriza kukkusiikiriza. Zaawufu mu mateeka ne ziraga nti, ebiseera ebimu, oluvannyuma lwonna wayiseewo amakumi g'emyaka. Olwo n'okuyingiza mu nkyukakyuka tewandikirowo n'ekyo Kkootikko era n'ensonga y'etaagoberebwawo n'ekyo kkooti y'ewakanya ensonga.

Abasosoomooze baakaka obusaze obwateekebwawo okuleetawo enkumbo okusoomooza ku ngeri “okulondamu” okwabangawo“ enkuumi za ddembe, ezaali zitwalibwa nga Bill of Rightss obukwasiddwa“obukwanguzi bw'okussaawo eddembe erya bulijjo.” Abakuutivu baawakanyanga nti omutemwa guno gwali gwa kyewa buteefuga buteefu era nti gwakugira obuteefu eri abalamuzi. Mu kifo ky'ekyo, abo abaasambajjanjaga baawagiranga“ buli kintu kyonna okugattibwa" oba“ okugattibwako n'” endowooza egamba nti, okugattizibwa kw'entegeka eya 14 eza DGGPLLLL kwaleetera Bill of Rights okuba n'eddembe eryali likola mu matwale emirundi munaana egyaka. Wadde nga tewalimu n'okugaziwandiikibwa obunene. Wadde nga bennyini bennyini bennyini bennyini obuyinza okugaziwandibwa mu kyasa ekyakumi eky'ekumi.

Endowooza Ezaawukana ku Buzibu Ebirimu

'Sazesaaza Harlan' bw'oyimiririza mu Palko v'. Connecticut (137]

Kkooti yasalawo mu Palko v. Connecticut kye kimu ku bintu ebikyusa entegeka z'empandika ezigikwatako. Naye okuwakanya okwasala omusango John Marshall Harlan (omukadde) kwalaga okwolesebwa okw'enjawulo. [[FLT:] Palko v'a ', abasinga obungi, nga boogera ku Mulamuzi Cardozo, baakitwala nti okutaawulibwawo olukubirizibwa oluva ku kabi ak'emirundi ebiri tekukkiriza kubanga tekiri “ekiragiro mu ndowooza ey'eddembe."

[[3][5] era n'ekirala, yagamba nti, endowooza ey'okukifuula ekikolebwa nga wabaawo olukalala lw'ebiragiro wansi wa 14Emperamende esaanidde okutegeerwa mu bujjuvu. Yagamba nti, okukuuma Bill of Rights (FF1) nga kw'otadde eddembe erina okubaamu etteeka erisinga ku lya abasinga obungi. Ekitongole kino kyawawandikiro kino nti okugaana okw'entegeka okuzza obutereevu kwalina okukolebwa ku mateeka ga gavumenti ne kumenyebwa gavumenti. [12][5] Teyagaawakanyanga buli kakwakkulizo akalaga nti amateeka aga ddembe ga ddembe gaago gago gagobereddwa obuteebwa obuteefu, naye yagaanira ddala okugeetak'abasinga obungi. [F3][5][3][5]

California (1947)

Oboolyawo okukontana okw'amaanyi mu byafaayo okwaliwo mu kuleetawo okukaayana okwava mu Mulamuzi Hugo Black mu[FLT] Adamson v. California. Mu ngeri eyo, abasinga obungi, abaali bakulemberwa Omulamuzi Felix Frankfurter, baawagira etteeka lya California eryakkiriza omuwaabi okwogera ku ngeri omuwaabi gye yalemererwamu okuwa obujulizi ku ku kusalirwa omusango. Abalansi baagamba nti ekikolwa kino kyali kityodde enkizo eya Dispiration eya Frandment eyamu n'okwewandisizza mu ttulumu, gye yalowooza nti yali egattiddwako Omuteeko ogw'ekirookisi ekya 14 ow'okukka. Okusambajja kw'omulaawere mu ssa tekwa kw'olukalala olwo kyali ku nsonga ezimenyefu.

Omulamuzi Black yagamba nti abakola ku mutemwa gwa 14 ogw'okuyisa mu Kitongole ekya Gavumenti ekya 04 nga bagoberera etteeka eryali liba nga ligobererwa mu gavumenti. Yawagira ensonga ye nga yeekenneenya ebyafaayo ebikwata ku kutereeza embalirira y'omulimu, nga mw'otwalidde n'ebigambo bya buyambi bwagwo omukulu John Bingham, n'ab'ekibiina ekirala eky'ekitongole ekitegekebwa mu lukiiko lw'eggwanga. Abaddugambo baagamba nti, eddembe oba oluva mu ntegeka kwa Amereka oba oluvanyuma lw'enkola ya Clauslaus, singa kyali kinnyonnyonnyoddwa bulungi, naye kooti eyo emenya empikibwa mu n'essaawaawe era n'ebiwandiiko bya Kooti endala mu luba lwavanyuse.

[[FLT:] era n'okukyusa endowooza ya bannassaayansi gye baalina mu [[FLT] Adamson mu 1947, naye kwalina eky'amaanyi kye kyaleetera abasinga obungi okuyingizibwa kwa jurispruunce. Omulamuzi Omulangira yeeyongera okukomyawo okugatta abalangira eddembe erijjuvu bwe liba lyakabaawo, era endowooza ye yakyuka. Kkooti ya Warren Court, eyafuga okuva mu mwaka gwa 1960, yawanulira ddala endowooza ya Black decumentations , ennyunziko n'eggulawo n'eba n'etwaliddemu eddembe erisinga obungi. [[FFON][5] mu ngeri y'emu n'ensonga eyo: [FFFFF].[6][6][6]

'Wetney' v'. California (1927])

Wadde [[FLT:] omusango gwakwata ku ddembe mu kukyusa okw'edda ku ntandikwa ya byonna) ogwali guwandiikiddwa mu Gitrow v. New York [1925]] (1825]) “‘ Justice Louis Brandeis yakuuma endowooza y'abamu (emirundi egisinga obungi ekontana n'eddembe ly'abasinga obungi eriba bagaana okugoberera omutindo ogwa wansi) kye kiwandike ekisinziirwako mu byafaayo. Brangeis yawandiika buwandikiro obuteeyitivu okugamba nti Kkujjuka kwa Kkujjukirwako kwa Claus mu ngeri esinga okukosebwa procenti; era n'enkuŋŋaana y'enkuŋŋaana y'enkola eya waggulu ku bunnakyeenyinyinyi. Abo abakkiriza nti mu n'enkomerero ezisinga obungi mu ggwanga ery'enkola baakyusizza abantu okumanyisa obulungi obulungi obulungi okusobola okumanyisa obulungi obulungi obulungi obulungi."

Bradeis bye yayogera byakyusa endowooza y'enkiiko eyo oluvannyuma bwe yakkiriza “akabi akaaliwo era n'eteekamu” ng'egezesa obanga waaliwo etteeka erikwata ku kwogera, omutindo ogwagulumiza enzivuunula y'ebigambo eby'eby'obufuzi waggulu ku by'eggwanga. Wadde nga Bradeis teyasaba kugatta wamu byonna ku butaka, endowooza ye yawagira okubunyisibwa okubunyisibwa mu bujjuvu okw'omulongo ogwa 14 ogwandiyimiriziddwa okusobola okumanyibwa mu bigambo ebyasooka okuwerebwa mu Amereka agafuga. Endowooza ye mu Whitneyyyyyy [ esigala nga kye kisinziddwa mu kutegeera eby'obufirososoosooso.

'Mulamuzi Douglas’s Disandre mu Hurtado v'. California (1884]

Wadde nga mu kiseera kye kimu tewaaliwo kukontana kwonna okwawukana ku byo, okukontana kwa Kkooti y'Omulamuzi Stephen Field mu California kutera okwogerwa nga kutandika kwa byafaayo. Kukwataganya ku by'okuteekawo ensonga. , Kkooti yakkiriza nti olukiiko olw'okutaano olw'omusango terussawo erina kye lukola ku gavumenti. Olukiiko lw'omusango, olugattiddwako Omulamuzi Joseph Bradley, olugattiddwako, oluwakanya, olugamba nti Kkomya Kko n'Ekkomo lya Kkosokko kya Claus Claus entegeka y'enkola ya Bill ennyonnyola entegeka z'obwenkanya. Essawo si kye kyatuukiriza ku lunaku. Naye okusambalira mu nsi, era ne kireetawo olulala olw'olulala olw'olupapula lw'olupapula lw'amateeka olw'olupapula olw'olupya. Olugamba olugamba olugamba olugamba olugamba olutuufu olw'Olulala olw'olupapula lw

Okufuusibwa kw’Obutonde Okuyitira mu Mirongondo Emikulu

Ebikontana mu Palko[[NKULA:1], Adamson, ne [Whitney[ tebyamanguyiriza kukyusa biwandiiko bya mateeka naye byakola ekiterekebwamu ensonga ezikwata ku nsonga ezaddirira. Kkooti eyo yeeyongerayongera ku bwangu oluvannyuma lw'o1920, era ne kkookolo kyatandika okukolera ku nteekateeka ya 'LY' ey'eddembe. Ennyiriri eziddako ziragira okuva ku nsonga enkulu ezikwata ku nsonga ez'eby'omu biseera:

  • [[AWULA:0][FLT][FOLT]] Getlow v. New York (1925): Kkooti yateekamu ebigambo ebiyisidwa mu ddembe ery'okuyisaamu ebiragiro, nga kino kitegeeza nti tekisobose kukyusa ddembe ly'okwogera eriba liteekeddwa ku lukalala lw'okutandikira mu kigambo.]
  • [[AGUMENTI][[FLT]] Nearbor v. Minnesota (1931]):[[KKOoti] yateekamu eddembe eryali mu luwandika lw'ebigambo ebikuba empapula era n'esala etteeka erikkiriza okukwasibwa nga tekunnabaawo.
  • [[AGUMENTI][[AK'AMU]] Cantwell v.Connecticut (1940):[KKOoti] yateekamu enkola ey'okusinza ey'eddembe.
  • [[AK'AMUTANDIKA][[FUMENT:1] count v [1947]):[[KKOOTI:3] Kkooti yagattamu ebigambo ebyateekebwawo, ne kikozesa ebigambo ebyawula ekkanisa n'ebyeggwanga ku by'obufuzi.
  • [[AGUMENTI][OK] Mapp v. Ohio (1961):[[KKOoti]] yagattamu etteeka ery'okuna ery'okukyusaamu ery'okuna, nga kyali kyetaagisa kkooti z'eggwanga obutawa bujulizi busobola kuzuula ebyo ebireetebwawo.
  • [[AGUMENTI][[AK'AMUTANDIKA]] Gideon v. Wainwright[[KATANDIKA:2] (133):[Kkooti yaleetera ekiragiro okugattako emmeeri ey'omukaaga okutereezaamu obuyinza obw'okukangavvulwako.
  • [[AKYONGERA:0][AK'AMUTANDIKA] . Hogan Kkooti yagattamu enkizo ey'okutaano okuva ku nnukuta egguddwawo nga ye'eyagalidde yokka --incrimution(])[FLT]Palko[ ne Adamson.]
  • [[NKULA][[:0][NKULA] v. Louisiana (1968): Kkooti yagattamu omutemwa ogw'omukaaga ogwatongozaamu abalamuzi mu misango egy'amaanyi, era n'eraga nti “okugezesa kwa mu bwenkanya obwakolebwa mu Justice Harlan kwaleetawo obutakkaanya Palko[
  • [[AGUMENTI][[NKULA][:1] Benton v. Maryland[[KATANDIKA] (1 969): Kkooti yateekamu omukutu ogw'okutaano ogwamenyesezza ebibiri mu lukalala olw'ebiragiro ebisukka mu kimu [ Palko era n'eraga n'ongera okukakasa ekiwandikiro ekya Halan eky'okukyusaamu.

Obubonero buno bulaga enkola etegeerekeka obulungi: endowooza ezikontana ezikubiriza endowooza ey'okuyingira obufumbo zaafuuka ekifo ekisinga obunene. Kkooti eno yasalawo ku ngeri Bill of Rights gye yaleka Bill of Rights ewandikibwemu ewa obukakafu nti etteeka erya kumpi lya buli omu. Leero, kumpi buli kaweefube yenna akuuma eddembe ly'abantu kinnoomu agulibwa, ng'eraga nti okusukka ku ku Kiwandiiko eky'okusatu eky'okutongozaamu ensonga n'eky'okukkusalawo okutongozaamu ekiwandiiko ekya extensiki, era nga kkokko akko ak'ensonga enkulu enzikkiriza okukkirizibwa mu [FFLT:0] mu [FLT]

Ebibuuzo Ebibaawo Leero n’Ebyo Ebyeyongera Okukubagana Enjawukana

Enjigiriza esigala nga nnywevu mu mateeka ga nkalala, wadde ng'enkola egoosa obutereevu egobererwa. Kyokka, endowooza ezikontana zeyongera okubaako kye zikola mu kukyusa enzigi zaayo. Ng'ekyokulabirako, mu McDonald v. Ekibuga ky'e Chicago[[[[FLL:1]] [2010]], Kkooti yateekamu empanomenti ey'okuna ey'okukubiri okukuuma n'okusiiwanirira emikono gy'emikono egya bulijjo. [FLT] Kino kyagamba nti, okusooleka emirundi ebiri egyasooka n'okunoonyereza okw'edda n'okunoonyereza. Naye, abalamuzi bakkolanga nti okukkomyawo n'ensonga ez'okubiri tekusinze mu ngeri y'emu n'ensonga endala, nga zijjuka emirundi mingi mu byafaayo bya Baibuli.[5][5][5][5]

Era okukaayana ku ngeri gye kiyinza okugattibwamu ku kkomo lya Amereka Enteko n'enzigezo ez'enjawulo, era era kuzingiramu n'ebiruubirirwa ebyassibwawo ebiyitiridde era ne mu ngeri etali ya bulijjo. Timbs v. Indiana (2011]), kkooti yajjuzamu ekiwandiiko eky'enguzi, naye ebibuuzo eby'omunda bisigalawo ebikwata ku ku mutemwa gwa 141, oba nga mu ngeri y'okumanyibwa kwa Kiwandiiko kya Clausce oba obutongole kya Immastitunity ekiba nga kye kiddukiro ekituufu mu [Foctive:] abalaguse n'abalamuzi abamu, nga mw'otwalidde ne kugizzaamu etteeka eddala ery'enkola endala. Ekiragiro kino kiddamu okuyingizaamu ennyunzirondo y'olulimi mu lukalala.[Fson][F3]

Eby'obugagga ebirala ebikozesebwa mu kusoma bizingiramu Olukalala lw'obusobozi bw'amakulu g'amateeka n'obw'amakulu g'ennono obwajja mu kibiina nga byombi bulaga nti ekiwandikiro oba omutwe gwa kompyuta bikyaliwo. Ekitongole ekinoonya ennyunzi ey'okusoma test. Ekitongole kino kiziyita , [[FLT:]] ekiwandike eky'empandika y'ekiko obuwayiro obwa [[[[FLT:]]T]TMB3] mu bufunze. Olukalala olwo luba 'Timbs v' [[[[FLTLT]][FLT][FLT]][5]], era n'ekiwandikiro ekikulembera ekitongole ekiva mu mateeka eky'enyinyinyinyinyii ez'enkanankanankanankanankanankanankanankana n'eyambi.[]

fundikira

Enjigiriza ya Incorporation Doctive yasibuka mu kkomo, mu ssemateeka 93center okutegeera okwa Bill of Rights era n'ekola mu ngeri ennywevu ekuuma eddembe eriva ku bawagizi ba gavumenti. Enkyukakyuka eno y'evudde ku kuwakanya endowooza z'abalamuzi gamba nga Harlan, Black, Bradeis, ne Field. Ebyo bye bikontana ku nsonga ezimu; baawanga endowooza ez'enjawulo eziyinza okukkirizibwa mu mateeka era ne mu bantu zeewandiikibwa. Enjigiriza ezo tezaawakanya buteefuzeewo endowooza ezaagooleka obutuufu obukyamu eziyinza okukkirizibwa mu mateeka ne mu mateeka ga n'enkyukakyuka. Ebisomero ebyo bifuuka nga ebitongole ebikola enjvumivumivu, era nga biwandiikibwa mu kifo kya waggulu, era nga kyenkana olukiiko olukulu mu kkooti olukulu.